Shipibo language

Not to be confused with Juruá Kapanawa language.

Shipibo-Conibo
Native to	Peru
Region	Ucayali Region
Ethnicity	Shipibo-Conibo people
Native speakers	26,000 (2003)^[1]
Language family	Panoan Mainline Panoan Nawa Chama Shipibo-Conibo
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: `shp` – Shipibo-Conibo `kaq` – Tapiche Capanahua
Glottolog	`ship1253`^[2]

Shipibo (also Shipibo-Conibo, Shipibo-Konibo) is a Panoan language spoken in Peru and Brazil by approximately 26,000 speakers. Shipibo is an official language of Peru.

Dialects

A Shipibo jar

Shipibo has three attested dialects:

Shipibo and Konibo (Conibo), which have merged together
Kapanawa of the Tapiche River, which is obsolescent

Extinct Xipináwa (Shipinawa) is thought to have been a dialect as well, but there is no linguistic data (Fleck 2013).

Phonology

Vowels

Monophthongs of Shipibo, from Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)

Monophthong phonemes^[3]
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ĩ		ɯ ɯ̃
Mid			o õ
Open		a ã

/i/ is near-close front unrounded [i̞].^[3]
/ɯ/ is close near-back unrounded [ɯ̟].^[3]
- Before coronal consonants (especially /n, t, s/) it can be realized as close central unrounded [ɨ].^[4]
/ɯ/ is mid near-back unrounded [o̽].^[3]
/i, ɯ, o/ tend to be more central in closed syllables.^[4]
/a/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ].^[3]
In connected speech, two adjacent vowels may be realized as a rising diphthong.^[4]

Nasal

The oral vowels /i, ɯ, o, a/ are phonetically nasalized [ĩ, ɯ̃, õ, ã] after a nasal consonant, but the phonological behaviour of these allophones is different from the nasal vowel phonemes /ĩ, ɯ̃, õ, ã/.^[3]
Oral vowels in syllables preceding syllables with nasal vowels are realized as nasal, but not when a consonant other than /w, j/ intervenes.^[4]

Unstressed

The second one of the two adjacent unstressed vowels is often deleted.^[4]
Unstressed vowels may be devoiced or even elided between two voiceless obstruents.^[4]

Consonants

Consonant phonemes^[5]
		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Plosive	voiceless	p	t			k
Affricate	voiceless		ts		tʃ
Fricative	voiceless		s	ʂ	ʃ		h
Fricative	voiced	β
Approximant		w		ɻ	j

/m, p, β/ are bilabial, whereas /w/ is labialized velar.
- /β/ is most typically a fricative [β], but other realizations (such as an approximant [β̞], a stop [b] and an affricate [bβ]) also appear. The stop realization is most likely to appear in word-initial stressed syllables, whereas the approximant realization appears most often as onsets to non-initial unstressed syllables.^[3]
/n, ts, s/ are alveolar [n, ts, s], whereas /t/ is dental [t̪].^[5]
The /ʂ–ʃ/ distinction can be described as an apical–laminal one.^[3]
/tʃ, ʃ/ are palato-alveolar, whereas /j/ is palatal.^[5]
Before nasal vowels, /w, j/ are nasalized [w̃, j̃] and may be even realized close to nasal stops [ŋʷ, ɲ].^[4]
/w/ is realized as [w] before /a, ã/, as [ɥ] before /i, ĩ/ and as [ɰ] before /ɯ, ɯ̃/. It does not occur before /o, õ/.^[4]
/ɻ/ is a very variable sound:
- Intervocalically, it is realized either as an approximant [ɻ], or sometimes as a (weak) fricative [ʐ].^[3]
- Sometimes (especially in the beginning of a stressed syllable) it can be realized as a postalveolar affricate [d̠͡z̠], or a stop-appproximant sequence [d̠ɹ̠].^[4]
- It can also be realized as a postalveolar flap [ɾ̠].^[3]

References

↑ Shipibo-Conibo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Tapiche Capanahua at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Shipibo-Konibo–Kapanawa". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 283.
1 2 3 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 281.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shipibo-Conibo.

Proel: Lengua Shipibo

Bibliography

Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
Elias-Ulloa, Jose (2000). El Acento en Shipibo (Stress in Shipibo). Thesis. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima - Peru.
Elias-Ulloa, Jose (2005). Theoretical Aspects of Panoan Metrical Phonology: Disyllabic Footing and Contextual Syllable Weight. Ph. D. Dissertation. Rutgers University. ROA 804 .
Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
Loriot, James and Barbara E. Hollenbach. 1970. "Shipibo paragraph structure." Foundations of Language 6: 43-66. (This was the seminal Discourse Analysis paper taught at SIL in 1956-7.)
Loriot, James, Erwin Lauriault, and Dwight Day, compilers. 1993. Diccionario shipibo - castellano. Serie Lingüística Peruana, 31. Lima: Ministerio de Educación and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. 554 p. (Spanish zip-file available online http://www.sil.org/americas/peru/show_work.asp?id=928474530143&Lang=eng) This has a complete grammar published in English by SIL only available through SIL.
Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109

Languages of Brazil

Official language

Portuguese

Regional languages

Indigenous
languages

Arawakan	Atorada Barawana Mapidian Mehinaku Palikúr Paresi Terêna Wapishana Warekena Waurá

Arawan	Deni Jamamadí Kulina Paumarí Zuruahá

Cariban	Amonap Apalaí Bakairi Carib Hixkaryana Ikpeng Macushi Pará Arára Salumá Sikiana Waiwai

Panoan	Amawaka Kashinawa Shipibo Yaminawa

Macro-Jê	Apinayé Bororo Kaingang Karajá Kayapo Krenak Ofayé Panara Rikbaktsa Suyá Timbira Xavante Xerénte

Nadahup	Dâw Hup Kakwa Nadëb

Tupian	Akwáwa Jurúna Kagwahiva Kaiwá Munduruku Nheengatu Omagua Tapirapé Tenetehara Xeta Xipaya Zo'é

Others	Aikanã Arutani Cubeo Ewarhuyana Guató Irantxe Kadiwéu Kanamarí Katawixi Kwaza Mamaindê Nambikwara Ninam Oro Win Pirahã Ticuna Tuyuca Wanano Wari’ Xukuru

Interlanguages

Sign languages

Languages of Peru

Spanish varieties

Indigenous
languages

Arawakan

Campa	Asháninka Ashéninga Axininca Caquinte Machiguenga Nanti Nomatsiguenga

Piro	Iñapari Mashco Piro Yine

Upper Amazon	Resígaro

Western	Chamicuro Yanesha'

Cajamarca–Cañaris	Cajamarca Lambayeque

Central	Ancash Huánuco (Huallaga) Pacaraos Wanka Yaru Yauyos–Chincha

Lowland	Chachapoyas Lamas Kichwa

Southern	Ayacucho Cusco Puno

Tucanoan

Tupian

Zaparoan

Other

Sign languages

Peruvian Sign Language

Pano-Tacanan languages

Mayoruna Panoan

Matses	Demushbo Kulino

Matis	Amazon Mayoruna Jandiatuba Mayoruna Matis

Other	Korubo Tabatinga Mayoruna

Mainline Panoan
(Nawa Panoan)

Bolivian	Chiriba Chokobo Karipuna

Madre de Dios	Arazaire Atsawaka-Yamiaka Blanco River Remo Tarauacá Kashinawa

Marubo	Marubo Olivença Kulina Katukina

Poyanawa	Iskonawa Jaquirana Remo' Môa Nawa Nukini Poyanawa

Chama	Pano Sensi Shipibo

Headwaters	Amawaka Ibuaçu Kashinawa Môa Remo Tuchinawa Yaminawa

Other	Kasharari Kashibo

Tacanan

Italics indicate extinct languages

Authority control	LCCN: sh85122956 BNF: cb13570600j (data)

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