Shishunaga dynasty

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Nation histories

Regional histories

Specialised histories

The Shishunaga dynasty is believed to have been the third ruling dynasty of Magadha, a kingdom of ancient India.

According to the Puranas, this dynasty was the second ruling dynasty of Magadha, succeeding the legendary dynasty founded by Brihadratha.^[1]

Shishunaga, the founder of the dynasty, was initially an amatya or "minister" of the last Haryanka dynasty ruler Nāgadāsaka and ascended to the throne after a popular rebellion in c. 413 BCE.^[2] The capital of this dynasty initially was Rajgir but later shifted to Pataliputra, near the present day Patna during the reign of Kakavarna. According to tradition, Kakavarna was succeeded by his ten sons.^[3] This dynasty was succeeded by the Nanda Empire in c. 345 BCE.^[4]

Shishunaga

Main article: Shishunaga

Shishunaga founded his Shishunaga or Shaishunaga empire in 413 BCE with its capital in Rajgir and later Pataliputra (both in what is now Bihar). Buddhist sources indicate that he had a secondary capital at Vaishali,^[5] formerly the capital of Vajji, until it was conquered by Magadha. The Shishunaga dynasty ruled of one of the largest empires in the Indian subcontinent.

Kakavarna Kalashoka

According to the Puranas, Shishunaga was succeeded by his son Kakavarna and according to the Sinhala chronicles by his son Kalashoka. On the basis of the evidence of the Ashokavadana, Hermann Jacobi, Wilhelm Geiger and Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar concluded that both are same. During Shishunaga's reign, he was the governor of Varanasi. Two most significant events of his reign are the Second Buddhist council at Vaishali in 383 BC and the final transfer of capital to Pataliputra.^[6] According to the Harshacharita, he was killed by a dagger thrust in to his throat in the vicinity of his capital.^[7]

Later rulers

According to tradition, ten sons of Kalashoka ruled simultaneously. The Mahabodhivamsa states their names as Bhadrasena, Korandavarna, Mangura, Sarvanjaha, Jalika, Ubhaka, Sanjaya, Koravya, Nandivardhana and Panchamaka. Only one of them is mentioned in the Puranic lists, Nandivardhana.^[3] Nandivardhana or Mahanandin was probably the last ruler of this dynasty, his empire was inherited by his illegitimate son Mahapadma Nanda.

Shishunaga dynasty rulers

Shishunaga (413–395 BCE)
Kakavarna Kalashoka (395–367 BCE)
Mahanandin (367–345 BCE)

Notes

References

Singh, Upinder (2008), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, India: Pearson Education
Mahajan, V.D. (2007) [1960], Ancient India, New Delhi: S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0887-6
Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972), Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta: University of Calcutta

Preceded by Haryanka dynasty (Magadha) Pradyota dynasty (Avanti)	Shishunaga Dynasty 413–345 BCE	Succeeded by Nanda Dynasty

Middle kingdoms of India
Timeline and cultural period	Northwestern India (Punjab-Sapta Sindhu)	Indo-Gangetic Plain			Central India	Southern India
Timeline and cultural period	Northwestern India (Punjab-Sapta Sindhu)	Western Gangetic Plain (Kuru-Panchala)	Northern India (Central Gangetic Plain)	Northeastern India (Northeast India)	Central India	Southern India
IRON AGE
Culture	Late Vedic Period	Late Vedic Period (Brahmin ideology)^{[lower-alpha 1]} Painted Grey Ware culture	Late Vedic Period (Kshatriya/Shramanic culture)^{[lower-alpha 2]} Northern Black Polished Ware		Pre-history
6th century BC	Gandhara	Kuru-Panchala	Magadha		Adivasi (tribes)
Culture	Persian-Greek influences	"Second Urbanisation" Rise of Shramana movements Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga			Pre-history
5th century BC	(Persian rule)		Shishunaga dynasty		Adivasi (tribes)
4th century BC	(Greek conquests)		Nanda empire Kalinga		Adivasi (tribes)
HISTORICAL AGE
Culture	Spread of Buddhism				Pre-history	Sangam period (300 BC – 200 AD)
3rd century BC	Maurya Empire					Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam
Culture	Preclassical Hinduism^{[lower-alpha 3]} - "Hindu Synthesis"^{[lower-alpha 4]} (ca. 200 BC - 300 AD)^{[lower-alpha 5]}^{[lower-alpha 6]} Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism					Sangam period (continued) (300 BC – 200 AD)
2nd century BC	Indo-Greek Kingdom		Shunga Empire		Adivasi (tribes)	Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam
1st century BC		Yona	Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty
1st century AD		Indo-Scythians Indo-Parthians	Kuninda Kingdom
2nd century		Pahlava		Varman dynasty
3rd century		Kushan Empire	Western Satraps	Kamarupa kingdom		Kalabhras dynasty Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras)
Culture	"Golden Age of Hinduism"(ca. AD 320-650)^{[lower-alpha 7]} Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
4th century	Gupta Empire					Kalabhras dynasty Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras) Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty
5th century			Maitraka		Adivasi (tribes)	Kalabhras dynasty Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras) Vishnukundina
6th century					Adivasi (tribes)	Kalabhras dynasty Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras)
Culture	Late-Classical Hinduism (ca. AD 650-1100)^{[lower-alpha 8]} Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India
7th century	Indo-Sassanids		Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha	Mlechchha dynasty	Adivasi (tribes)	Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras) Pandyan Kingdom(Revival) Pallava
8th century		Kidarite Kingdom				Pandyan Kingdom Kalachuri
9th century	Indo-Hephthalites (Huna)		Gurjara-Pratihara			Pandyan Kingdom Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom(Under Cholas) Chalukya Chera Perumals of Makkotai
10th century				Pala dynasty Kamboja-Pala dynasty		Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom(Under Cholas) Chera Perumals of Makkotai Rashtrakuta
References and sources for table References ↑ Samuel ↑ Samuel ↑ Michaels (2004) p.39 ↑ Hiltebeitel (2002) ↑ Michaels (2004) p.39 ↑ Hiltebeitel (2002) ↑ Micheals (2004) p.40 ↑ Michaels (2004) p.41 Sources Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002), Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture", Routledge Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press

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