Shunet el-Zebib
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Shunet el-Zebib (arab. for "raisin barn" or "storage of the raisins"[1]), alternatively named Shuneh and Middle Fort, is a large mudbrick structure located at Abydos in Egypt, which dates back to the 2nd dynasty (ca 2700 BC.). It was built by the Ancient Egyptian king (pharaoh) Khasekhemwy.
Description
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Shunet el-Zebib is made of hardened mud bricks. It consists of two rectangular surrounding walls, interlaced like a shoe box. The outer wall measures 137 x 77 m and it's ca. 5 m thick and 12 m high. The inner wall (perimeter wall) measures 123 x 56 m and it's ca. 3 m thick and 8 m high. The facade of the outer wall was niched, imitating a royal palace facade. The enclosure provides two entrances, one at the eastern corner, one at the northern corner. These entrances once consisted of massive, stone-made door jambs, the material of the door wings is unknown.[2][3]
The inner area consists of a widely empty court, it is unknown, if there were some substructures and/or larger buildings (such as a shrine or temple). In 1988, Australian egyptologist David O'Connor discovered a square, flat mount made of fine limestone rubble, covered with mud-bricks and forming four flat steps. It is located at the very midst of the court, its true purpose is still unknown. The only cultic building that can be archaeologically attested is a small chapel close to the south-eastern corner. Its ruins are also made of hardened mud bricks.[2][3]
History
Shunet el-Zebib was founded around 2700 BC. by the Ancient Egyptian king Khasekhemwy, the last ruler of the 2nd dynasty. The Shunet was built as a so-called funerary enclosure, a place where the deceased king was worshipped and memorized. Such a place was named "house of the Ka" or "Ka-house" by the Egyptians and it was some kind of forerunner to the later mortuary temples known from the Old Kingdom period. As usual for the Early Kingdom, abydene rulers had a own mastaba tomb with a separated funerary enclosure close by. Because Khasekhemwy and his predecessor Peribsen were buried at Abydos and had their funerary enclosures at the same location, some Egyptologists believe that both kings belonged to a royal dynasty line named Thinite Dynasty. This could indeed explain Peribsen's and Khasekhemwy's choice of place. However, it is unknown how long the mortuary enclosure of Khasekhemwy was in use, neither its Ancient Egyptian name is known. Because of its thick and interlaced walls, it was long time thought that Shunet el-Zebib was a military fortress, which lead to its alternative designation as "Middle Fort". But archaeological findings provide only cultic and religious activities and a location so close to cemetries speaks rather against any military use. Khasekhemwy's enclosure domain is now evaluated as the most advanced and most massive version of a Ka-house.[1][2][3]
Archaeological and Egyptological importance
Shunet el-Zebib is of great importance to Archaeologists, Egyptologists and Historians alike. The Institute of Fine Arts at New York lead and promoted several preservation campaigns between 2002 and 2007, mostly focussed on the enclosure walls. These are heavily damaged and at some sections endangered to collapse. Most damage comes, beside natural aging due neglection after abandoning, from local hornets of the species Vespa orientalis. They burrow their nests into the walls, hollow out the inner bricks and thus making the walls highly unstable. Another danger to the structure are wild jackals, which attentively observe excavator's diggings and then dig themself under the foundation structure in hope to catch roused prey.[2]
Under the guidance of Matthew Douglas Adams and David O'Connor, preservation works still focus on the filling of gaps and holes in the enclosure walls, approximated 250.000 new mud bricks were already created. In the meanwhile, the southern entrance has been reconstructed at the site.[2]
Because of the stunning architectural similarities between Shunet el-Zebib and the Pyramid complex of 3rd dynasty king Djoser, archaeologists and egyptologists often describe the "Middle Fort" as a direct forerunner of the step pyramid complexes. The flat, stepped inner mount of the Shunet el-Zebib is even named "proto-pyramid".[1][2][3]
References
- 1 2 3 Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, London 2002, ISBN 1134664206, p. 229 & 323.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Matthew Douglas Adams & David O'connor: The Shunet el-Zebib at Abydos: Architectural conservation at one of Egypt's oldest preserved royal monuments. In: Sue D'Auria: Offerings to the Discerning Eye: An Egyptological Medley in Honor of Jack A. Josephson (= Culture and History of the Ancient Near East, vol. 38). BRILL, Leiden 2010, ISBN 9004178740, p. 1-7.
- 1 2 3 4 Ian Shaw: The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (= Oxford Illustrated History-Series). OUP Oxford, 2000, ISBN 0191604623, p. 69 & 70.
Coordinates: 26°11′22″N 31°54′28″E / 26.18944°N 31.90778°E
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