Siege of Louisbourg (1758)

Siege of Louisbourg Part of the French and Indian War Siege of Louisbourg (1758): British burning warship Prudent and capturing Bienfaisant. Date 8 June–26 July 1758 Location Louisbourg, present-day Nova Scotia, then the French province of Île-Royale Coordinates: 45°55′17″N 59°58′13″W / 45.92139°N 59.97028°W / 45.92139; -59.97028 Result Decisive British victory[1][2] Belligerents  Great Britain British America  Kingdom of France Mi'kmaq militia Acadian militia Commanders and leaders Jeffery Amherst Edward Boscawen James Wolfe Charles Lawrence Edward Whitmore Chevalier de Drucour (POW) Jean Vauquelin Marquis Charry des Gouttes Beaussier de l'Isle Strength 14,000 soldiers 12,000 sailors and marines 150 transport vessels 40 men-o-war 3,500 soldiers 3,500 sailors and marines 5 ships of the line Casualties and losses 172 killed 355 wounded[3] 102 killed 303 wounded 6,600 surrendered[3] 4 ships of the line burned, 1 taken

Seven Years' War in North America: The French and Indian War, Atlantic theater 1st Northeast Coast Action of 8 June 1755 Chignecto Bay of Fundy Petitcodiac 2nd Northeast Coast Lunenburg (1756) Louisbourg (1757) Bloody Creek Lunenburg (1758) Louisbourg (1758) Petitcodiac River Ile Saint-Jean Gulf of St. Lawrence Cape Sable St. John River Restigouche St. John's

The Siege of Louisbourg was a pivotal battle of the Seven Years' War (known in the United States as the French and Indian War) in 1758 that ended the French colonial era in Atlantic Canada and led directly to the loss of Quebec in 1759 and the remainder of French North America the following year.^[4]

Background

The British government realized that with the Fortress of Louisbourg under French control, there was no way that the Royal Navy could sail up the St. Lawrence River for an attack on Quebec unmolested. After an expedition against Louisbourg in 1757 led by Lord Loudon was turned back due to a strong French naval deployment, the British under the leadership of William Pitt resolved to try again with new commanders.

Pitt assigned the duty of capturing the fortress to Major General Jeffrey Amherst. Amherst's brigadiers were Charles Lawrence, James Wolfe and Edward Whitmore, and command of naval operations was assigned to Admiral Edward Boscawen. The chief engineer was John Henry Bastide who had been present at the first siege of Louisbourg in 1745 and was chief engineer at Fort St Philip, Minorca, in 1756 when the British had surrendered the fort and the island to the French after a long siege.

As they had in 1757, the French planned to defend Louisbourg by a large naval build-up. However, the French fleet sailing from Toulon was blockaded in Cartagena by a British force, and a relief force was defeated at the Battle of Cartagena. After this the French abandoned their attempt to reinforce Louisbourg from the Mediterranean, meaning there would be few ships available to actively oppose the British off Louisbourg.

Order of battle

Siege Of Louisbourg Map 1758

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Battle of Port Royal 1690 Siege of Port Royal 1710 Battle of Jeddore Harbour 1722 Northeast Coast Campaign 1745 Battle of Grand Pré 1747 Dartmouth Massacre 1751 Bay of Fundy Campaign 1755 Fall of Louisbourg 1758 Headquarters established for Royal Navy's North American Station 1758 Burying the Hatchet ceremony 1761 Battle of Fort Cumberland 1776 Raid on Lunenburg 1782 Halifax Impressment Riot 1805 Establishment of New Ireland 1812 Capture of USS Chesapeake 1813 Battle at the Great Redan 1855 Siege of Lucknow 1857 CSS Tallahassee Escape 1861 Departing Halifax for Northwest Rebellion 1885 Departing Halifax for the Boer War 1899 Imprisonment of Leon Trotsky 1917 Jewish Legion formed 1917 Sinking of HMHS Llandovery Castle 1918 Battle of the St. Lawrence 1942–44 Sinking of SS Point Pleasant Park 1945 Halifax VE-Day Riot 1945 Walter Callow Wheelchair Bus established 1947
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British forces assembled at Halifax, Nova Scotia where army and navy units spent most of May training together as the massive invasion fleet came together. After a large gathering at the Great Pontack, on 29 May the Royal Navy fleet departed from Halifax for Louisbourg. The fleet consisted of 150 transport ships and 40 men-of-war. Housed in these ships were almost 14,000 soldiers, almost all of whom were regulars (with the exception of four companies of American rangers). The force was divided into three divisions: Red, commanded by James Wolfe, Blue, commanded by Charles Lawrence and White commanded by Edward Whitmore. On 2 June the British force anchored in Gabarus Bay, 3 miles (4.8 km) from Louisbourg.

The French commander (and governor of Île Royale) Chevalier de Drucour had at his disposal some 3,500 regulars as well as approximately 3,500 marines and sailors from the French warships in the harbour. However, unlike the previous year, the French navy was unable to assemble in significant numbers, leaving the French squadron at Louisbourg outnumbered five to one by the British fleet. Drucour ordered trenches to be prepared and manned by some 2,000 French troops, along with other defences, such as an artillery battery, at Kennington Cove.

Siege

View of Louisbourg when the city was besieged in 1758

Weather conditions in the first week of June made any landing impossible and the British were only able to mount a bombardment of the improvised shore defenses of Gabarus Bay from a frigate. However, conditions improved, and at daybreak on 8 June Amherst launched his assault using a flotilla of large boats, organized in 7 divisions, each commanded by one of his brigadiers. French defenses were initially successful and after heavy losses, Wolfe ordered a retreat. However, at the last minute, a boatload of light infantry in Wolfe's division (i.e., members of Rogers Rangers) found a rocky inlet protected from French fire and secured a beachhead. Wolfe redirected the rest of his division to follow. Outflanked, the French retreated rapidly back to their fortress.

Continuing heavy seas and the difficulty inherent to moving siege equipment over boggy terrain delayed the commencement of the formal siege. In the meantime, Wolfe was sent with 1,220 picked men around the harbour to seize Lighthouse Point, which dominated the harbour entrance. This he did on 12 June. After eleven days, on 19 June, the British artillery batteries were in position and the orders were given to open fire on the French. The British battery consisted of seventy cannons and mortars of all sizes. Within hours, the guns had destroyed walls and damaged several buildings.

Louis-Joseph Beaussier de l' Isle

On 21 July a mortar round from a British gun on Lighthouse Point struck a 74 gun French ship of the line, L'Entreprenant, and set it ablaze. A stiff breeze fanned the fire, and shortly after the L'Entreprenant caught fire, two other French ships had caught fire. L'Entreprenant exploded later in the day, depriving the French of the largest ship in the Louisbourg fleet.

The next major blow to French morale came on the evening of 23 July, at 10:00. A British "hot shot" set the King's Bastion on fire. The King's Bastion was the fortress headquarters and the largest building in North America in 1758. Its destruction eroded confidence and reduced morale in the French troops and their hopes to lift the British siege.

Most historians regard the British actions of 25 July as the "straw that broke the camel's back". Using a thick fog as cover, Admiral Boscawen sent a cutting-out party to destroy the French ships in the harbour. The British raiders eliminated the last two French ships of the line, capturing the Bienfaisant and burning the Prudent, thus clearing the way for the Royal Navy to enter the harbour. James Cook, who later became famous as an explorer, took part in this operation and recorded it in his ships log book.^[5]

Capitulation

Jean Vauquelin

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Port Royal established 1605 Conquest of Acadia 1710 Halifax established 1749 Bay of Fundy Campaign 1755 Fall of Louisbourg 1758 Representative Government established 1758 Burying the Hatchet ceremony 1761 First significant Scottish immigration 1773 Battle of Fort Cumberland 1776 Birchtown established 1783 Capture of USS Chesapeake 1813 Freedom of the Press 1835 First Acadian MLA elected 1837 Responsible Government established 1848 ‪Chesapeake Affair 1861 Co Op Movement begins 1861 ‪Anti-Confederation Party elected 1867 Saxby Gale 1869 Launch of William D. Lawrence 1873 First airplane in the British Commonwealth 1909 Halifax Explosion 1917 Nova Scotia [Women’s] Franchise Act 1918 Launch of Bluenose 1922 Coal Miners' Memorial Day 1925 Pugwash Conferences established 1957 Springhill mining disaster 1958 NS Human Rights Commission established 1967 Acadian Federation of Nova Scotia established 1968 First 'Treaty Day' 1986 Westray Mine explosion 1992 First Black MLA elected 1993 Mi'kmaq-Nova Scotia-Canada Tripartite Forum 1997 Viola Desmond Apology 2010
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On 26 July the French surrendered. Having fought a spirited defence, the French expected to be granted "honours of war" as given to the surrendering British at the Battle of Minorca. However, Amherst refused, tales of the atrocities supposedly committed by France's native allies at the surrender of Fort Oswego and Fort William Henry probably fresh in his mind. The defenders of Louisbourg were ordered to surrender all of their arms, equipment and flags. These actions outraged Drucour, but because the safety of the non-combatant inhabitants of Louisbourg depended upon him he reluctantly accepted the terms of surrender. The Cambis regiment refused to honour the terms of surrender, breaking their muskets and burning their regimental flags rather than hand them over to the British victors.^[6] Brigadier-General Whitmore was appointed the new Governor of Louisbourg, and remained there with four regiments.^[7]

Aftermath and Effects

Louisbourg had held out long enough to prevent an attack on Quebec in 1758. However the fall of the fortress led to the loss of French territory across Atlantic Canada. From Louisbourg, British forces spent the remainder of the year routing French forces and occupying French settlements in what is today New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. The second wave of the Acadian expulsion began. The British engaged in the St. John River Campaign, the Cape Sable Campaign, the Petitcodiac River Campaign, the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign, and the removal of Acadians in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (1758).

The loss of Louisbourg deprived Quebec and New France of naval protection, opening the Saint Lawrence to attack. Louisbourg was used in 1759 as the staging point for General Wolfe's famous Siege of Quebec ending French rule in North America. Following the surrender of Quebec, British forces and engineers set about methodically destroying the fortress with explosives, ensuring that it could not return to French possession a second time in any eventual peace treaty. By 1760, the entire fortress was reduced to mounds of rubble. In 1763 the Treaty of Paris saw France formally cede Canada, including Cape Breton Island, to the British. In 1768 the last of the British garrison departed along with most of the remaining civilian inhabitants.^[8]

Royal Navy Fleet throughout the siege

^[9]

French fleet throughout the siege

Artifacts gallery

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  English propaganda against Louisbourg and French Canada in 1755

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  Edward Boscawen Medal

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  The fortress today, as seen from the harbour

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  Cannon from Le Prudent, currently at the Battlefields Park, Quebec City

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  French mortar used during the siege, displayed at the Canadian War Museum, Ottawa.

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  Louisbourg Canons, Toronto

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  Map of Louisbourg (1758)

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siege of Louisbourg (1758).

• Great Britain in the Seven Years War
• France in the Seven Years War
• Military history of Nova Scotia
• Louisburgh, County Mayo

References

Primary Sources

• Gordon's Journal of the Siege
• The Daily Journals, Diaries, Letters, and Accounts of Louisbourg and Isle Royale (1713-1768)
• Journal of John Wolcott
• Memoirs of de Johnstone

Endnotes

Bibliography