Misl

This article is about the military force. For the indoor soccer league, see MISL (disambiguation).
Sikh Misl
ਸਿੱਖ ਮਿਸਲ
←
 
←
 
←
1716–1799 →
Anthem
Deg Tegh Fateh
Capital Amritsar
Languages
Government Federal monarchy
Jathedar
 •  1716-1733 Baba Darbara Singh, Chhajja Singh Dhillon
 • 1733-1748 Nawab Kapur Singh
 • 1748-1783 Sultan-ul-Quam Baba Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
History
 •  Death of General Baba Banda Singh Bahadur 1716
 •  Ranjit Singh unites the misls into the Sikh Empire 1799
Currency Nanakshahi
Sikh Confederacy
(1707–1799)
Phulkian Misl · Ahluwalia Misl · Bhangi Misl · Kanheya Misl · Ramgarhia Misl  · Singhpuria Misl · Panjgarhia Misl · Nishanwalia Misl · Sukerchakia Misl · Dallewalia Misl · Nakai Misl · Shaheedan Misl

Misl generally refers to the sovereign states of the Sikh Confederacy[1][2] that rose during the 18th century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. The misls formed a commonwealth that was described by Antoine Polier as an "aristocratic republic".[3] Although the misls were unequal in strength, and each misl attempted to expand its territory and access to resources at the expense of others, they acted in unison in relation to other states.[4] The misls held biannual meetings of their legislature, the Sarbat Khalsa in Amritsar.[4]

History

Further information: Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)

In order to withstand the persecution of Shah Jahan and other Mughal rulers, several of the later Sikh Gurus established military forces and fought the Mughal Empire and Hindu hill chiefs[5] in the early and middle Mughal-Sikh Wars. Banda Singh Bahadur continued Sikh resistance to the Mughal Empire until his defeat at the Battle of Gurdas Nangal. For several years Sikhs found refuge in the jungles and the Himalayan foothills until they organized themselves into military bands known as jathas.

List of Misls

List of Misls
Strength (1780)[6] Name Capital Misl Period Territory by 1759[7]
1. Phulkian Misl Patiala
Nabha		 Barnala, Bathinda, Sangrur.
2. Ahluwalia Misl Kapurthala Nurmahal, Talwandi, Phagwara, Kana Dhillon.
3. Bhangi Misl Amritsar Tarn Taran, Lahore
4. Kanheya Misl Sohian Ajnala, Nag, Gurdaspur, Dera Baba Nanak,
Kalanaur, Pathankot, Sujanpur
5. Ramgarhia Misl Sri Hargobindpur Batala, Mukerian, Ghoman etc.
6. Singhpuria Misl Jalandhar Singhpura, Amritsar, Shiekhupura etc.
7. Panjgarhia Misl[note 1] Sham Chaurasi, Hariana etc.
8. Nishanwalia Misl Ambala, Firozpur. Sardar Dasaunda Singh Gill, Chief of the Misl. Kot Buddhe
9. Sukerchakia Misl Gujranwala Qila Didar Singh, Qila Mian Singh, Ladhe Wala Waraich, Feroz Wala, Butala Sham Singh, Marali Wala, Eminabad, Kalaske, Mughal Chak.
10. Dallewalia Misl Rahon Nakodar, Talwan, Badala, Rahon, Philluar, Ludhiana etc.
11. Nakai Misl Chunian Baherwal, Khem Karan, Khudian, Gugera, Dipalpur, Okara etc.
12. Shaheedan Misl Shahzadpur Talwandi Sabo, Northern Ambala.

Military

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, leader of the Ahluwalia Misl

Each Misl was made up of members of soldiers, whose loyalty was given to the Misl's leader. A Misl could be composed of a few hundred to tens of thousands soldiers. Every soldier was free to join any Misl he chose and free to cancel his membership of the Misl to whom he belonged. He could, if he wanted, cancel his membership of his old Misl and join another. The Barons would allow their armies to combine or coordinate their defences together against a hostile force if ordered by the Misldar Supreme Commander. These orders were only issued in military matters affecting the whole Sikh community. These orders would normally be related to defense against external threats, such as Afghan military attacks. The profits of a fighting action were divided by the misls to individuals based on the service rendered after the conflict using the sardari system.

The Sikh Confederacy is a description of the political structure, of how all the Barons' Kingdoms interacted with each other politically together in Punjab. Although misls varied in strength, the use of primarily light cavalry with a smaller amount heavy cavalry was uniform throughout all of the Sikh misls. Cavalrymen in a misl were required to supply their own horses and equipment.[9] A standard cavalryman was armed with a spear, matchlock, and scimitar.[10] How the armies of the Sikh misls received payment varied with the leadership of each misl. The most prevalent system of payment was the 'Fasalandari' system; soldiers would receive payment every six months at the end of a harvest.[11]

Cavalry tactics

Fauja Singh considers the Sikh misls to be guerrilla armies, although he notes that the Sikh misls generally had greater numbers and a larger number of artillery pieces than a guerrilla army would.[9] The misls were primarily cavalry based armies and employed less artillery than Mughal or Maratha armies. The misls adapted their tactics to their strength in cavalry and weakness in artillery and avoided pitched battles. Misls organized their armies around bodies of horsemen and their units fought battles in a series of skirmishes, a tactic which gave them an advantage over fighting pitched battles. Bodies of cavalry would attack a position, retreat, reload their muskets, and return to attack it again. The tactics used by misl field armies include flanking an enemy, obstructing river passages, cutting off a unit from its supplies, intercepting messengers, attacking isolated units like foraging parties, employing hit-and-run tactics, overrunning camps, and attacking baggage trains. To fight large armies the misl would completely evacuate the areas in front of the enemy's marching route but follow in the rear of the opposition and reconquer areas the enemy had just captured, threaten agents of the enemy with retribution, and sweep over the countryside in the wake of the enemy's withdrawal.

The Running Skirmish was a tactic unique to the Sikh cavalrymen which was notable for its effectiveness and the high degree of skill required to execute it. George Thomas and George Forster, contemporary writers who witnessed it described its use separately in their accounts of the military of the Sikhs. George Forster noted:

"A party from forty to fifty, advance in a quick pace to a distance of carbine shot from the enemy and then, that the fire may be given with the greatest certainty, the horses are drawn up and their pieces discharged, when speedily, retiring about a 100 paces, they load and repeat the same mode of annoying the enemy. Their horses have been so expertly trained to a performance of this operation that on receiving a stroke of hand, they stop from a full canter."

Battles fought by Sikh Misls

  1. Battle of Gohalwar (Amritsar,1757)
  2. Battle of Lahore (1759)
  3. Battle of Sialkot (1761)
  4. Battle of Gujranwala (1761)
  5. Battle of Sialkot (1763)
  6. Battle of Amritsar (1797)
  7. Battle of Gujrat (1797)
  8. Battle of Amritsar (1798)

Administration

The remainder was separated into Puttees or parcels for each Surkunda, and these were again subdivided and parcelled out to inferior leaders, according to the number of horse they brought into the field. Each took his portion as a co-sharer, and held it in absolute independence.

“
”

Origin of the Sikh power in the Punjab (1834) p. 33 - Henry Thoby Prinsep

The Misls primarily employed cavalry in warfare.

The Sikh Misls had four different classes of administrative divisions. The patadari, misaldari, tabadari, and jagirdari were the different systems of land tenure used by the misls, and land granted by the misl left the responsibility of establishing law and order to the owner of the land. The land under the direct administration of the chief of the misl was known as the sardari and the tabadari and jagirdari systems used land directly given by the chief from the sardari. The patadari and misaldari systems formed the basis of a misl, while tabadari and jagirdari lands would only be created after large acquisitions of land. The type of system that was used in an area depended on the importance of the chief sardar of the area to the rest of the misl.

The Patadari system affected newly annexed territories and was the original method used by the misls in administrating land.[12] The patadari system relied on the cooperation of surkundas, the rank of a leader of a small party of cavalrymen. The chief of the misl would take his/her portion and divide the other parcels among his Sardars proportional to the number of cavalrymen they had contributed to the misl.[13] The Sardars would then divide their parcels among their Surkundas, and then the Surkundas subdivided the land they received among their individual cavalrymen. The Surkundas receiving parcels of land with settlements were required to fortify them[note 2] and establish fines and laws for their zamindars and ryots.[14] Parcels of land in the patadari system could not be sold, but could be given to relatives in an inheritance.[15] The soldiers who received parcels from the Patadari system held their land in complete freedom.[4]

The Misaldari system applied to sardars with a small number of cavalrymen as well as independent bodies of cavalrymen who voluntarily attached themselves to a misl.[15] They kept the lands they held before joining the misl as an allotment for their cooperation with the misl. The leaders of these groups, called misaldars, could transfer their allegiance and land to another misl without punishment.[15]

The Tabadari system referred to land under the control of a misl's tabadars. Tabadars served a similar function to retainers in Europe. They were required to serve as cavalrymen to the misl and were subservient to the misl's leader. Although tabadars received their land as a reward, their ownership was subject entirely on the misl's leader.[16] The tabadari grants were only hereditary on the choice of the chief of the misl.

The Jagirdari system used the grant of jagirs by the chief of the misl. Jagirs were given by the chief of the misl to relations, dependents, and people who "deserved well".[16] The owners of jagirs were subservient to the chief of the misl as their ownership was subject his/her needs. Like the Tabadars, jagirdars were subject to personal service when the chief of the misl requested.[16] However, because jagirs entailed more land and profit, they were required to use the money generated by their jagirs to equip and mount a quota of cavalrymen depending on the size of their jagir.[16] Jagirdari grants were hereditary in practice but a misl's chief could revoke the rights of the heir. Upon the death of the owner of a tabadari or jagadari grant, the land would revert to direct control of the chief (sardari).

Territory

A map of the Punjab region showing the different doabs

The two main divisions in territory between the misls were between those who were in the Malwa region and those who were in the Majha region. While eleven of the misls were north of the Sutlej river, one, the Phulkian Misl was south of the Sutlej.[17] The Sikhs north of the Sutlej river were known as the Majha Sikhs while the Sikhs that lived south of the Sutlej river were known as the Malwa Sikhs.[8] In the smaller territories were the Dhanigeb Singhs in the Sind Sagar Doab, the Gujrat Singhs in the Jech Doab, the Dharpi Singhs in the Rechna Doab, and the Doaba Singhs in the Jalandhar Doab.[8]

Sikh women in state affairs

Battles fought by Sikh Misls

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Panjgarhia misl was further divided into the Sham Singhan and Kalsias. The Kalsias were subdivided into the Landpindian and Barapindian[8]
  2. ↑ The owners of larger villages were required to erect stockades and ditches while the owners of towns erected either keeps or forts[13]

References

  1. ↑ Heath, Ian (1 Jan 2005). "The Sikh Army". Osprey. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  2. ↑ "The Khalsa Era". Nishan Sahib. 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  3. ↑ Singh, Khushwant (11 October 2004). A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1838 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-19-567308-1. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  4. 1 2 3 Kakshi 2007, p. 73
  5. ↑ Gandhi, Surjit Singh (1 February 2008). "13 Khalsa Battles Against Islamic Imperialism and Hindu Conservatism". History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishing. p. 814. ISBN 81-269-0858-0. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
  6. ↑ Griffin, Lepel Henry (1893). Ranjít Singh. Clarendon Press. p. 78.
  7. ↑ Kakshi 2007, p. 163–164
  8. 1 2 3 Kakshi 2007, p. 164
  9. 1 2 Singh 1963, p. 23
  10. ↑ Francklin, William (1805). Military memoirs of Mr. George Thomas; who, by extraordinary talents and enterprise, rose from an obscure situation to the rank of a general, in the service of the native powers in the North-West of India. Reprinted for John Stockdale. p. 107. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  11. ↑ Singh, Fauja (1964). Military system of the Sikhs: during the period 1799-1849. Motilal Banarsidass. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  12. ↑ Prinsep 1834, p. 33
  13. 1 2 Prinsep 1834, p. 34
  14. ↑ Prinsep 1834, p. 34–35
  15. 1 2 3 Prinsep 1834, p. 35
  16. 1 2 3 4 Prinsep 1834, p. 36
  17. ↑ Oberoi 1994, p. 73

Bibliography

External links

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