William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare
The Chandos portrait, artist and authenticity unconfirmed. Courtesy of National Portrait Gallery, London.
Born	Baptised 26 April 1564 (birth date unknown) Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, West Midlands, England
Died	23 April 1616 (aged 52) Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England
Occupation	Playwright, poet, actor
Period	English Renaissance, Elizabethan Era
Spouse	Anne Hathaway (m. 1582–1616)
Children	Susanna Hall Hamnet Shakespeare Judith Quiney
Signature

William Shakespeare (/ˈʃeɪkspɪər/;^[1] 26 April 1564 (baptised) – 23 April 1616)^{[nb 1]} was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist.^[2] He is often called England's national poet, and the "Bard of Avon".^{[3][nb 2]} His extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,^{[nb 3]} 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.^[4]

Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, which has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, and religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.^[5]

Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613.^{[6][nb 4]} His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, and these are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language.^[2] In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime. In 1623, however, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two friends and fellow actors of Shakespeare, published a more definitive text known as the First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognised as Shakespeare's.^[7] It was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as "not of an age, but for all time".^[7] In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been repeatedly adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain highly popular, and are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world.

In 2016, the 400th anniversary of the playwright's death, celebrations will commence in the United Kingdom and across the world to honour Shakespeare and his work.^[8]

Life

Early life

William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning farmer.^[9] He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth remains unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day.^[10] This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholar's mistake, has proved appealing to biographers, since Shakespeare died 23 April 1616.^[11] He was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son.^[12]

Although no attendance records for the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated at the King's New School in Stratford,^[13] a free school chartered in 1553,^[14] about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home. Grammar schools varied in quality during the Elizabethan era, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree,^[15] and the school would have provided an intensive education in grammar based upon Latin classical authors.^[16]

At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage.^[17] The ceremony may have been arranged in some haste, since the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns to be read once instead of the usual three times,^[18] and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583.^[19] Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585.^[20] Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596.^[21]

After the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the 'complaints bill' of a law case before the Queen's Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589.^[22] Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years".^[23] Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the town for London to escape prosecution for deer poaching in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have taken his revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous ballad about him.^[24] Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre patrons in London.^[25] John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a country schoolmaster.^[26] Some 20th-century scholars have suggested that Shakespeare may have been employed as a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.^[27] Little evidence substantiates such stories other than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area.^[28]

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592.^[30] By then, he was sufficiently known in London to be attacked in print by the playwright Robert Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country.^[31]

Scholars differ on the exact meaning of Greene's words,^[32] but most agree that Greene is accusing Shakespeare of reaching above his rank in trying to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe and Greene himself (the so-called "university wits").^[33] The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer with the work of others, rather than the more common "universal genius".^[32][34]

Greene's attack is the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his career may have begun any time from the mid-1580s, to just before Greene's remarks.^[35] After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by a group of players, including Shakespeare, that soon became the leading playing company in London.^[36] After the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by the new King James I, and changed its name to the King's Men.^[37]

In 1599, a partnership of members of the company built their own theatre on the south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate that his association with the company made him a wealthy man,^[38] and in 1597 he bought the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a share of the parish tithes in Stratford.^[39]

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions beginning in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become a selling point and began to appear on the title pages.^[40] Shakespeare continued to act in his own and other plays after his success as a playwright. The 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603).^[41] The absence of his name from the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that his acting career was nearing its end.^[42] The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although we cannot know for certain which roles he played.^[43] In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles.^[44] In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition that Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father.^[45] Later traditions maintain that he also played Adam in As You Like It, and the Chorus in Henry V,^[46] though scholars doubt the sources of that information.^[47]

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided his time between London and Stratford. In 1596, the year before he bought New Place as his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River Thames.^[48][49] He moved across the river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his company constructed the Globe Theatre there.^[48][50] By 1604, he had moved north of the river again, to an area north of St Paul's Cathedral with many fine houses. There he rented rooms from a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of ladies' wigs and other headgear.^[51]

Later years and death

Rowe was the first biographer to record the tradition, repeated by Johnson, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford 'some years before his death'.^[52][53] He was still working as an actor in London in 1608; in an answer to the sharers' petition in 1635 Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing the lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men 'placed men players' there, 'which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.'.^[54] However it is perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London throughout 1609.^[55][56] The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610),^[57] which meant there was often no acting work. Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time.^[58] Shakespeare continued to visit London during the years 1611–1614.^[52] In 1612, he was called as a witness in Bellott v. Mountjoy, a court case concerning the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary.^[59] In March 1613 he bought a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory;^[60] and from November 1614 he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall.^[61] After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613.^[62] His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher,^[63] who succeeded him as the house playwright of the King's Men.^[64]

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52.^[65] He died within a month of signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself as being in "perfect health". No extant contemporary source explains how or why he died. Half a century later, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died of a fever there contracted",^[66][67] not an impossible scenario, since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon/From the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[68]

He was survived by his wife and two daughters. Susanna had married a physician, John Hall, in 1607,^[69] and Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.^[70] Shakespeare signed his last will and testament on 25 March 1616; the following day his new son-in-law, Thomas Quiney was found guilty of fathering an illegitimate son by Margaret Wheeler, who had died during childbirth. Thomas was ordered by the church court to do public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.^[71]

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of his large estate to his elder daughter Susanna^[72] under stipulations that she pass it down intact to "the first son of her body".^[73] The Quineys had three children, all of whom died without marrying.^[74] The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line.^[75] Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one third of his estate automatically.^[76] He did make a point, however, of leaving her "my second best bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation.^[77] Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bed and therefore rich in significance.^[78]

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of the Holy Trinity Church two days after his death.^[79] The epitaph carved into the stone slab covering his grave includes a curse against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration of the church in 2008:^[80]

1. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, 306.

Cite error: There are <ref group=nb> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=nb}} template (see the help page).

(Modern spelling: Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear, / To dig the dust enclosed here. / Blessed be the man that spares these stones, / And cursed be he that moves my bones.)

Sometime before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his memory on the north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil.^[81] In 1623, in conjunction with the publication of the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published.^[82]

Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Procession of Characters from Shakespeare's Plays by an unknown artist

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some point, and critics agree that Shakespeare did the same, mostly early and late in his career.^[83] Some attributions, such as Titus Andronicus and the early history plays, remain controversial, while The Two Noble Kinsmen and the lost Cardenio have well-attested contemporary documentation. Textual evidence also supports the view that several of the plays were revised by other writers after their original composition.

The first recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for historical drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date, however,^[84] and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period.^[85] His first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland,^[86] dramatise the destructive results of weak or corrupt rule and have been interpreted as a justification for the origins of the Tudor dynasty.^[87] The early plays were influenced by the works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of medieval drama, and by the plays of Seneca.^[88] The Comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it is related to a separate play of the same name and may have derived from a folk story.^[89] Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends appear to approve of rape,^[90] the Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent spirit by a man sometimes troubles modern critics and directors.^[91]

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, give way in the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere of his most acclaimed comedies.^[92] A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and comic lowlife scenes.^[93] Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally romantic Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal of the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to modern audiences.^[94] The wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing,^[95] the charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.^[96] After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, parts 1 and 2, and Henry V. His characters become more complex and tender as he switches deftly between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of his mature work.^[97] This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death;^[98] and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind of drama.^[99] According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act of writing, began to infuse each other".^[100]

In the early 17th century, Shakespeare wrote the so-called "problem plays" Measure for Measure, Troilus and Cressida, and All's Well That Ends Well and a number of his best known tragedies.^[101] Many critics believe that Shakespeare's greatest tragedies represent the peak of his art. The titular hero of one of Shakespeare's most famous tragedies, Hamlet, has probably been discussed more than any other Shakespearean character, especially for his famous soliloquy which begins "To be or not to be; that is the question".^[102] Unlike the introverted Hamlet, whose fatal flaw is hesitation, the heroes of the tragedies that followed, Othello and King Lear, are undone by hasty errors of judgement.^[103] The plots of Shakespeare's tragedies often hinge on such fatal errors or flaws, which overturn order and destroy the hero and those he loves.^[104] In Othello, the villain Iago stokes Othello's sexual jealousy to the point where he murders the innocent wife who loves him.^[105] In King Lear, the old king commits the tragic error of giving up his powers, initiating the events which lead to the torture and blinding of the Earl of Gloucester and the murder of Lear's youngest daughter Cordelia. According to the critic Frank Kermode, "the play-offers neither its good characters nor its audience any relief from its cruelty".^[106] In Macbeth, the shortest and most compressed of Shakespeare's tragedies,^[107] uncontrollable ambition incites Macbeth and his wife, Lady Macbeth, to murder the rightful king and usurp the throne, until their own guilt destroys them in turn.^[108] In this play, Shakespeare adds a supernatural element to the tragic structure. His last major tragedies, Antony and Cleopatra and Coriolanus, contain some of Shakespeare's finest poetry and were considered his most successful tragedies by the poet and critic T. S. Eliot.^[109]

In his final period, Shakespeare turned to romance or tragicomedy and completed three more major plays: Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, as well as the collaboration, Pericles, Prince of Tyre. Less bleak than the tragedies, these four plays are graver in tone than the comedies of the 1590s, but they end with reconciliation and the forgiveness of potentially tragic errors.^[110] Some commentators have seen this change in mood as evidence of a more serene view of life on Shakespeare's part, but it may merely reflect the theatrical fashion of the day.^[111] Shakespeare collaborated on two further surviving plays, Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen, probably with John Fletcher.^[112]

Performances

It is not clear for which companies Shakespeare wrote his early plays. The title page of the 1594 edition of Titus Andronicus reveals that the play had been acted by three different troupes.^[113] After the plagues of 1592–3, Shakespeare's plays were performed by his own company at The Theatre and the Curtain in Shoreditch, north of the Thames.^[114] Londoners flocked there to see the first part of Henry IV, Leonard Digges recording, "Let but Falstaff come, Hal, Poins, the rest ... and you scarce shall have a room".^[115] When the company found themselves in dispute with their landlord, they pulled The Theatre down and used the timbers to construct the Globe Theatre, the first playhouse built by actors for actors, on the south bank of the Thames at Southwark.^[116] The Globe opened in autumn 1599, with Julius Caesar one of the first plays staged. Most of Shakespeare's greatest post-1599 plays were written for the Globe, including Hamlet, Othello and King Lear.^[117]

After the Lord Chamberlain's Men were renamed the King's Men in 1603, they entered a special relationship with the new King James. Although the performance records are patchy, the King's Men performed seven of Shakespeare's plays at court between 1 November 1604 and 31 October 1605, including two performances of The Merchant of Venice.^[118] After 1608, they performed at the indoor Blackfriars Theatre during the winter and the Globe during the summer.^[119] The indoor setting, combined with the Jacobean fashion for lavishly staged masques, allowed Shakespeare to introduce more elaborate stage devices. In Cymbeline, for example, Jupiter descends "in thunder and lightning, sitting upon an eagle: he throws a thunderbolt. The ghosts fall on their knees."^[120]

The actors in Shakespeare's company included the famous Richard Burbage, William Kempe, Henry Condell and John Heminges. Burbage played the leading role in the first performances of many of Shakespeare's plays, including Richard III, Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear.^[121] The popular comic actor Will Kempe played the servant Peter in Romeo and Juliet and Dogberry in Much Ado About Nothing, among other characters.^[122] He was replaced around 1600 by Robert Armin, who played roles such as Touchstone in As You Like It and the fool in King Lear.^[123] In 1613, Sir Henry Wotton recorded that Henry VIII "was set forth with many extraordinary circumstances of pomp and ceremony".^[124] On 29 June, however, a cannon set fire to the thatch of the Globe and burned the theatre to the ground, an event which pinpoints the date of a Shakespeare play with rare precision.^[124]

Textual sources

In 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two of Shakespeare's friends from the King's Men, published the First Folio, a collected edition of Shakespeare's plays. It contained 36 texts, including 18 printed for the first time.^[125] Many of the plays had already appeared in quarto versions—flimsy books made from sheets of paper folded twice to make four leaves.^[126] No evidence suggests that Shakespeare approved these editions, which the First Folio describes as "stol'n and surreptitious copies".^[127] Alfred Pollard termed some of them "bad quartos" because of their adapted, paraphrased or garbled texts, which may in places have been reconstructed from memory.^[128] Where several versions of a play survive, each differs from the other. The differences may stem from copying or printing errors, from notes by actors or audience members, or from Shakespeare's own papers.^[129] In some cases, for example Hamlet, Troilus and Cressida and Othello, Shakespeare could have revised the texts between the quarto and folio editions. In the case of King Lear, however, while most modern editions do conflate them, the 1623 folio version is so different from the 1608 quarto that the Oxford Shakespeare prints them both, arguing that they cannot be conflated without confusion.^[130]

Poems

In 1593 and 1594, when the theatres were closed because of plague, Shakespeare published two narrative poems on erotic themes, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece. He dedicated them to Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton. In Venus and Adonis, an innocent Adonis rejects the sexual advances of Venus; while in The Rape of Lucrece, the virtuous wife Lucrece is raped by the lustful Tarquin.^[131] Influenced by Ovid's Metamorphoses,^[132] the poems show the guilt and moral confusion that result from uncontrolled lust.^[133] Both proved popular and were often reprinted during Shakespeare's lifetime. A third narrative poem, A Lover's Complaint, in which a young woman laments her seduction by a persuasive suitor, was printed in the first edition of the Sonnets in 1609. Most scholars now accept that Shakespeare wrote A Lover's Complaint. Critics consider that its fine qualities are marred by leaden effects.^[134] The Phoenix and the Turtle, printed in Robert Chester's 1601 Love's Martyr, mourns the deaths of the legendary phoenix and his lover, the faithful turtle dove. In 1599, two early drafts of sonnets 138 and 144 appeared in The Passionate Pilgrim, published under Shakespeare's name but without his permission.^[135]

Sonnets

Published in 1609, the Sonnets were the last of Shakespeare's non-dramatic works to be printed. Scholars are not certain when each of the 154 sonnets was composed, but evidence suggests that Shakespeare wrote sonnets throughout his career for a private readership.^[136] Even before the two unauthorised sonnets appeared in The Passionate Pilgrim in 1599, Francis Meres had referred in 1598 to Shakespeare's "sugred Sonnets among his private friends".^[137] Few analysts believe that the published collection follows Shakespeare's intended sequence.^[138] He seems to have planned two contrasting series: one about uncontrollable lust for a married woman of dark complexion (the "dark lady"), and one about conflicted love for a fair young man (the "fair youth"). It remains unclear if these figures represent real individuals, or if the authorial "I" who addresses them represents Shakespeare himself, though Wordsworth believed that with the sonnets "Shakespeare unlocked his heart".^[139]

The 1609 edition was dedicated to a "Mr. W.H.", credited as "the only begetter" of the poems. It is not known whether this was written by Shakespeare himself or by the publisher, Thomas Thorpe, whose initials appear at the foot of the dedication page; nor is it known who Mr. W.H. was, despite numerous theories, or whether Shakespeare even authorised the publication.^[141] Critics praise the Sonnets as a profound meditation on the nature of love, sexual passion, procreation, death, and time.^[142]

Style

Shakespeare's first plays were written in the conventional style of the day. He wrote them in a stylised language that does not always spring naturally from the needs of the characters or the drama.^[143] The poetry depends on extended, sometimes elaborate metaphors and conceits, and the language is often rhetorical—written for actors to declaim rather than speak. The grand speeches in Titus Andronicus, in the view of some critics, often hold up the action, for example; and the verse in The Two Gentlemen of Verona has been described as stilted.^[144]

Soon, however, Shakespeare began to adapt the traditional styles to his own purposes. The opening soliloquy of Richard III has its roots in the self-declaration of Vice in medieval drama. At the same time, Richard's vivid self-awareness looks forward to the soliloquies of Shakespeare's mature plays.^[145] No single play marks a change from the traditional to the freer style. Shakespeare combined the two throughout his career, with Romeo and Juliet perhaps the best example of the mixing of the styles.^[146] By the time of Romeo and Juliet, Richard II, and A Midsummer Night's Dream in the mid-1590s, Shakespeare had begun to write a more natural poetry. He increasingly tuned his metaphors and images to the needs of the drama itself.

Shakespeare's standard poetic form was blank verse, composed in iambic pentameter. In practice, this meant that his verse was usually unrhymed and consisted of ten syllables to a line, spoken with a stress on every second syllable. The blank verse of his early plays is quite different from that of his later ones. It is often beautiful, but its sentences tend to start, pause, and finish at the end of lines, with the risk of monotony.^[148] Once Shakespeare mastered traditional blank verse, he began to interrupt and vary its flow. This technique releases the new power and flexibility of the poetry in plays such as Julius Caesar and Hamlet. Shakespeare uses it, for example, to convey the turmoil in Hamlet's mind:^[149]

Sir, in my heart there was a kind of fighting
That would not let me sleep. Methought I lay
Worse than the mutines in the bilboes. Rashly—
And prais'd be rashness for it—let us know
Our indiscretion sometimes serves us well ...

— Hamlet, Act 5, Scene 2, 4–8^[149]

After Hamlet, Shakespeare varied his poetic style further, particularly in the more emotional passages of the late tragedies. The literary critic A. C. Bradley described this style as "more concentrated, rapid, varied, and, in construction, less regular, not seldom twisted or elliptical".^[150] In the last phase of his career, Shakespeare adopted many techniques to achieve these effects. These included run-on lines, irregular pauses and stops, and extreme variations in sentence structure and length.^[151] In Macbeth, for example, the language darts from one unrelated metaphor or simile to another: "was the hope drunk/ Wherein you dressed yourself?" (1.7.35–38); "... pity, like a naked new-born babe/ Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubim, hors'd/ Upon the sightless couriers of the air ..." (1.7.21–25). The listener is challenged to complete the sense.^[151] The late romances, with their shifts in time and surprising turns of plot, inspired a last poetic style in which long and short sentences are set against one another, clauses are piled up, subject and object are reversed, and words are omitted, creating an effect of spontaneity.^[152]

Shakespeare combined poetic genius with a practical sense of the theatre.^[153] Like all playwrights of the time, he dramatised stories from sources such as Plutarch and Holinshed.^[154] He reshaped each plot to create several centres of interest and to show as many sides of a narrative to the audience as possible. This strength of design ensures that a Shakespeare play can survive translation, cutting and wide interpretation without loss to its core drama.^[155] As Shakespeare's mastery grew, he gave his characters clearer and more varied motivations and distinctive patterns of speech. He preserved aspects of his earlier style in the later plays, however. In Shakespeare's late romances, he deliberately returned to a more artificial style, which emphasised the illusion of theatre.^[156]

Influence

Shakespeare's work has made a lasting impression on later theatre and literature. In particular, he expanded the dramatic potential of characterisation, plot, language, and genre.^[157] Until Romeo and Juliet, for example, romance had not been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy.^[158] Soliloquies had been used mainly to convey information about characters or events; but Shakespeare used them to explore characters' minds.^[159] His work heavily influenced later poetry. The Romantic poets attempted to revive Shakespearean verse drama, though with little success. Critic George Steiner described all English verse dramas from Coleridge to Tennyson as "feeble variations on Shakespearean themes."^[160]

Shakespeare influenced novelists such as Thomas Hardy, William Faulkner, and Charles Dickens. The American novelist Herman Melville's soliloquies owe much to Shakespeare; his Captain Ahab in Moby-Dick is a classic tragic hero, inspired by King Lear.^[161] Scholars have identified 20,000 pieces of music linked to Shakespeare's works. These include two operas by Giuseppe Verdi, Otello and Falstaff, whose critical standing compares with that of the source plays.^[162] Shakespeare has also inspired many painters, including the Romantics and the Pre-Raphaelites. The Swiss Romantic artist Henry Fuseli, a friend of William Blake, even translated Macbeth into German.^[163] The psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud drew on Shakespearean psychology, in particular that of Hamlet, for his theories of human nature.^[164]

In Shakespeare's day, English grammar, spelling and pronunciation were less standardised than they are now,^[165] and his use of language helped shape modern English.^[166] Samuel Johnson quoted him more often than any other author in his A Dictionary of the English Language, the first serious work of its type.^[167] Expressions such as "with bated breath" (Merchant of Venice) and "a foregone conclusion" (Othello) have found their way into everyday English speech.^[168]

Critical reputation

Shakespeare was not revered in his lifetime, but he received a large amount of praise.^[170] In 1598, the cleric and author Francis Meres singled him out from a group of English writers as "the most excellent" in both comedy and tragedy.^[171] The authors of the Parnassus plays at St John's College, Cambridge numbered him with Chaucer, Gower and Spenser.^[172] In the First Folio, Ben Jonson called Shakespeare the "Soul of the age, the applause, delight, the wonder of our stage", though he had remarked elsewhere that "Shakespeare wanted art".

Between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the end of the 17th century, classical ideas were in vogue. As a result, critics of the time mostly rated Shakespeare below John Fletcher and Ben Jonson.^[173] Thomas Rymer, for example, condemned Shakespeare for mixing the comic with the tragic. Nevertheless, poet and critic John Dryden rated Shakespeare highly, saying of Jonson, "I admire him, but I love Shakespeare".^[174] For several decades, Rymer's view held sway; but during the 18th century, critics began to respond to Shakespeare on his own terms and acclaim what they termed his natural genius. A series of scholarly editions of his work, notably those of Samuel Johnson in 1765 and Edmond Malone in 1790, added to his growing reputation.^[175] By 1800, he was firmly enshrined as the national poet.^[176] In the 18th and 19th centuries, his reputation also spread abroad. Among those who championed him were the writers Voltaire, Goethe, Stendhal and Victor Hugo.^[177]

During the Romantic era, Shakespeare was praised by the poet and literary philosopher Samuel Taylor Coleridge; and the critic August Wilhelm Schlegel translated his plays in the spirit of German Romanticism.^[178] In the 19th century, critical admiration for Shakespeare's genius often bordered on adulation.^[179] "That King Shakespeare," the essayist Thomas Carlyle wrote in 1840, "does not he shine, in crowned sovereignty, over us all, as the noblest, gentlest, yet strongest of rallying signs; indestructible".^[180] The Victorians produced his plays as lavish spectacles on a grand scale.^[181] The playwright and critic George Bernard Shaw mocked the cult of Shakespeare worship as "bardolatry", claiming that the new naturalism of Ibsen's plays had made Shakespeare obsolete.^[182]

The modernist revolution in the arts during the early 20th century, far from discarding Shakespeare, eagerly enlisted his work in the service of the avant-garde. The Expressionists in Germany and the Futurists in Moscow mounted productions of his plays. Marxist playwright and director Bertolt Brecht devised an epic theatre under the influence of Shakespeare. The poet and critic T.S. Eliot argued against Shaw that Shakespeare's "primitiveness" in fact made him truly modern.^[183] Eliot, along with G. Wilson Knight and the school of New Criticism, led a movement towards a closer reading of Shakespeare's imagery. In the 1950s, a wave of new critical approaches replaced modernism and paved the way for "post-modern" studies of Shakespeare.^[184] By the 1980s, Shakespeare studies were open to movements such as structuralism, feminism, New Historicism, African-American studies, and queer studies.^[185][186] In a comprehensive reading of Shakespeare's works and comparing Shakespeare literary accomplishments to accomplishments among leading figures in philosophy and theology as well, Harold Bloom has commented that, "Shakespeare was larger than Plato and than St. Augustine. He encloses us, because we see with his fundamental perceptions."^[187]

Works

Classification of the plays

Shakespeare's works include the 36 plays printed in the First Folio of 1623, listed according to their folio classification as comedies, histories and tragedies.^[188] Two plays not included in the First Folio, The Two Noble Kinsmen and Pericles, Prince of Tyre, are now accepted as part of the canon, with today's scholars agreeing that Shakespeare made major contributions to the writing of both.^[189] No Shakespearean poems were included in the First Folio.

In the late 19th century, Edward Dowden classified four of the late comedies as romances, and though many scholars prefer to call them tragicomedies, Dowden's term is often used.^[190] These plays and the associated Two Noble Kinsmen are marked with an asterisk (*) below. In 1896, Frederick S. Boas coined the term "problem plays" to describe four plays: All's Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure, Troilus and Cressida and Hamlet.^[191] "Dramas as singular in theme and temper cannot be strictly called comedies or tragedies", he wrote. "We may therefore borrow a convenient phrase from the theatre of today and class them together as Shakespeare's problem plays."^[192] The term, much debated and sometimes applied to other plays, remains in use, though Hamlet is definitively classed as a tragedy.^[193]

Speculation about Shakespeare

Authorship

Around 230 years after Shakespeare's death, doubts began to be expressed about the authorship of the works attributed to him.^[194] Proposed alternative candidates include Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, and Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford.^[195] Several "group theories" have also been proposed.^[196] Only a small minority of academics believe there is reason to question the traditional attribution,^[197] but interest in the subject, particularly the Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship, continues into the 21st century.^[198]

Religion

Some scholars claim that members of Shakespeare's family were Catholics, at a time when practicing Catholicism in England was against the law.^[199] Shakespeare's mother, Mary Arden, certainly came from a pious Catholic family. The strongest evidence might be a Catholic statement of faith signed by his father, John Shakespeare, found in 1757 in the rafters of his former house in Henley Street. The document is now lost, however, and scholars differ as to its authenticity.^[200] In 1591 the authorities reported that John Shakespeare had missed church "for fear of process for debt", a common Catholic excuse.^[201] In 1606, the name of William's daughter Susanna appears on a list of those who failed to attend Easter communion in Stratford.^[201] As several scholars have noted, whatever his private views, Shakespeare "conformed to the official state religion", as Park Honan put it.^[202][203] Also, Shakespeare's will uses a Protestant formula, and he was a confirmed member of the Church of England, where he was married, his children were baptized, and where he is buried. Other authors argue that there is a lack of evidence about Shakespeare's religious beliefs. Scholars find evidence both for and against Shakespeare's Catholicism, Protestantism, or lack of belief in his plays, but the truth may be impossible to prove.^[204]

Sexuality

Few details of Shakespeare's sexuality are known. At 18, he married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, who was pregnant. Susanna, the first of their three children, was born six months later on 26 May 1583. Over the centuries, some readers have posited that Shakespeare's sonnets are autobiographical,^[205] and point to them as evidence of his love for a young man. Others read the same passages as the expression of intense friendship rather than romantic love.^[206] The 26 so-called "Dark Lady" sonnets, addressed to a married woman, are taken as evidence of heterosexual liaisons.^[207]

Portraiture

No written contemporary description of Shakespeare's physical appearance survives, and no evidence suggests that he ever commissioned a portrait, so the Droeshout engraving, which Ben Jonson approved of as a good likeness,^[208] and his Stratford monument provide perhaps the best evidence of his appearance. From the 18th century, the desire for authentic Shakespeare portraits fuelled claims that various surviving pictures depicted Shakespeare. That demand also led to the production of several fake portraits, as well as mis-attributions, repaintings and relabelling of portraits of other people.^[209]

See also

• English Renaissance theatre
• Spelling of Shakespeare's name
• World Shakespeare Bibliography

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

External links

• Internet Shakespeare Editions
• Folger Digital Texts
• Open Source Shakespeare complete works, with search engine and concordance
• First Four Folios at Miami University Library, digital collection
• The Shakespeare Quartos Archive
• Shakespeare's Words the online version of the best-selling glossary and language companion
• Shakespeare and Music
• Shakespeare's Will from The National Archives
• Works by William Shakespeare set to music: free scores in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
• The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
• William Shakespeare at the Internet Movie Database
• Works by William Shakespeare at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about William Shakespeare at Internet Archive
• Works by William Shakespeare at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Sir Thomas More* Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love's Labour's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles, Prince of Tyre* The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen* The Winter's Tale Cardenio* Love's Labour's Won Histories King John Edward III* Richard II 1 Henry IV 2 Henry IV Henry V 1 Henry VI 2 Henry VI 3 Henry VI Richard III Henry VIII* See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A–K L–Z Chronology Performances Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare's sonnets comparison Venus and Adonis The Rape of Lucrece The Phoenix and the Turtle The Passionate Pilgrim* A Lover's Complaint Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Apocrypha Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Family Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain's Men/King's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place home Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford-upon-Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare's Globe (replica) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare * Shakespeare and other authors Lost

Links to related articles Family of William Shakespeare Anne Hathaway (wife) Susanna Hall (daughter) Hamnet Shakespeare (son) Judith Quiney (daughter) Elizabeth Barnard (granddaughter) John Shakespeare (father) Mary Arden (mother) Gilbert Shakespeare (brother) Joan Shakespeare (sister) Edumund Shakespeare (brother) Richard Shakespeare (grandfather) John Hall (son-in-law) Thomas Quiney (son-in-law) Thomas Nash (grandson-in-law) Early editions of William Shakespeare's works Folios and quartos Foul papers List of Shakespeare plays in quarto Quarto Folio Bad quarto First Quarto First Folio Second Folio False Folio Early editors John Heminges Henry Condell Edward Knight Publishers Robert Allot William Aspley John Benson Edward Blount Cuthbert Burby Nathaniel Butter Philip Chetwinde Richard Hawkins Henry Herringman William Leake Richard Meighen Thomas Millington Thomas Pavier John Smethwick Thomas Thorpe Thomas Walkley John Waterson Andrew Wise Printers Edward Allde Thomas Cotes Thomas Creede George Eld Richard Field William Jaggard Augustine Matthews Nicholas Okes James Roberts Peter Short Valentine Simmes William Stansby   Shakespearean tragedy templates William Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra Characters Mark Antony Octavius Caesar Lepidus Cleopatra Sextus Pompey Domitius Enobarbus Ventidius Canidius Scarus Octavia Maecenas Agrippa Taurus Dolabella Gallus Menas Charmian Sources Parallel Lives Stage adaptations The False One (c.1620) All for Love (1677) Opera Antony and Cleopatra (1966) On screen 1908 1913 1972 1974 (TV) 1981 (TV) Related Cultural depictions of Cleopatra Cultural depictions of Augustus Salad days Asp Thomas North Cleopatra (1912) Cleopatra (1917) Roman Tragedies (2007) William Shakespeare's Coriolanus Characters Historical Caius Martius Coriolanus Menenius Agrippa Cominius Titus Lartius Sicinius Velutus Junius Brutus Tullus Aufidius Fictional Volumnia Virgilia Sources Parallel Lives Adaptations Coriolanus (1953) The Tragedy of Coriolanus (1984; TV) Coriolanus (2011) Related Show and tell Veturia Thomas North Roman Tragedies (2007) William Shakespeare's Cymbeline Characters Cymbeline Queen Imogen Posthumus Leonatus Cloten Belarius Guiderius Arvirargus Jupiter Sources The Decameron (c. 1353) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Adaptations Cymbeline (1982) Cymbeline (2014) Related Shakespeare's late romances Philaster (c.1609) Deus ex machina Milford Haven William Shakespeare's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies "To be, or not to be" "Mortal coil" "What a piece of work is a man" "Speak the speech" Words and phrases "The lady doth protest too much, methinks" "Thy name is" "Primrose path" Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur-Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre (1911–1912) Richard Burton (1964) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 1974 1990 1996 2000 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence (1959) The Bad Sleep Well (1960) Ophelia (1963) Johnny Hamlet (1968) One Hamlet Less (1973) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja (1974) The Angel of Vengeance – The Female Hamlet (1977) Strange Brew (1983) Hamlet Goes Business (1987) The Lion King (1994) Let the Devil Wear Black (1999) Dating Hamlet (2002) The Banquet (2006) Karmayogi (2012) Haider (2014) Hamlet A.D.D. (2014) Novels Gertrude and Claudius (2000) Ophelia's Revenge (2003) The Dead Fathers Club (2006) Something Rotten (2007) Hamlet's Father (2008) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle (2008) Plays Hamletmachine (1977) Dogg's Hamlet (1979) Fortinbras (1991) Hamlet (2005) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet (1973) The Lion King (1997) Television Hamlet at Elsinore (1964) Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (1980) Hamlet (1992) Sons of Anarchy (2008) Hamlet (2009) Parody 15-Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io, Amleto The Klingon Hamlet "Lyle the Kindly Viking" To Be or Not to Be: That is the Adventure Songs "My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone" (16th century) "Pull Me Under" (1992) "Song for Athene" (1997) Opera/Classical Hamlet (Thomas) Amleto (Faccio) Hamlet (Tchaikovsky) Tristia (Berlioz) Die Hamletmaschine (Rihm) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be (1942) To Be or Not to Be (1983) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990) Renaissance Man (1994) In the Bleak Midwinter (1995) Hamlet 2 (2008) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead (2009) Three Days (2012) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966) Stage Blood (1974) I Hate Hamlet (1991) To Be or Not to Be (2008) Novels Hamlet, Revenge! (1937) Theatre of War (1994) "The Undiscovered" (1997) The Shakespeare Stealer (1998) Interred with Their Bones (2007) Television "The Producer" (1966) Slings & Arrows (2003) Art Ophelia Affe mit Schädel Video game Last Action Hero (1993) Hamlet (2010) Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe's Havoc Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet Had an Uncle Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber "Symphony No. 65" (Haydn) War Highlander II: The Quickening The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude – The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten! "The Conscience of the King" "Born to Be King" William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar Characters Julius Caesar Mark Antony Octavius Lepidus Flavius Marullus Cicero Calpurnia Portia Cinna Titinius Messala Young Cato Volumnius Conspirators Marcus Brutus Cassius Casca Decius Brutus Cinna Metellus Cimber Trebonius Caius Ligarius Sources Parallel Lives On screen 1950 1953 1970 1979 (TV) 1994 (TV) Adaptations La morte di Cesare (1788) Shakespeare Writing "Julius Caesar" (1907) Die Ermordung Cäsars (1959) Dead Caesar (2007) The Karaoke King (2007) Roman Tragedies (2007) Quotes "The dogs of war" "Et tu, Brute?" "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears" "Greek to me" Related Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Assassination of Julius Caesar Caesar's Comet Ides of March Battle of Philippi Me and Orson Welles (2008) Caesar Must Die (2012) William Shakespeare's King Lear Characters King Lear Cordelia Goneril Regan Edmund Sources Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) The Mirror for Magistrates (1555) King Leir (1594) Cordelia of Britain Leir of Britain Llŷr "Water and Salt" Adaptations Plays The History of King Lear (1681) The Yiddish King Lear (1892) Safed Khoon (1907) Lear (1971) Novels La Terre (1887) A Thousand Acres (1991) Fool (2009) Opera Re Lear (Libretto only) (1896) Lear (1978) Kuningas Lear (2000) Films Gunasundari Katha (1949) King Lear (1971 USSR) King Lear (1971 UK) Ran (1985) King Lear (1987) A Thousand Acres (1997) King Lear (1999) My Kingdom (2001) King of Texas (2002) Baghban (2003) Second Generation (2003) Life Goes On (2009) Television King Lear (1953) BBC Television Shakespeare (1982) King Lear (1983) King Lear (2008) Other Tiriel (1789, poem) The Prince of the Pagodas (1957, ballet) The Tragedy of King Lear (screenplay) William Shakespeare's Macbeth Characters Macbeth Lady Macbeth Banquo Macduff King Duncan Malcolm Donalbain Three Witches Fleance Lady Macduff Macduff's son Young Siward Inspirations Macbeth, King of Scotland Gruoch of Scotland Duncan I of Scotland Malcolm III of Scotland Donald III of Scotland Siward, Earl of Northumbria Sources The Witch Holinshed's Chronicles Darraðarljóð Film 1908 1909 (French) 1909 (Italian) 1911 1913 1915 1916 1922 1948 1971 2006 2015 Cancelled (Olivier) Television 1954 1960 1961 1978 1983 1992 2005 2010 Television and film adaptations The Real Thing at Last (1916) Joe MacBeth (1955) Throne of Blood (1957) Macbeth (Verdi opera) (1987) Men of Respect (1990) Scotland, PA (2001) Maqbool (2003) Shakespeare Must Die (2012) Plays Voodoo Macbeth (1936) MacBird! (1967) uMabatha (1970) Macbeth (1972) Cahoot's Macbeth (1979) MacHomer (1995) Sleep No More (2003) Sleep No More (2009) Dunsinane (2010) Sleep No More (2011) Just Macbeth! Operas Macbeth (1847, Verdi) discography Macbeth (1910, Bloch) Literary adaptations Wyrd Sisters (1988) The Last King of Scotland (1998) The Tragedy of Macbeth Part II (2008) Albums Music from Macbeth (1972) Macbeth (1990) Thane to the Throne (2000) Shakespeare's Macbeth – A Tragedy in Steel (2003) Lady Macbeth (2005) Art Pity (1795) The Night of Enitharmon's Joy (1795) Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth (1889) Scenes and speeches "On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth" (1823) Sleepwalking Scene (5.1) "Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow" Words and phrases "What's done is done" "Crack of doom" "The good doctor" "Strange but true" The Scottish Play Thane of Cawdor Story within a story We Work Again Light Thickens The Deadly Affair "The Movies" "Sleeping with the Enemy" "The Shower Principle" Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine The Scottish Play Burke & Hare Episodes "A Witch's Tangled Hare" (1959, Looney Tunes) "The Bellero Shield" (1964, The Outer Limits) "Sense and Senility" (1987, Blackadder the Third) "The Coup" (2006, The Office) "Dial "N" for Nerder" (2008, The Simpsons) "The Understudy" (2014, Inside No. 9) Other Macbeth (Strauss) The Scottish Play Piano Trios, Op. 70 (Beethoven) The Ruins of Cawdor House of Cards (UK, 1990) House of Cards (US, 2013–present) Four Great Women and a Manicure William Shakespeare's Othello Characters Othello Desdemona Iago Cassio Emilia Bianca Roderigo Brabantio Other characters Source "Un Capitano Moro" from Gli Hecatommithi (1565) by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Description of Africa Sampiero Corso Opera and ballet adaptations Otello (1816; opera) Otello (1887; opera) Othello (1892; overture) The Moor's Pavane (1949; ballet) Othello (1998; ballet score) Bandanna (1999; opera) Films 1922 1952 1955 1965 1995 TV 1981 1990 1994 2001 Stage adaptations Masquerade (1835) Othello (1951) Catch My Soul (US; 1969) Catch My Soul (UK; 1970) Film adaptations Jubal (1956) All Night Long (1962) Catch My Soul (1974) Kaliyattam (1997) O (2001) Eloise (2002) Souli (2004) Omkara (2006) Jarum Halus (2008) From Verdi Otello (1906; film) Othello Ballet Suite/Electronic Organ Sonata No. 1 (1967; ballet suite) Otello (1986; film) The Othello Syndrome (2008; album) Art Othello Phrases "Beast with two backs" Related Othello error Filming Othello Red Velvet The Duke of Milan Love's Sacrifice Desdemona Goodnight Desdemona Story within a story Carnival (1921 film) Carnival (1931 film) The Deceiver (1931) Men Are Not Gods (1936) A Double Life (1947) Saptapadi (1961) So Fine (1981) An Imaginary Tale (1990) William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev) Romeo and Juliet (1955, Arnshtam) Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko) Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan) Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery) Radio and Juliet (2005) Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins) Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor) Operas Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda) Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli) Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai) I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini) Gloria (1874, Cilea) Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod) A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius) Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair (1906) West Side Story (1957) Once on This Island (1990) Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001) Giulietta e Romeo (2007) Classical Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800) Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz) Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1968 1978 (TV) 1992 (TV) 1996 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English The Magic Flame (1927) Kentucky (1938) Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953) Romanoff and Juliet (1961) West Side Story (1961) Gonks Go Beat (1965) Lonesome Cowboys (1968) The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet (1969) Romie-0 and Julie-8 (TV; 1979) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (1982) Valley Girl (1983) Bullies (1986) China Girl (1987) Romeo.Juliet (1990) Tromeo and Juliet (1996) Love Is All There Is (1996) Rose by Any Other Name... (1997) The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) Shakespeare in Love (1998) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns (1999) Romeo Must Die (2000) Brooklyn Babylon (2001) Pizza My Heart (TV; 2005) West Bank Story (2005) Life and Lyrics (2006) Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss (2006) Rome & Jewel (2008) David & Fatima (2008) The Cross Road (2008) Vicious Circle (2008) The Twilight Saga: New Moon (2009) Gnomeo & Juliet (2011) Private Romeo (2011) Warm Bodies (2013) Make Your Move (2013) Romeo and Juliet (2013) Foreign Ambikapathy (Tamil 1937) Romeo and Juliet (Spanish 1940) Les amants de Vérone (French 1949) Romeo, Juliet and Darkness (Czech 1960) Los Tarantos (Spanish 1963) Fury of Johnny Kid (Italian 1967) Ma che musica maestro (Italian 1971) Mônica e Cebolinha: No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta (Portuguese 1979) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child (Japanese 1981) Saudagar (Hindi 1991) The Phantom Lover (Mandarin 1995) 30:e november (Swedish/Spanish 1995) Chicken Rice War (Cantonese/English 2000) Kalisundam Raa (Telugu 2000) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein (Hindi 2002) Bollywood Queen (English/Hindi 2002) Amar te duele (Spanish 2002) Ondagona Baa (Kannada 2003) Mamay (Ukrainian 2003) The District! (Hungarian 2004) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta (Portuguese 2005) In Fair Palestine: A Story of Romeo and Juliet (2006) The Bubble (Hebrew/Arabic 2006) Goliyon Ki Raasleela: Ram-Leela (Hindi 2013) Issaq (Hindi 2013) Priyatama (Marathi 2014) Arshinagar (Bengali, 2015) TV series Sons and Daughters (1982) Family and Friends (1990) Villa Quintana (1995) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego (1998) Skin (2003) A Touch Away (2006) Dangerous (2007) Romeo × Juliet (2007) Romeo y Julieta (2007) Saints & Sinners (2007) Harina de Otro Costal (2010) Villa Quintana (2013) Westside (2013 pilot) Star-Crossed (2014) Plays Romanoff and Juliet (1956) Romeo and Juliet (2013) Songs Lan và Điệp (1930s) "Montagues and Capulets" (1935) "Fever" (1956) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet (1968) "(Don't Fear) The Reaper" (1976) "Angelo" (1978) "Romeo and Juliet" (1978) "Romeo and Juliet" (1981) "Cherish" (1989) "Amor Prohibido" (1994) "Kissing You" (1996) "Exit Music" (1997) "Romeo and Juliet" (1998) "Starcrossed" (2004) "Peut-être toi" (2006) "Mademoiselle Juliette" (2007) "Love Story" (2008) "Love Me Again" (2013) Albums Romeo and Juliet (1968) Romeo + Juliet (1996) Romeo & Julia (2006) Tragic Lovers (2008) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew (1844) The Stolen Dormouse (1941) The Faraway Lurs (1963) Romiette and Julio (2001) New Moon (2006) Warm Bodies (2010) Art Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene (1790) Romeo and Juliet (1978) Phrases "Star-crossed" "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet" Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet "Nothing Broken but My Heart" Panic Button Bare: A Pop Opera ""Into the Light" Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady "Moonshine River" Rendez-vous Fame "I Am Unicorn" The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds "The Thief of Baghead" The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night "Say You'll Be Mine" Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K-On! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Ramlila Ek Duuje Ke Liye Maro Charitra (1978) Maro Charitra (2010) Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet "Upper West Side Story" (2012) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Don't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Book:Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare's Timon of Athens Characters Timon Alcibiades Apemantus Sources Palace of Pleasure (1566) Adaptations Timon (1973) Timon of Athens (1981) Revisions The History of Timon of Athens the Man-hater (1677) William Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus Characters Titus Andronicus Tamora Aaron Lavinia Emperor Saturninus Marcus Lucius Sources Ab Urbe Condita (c26 BC) Metamorphoses (cAD 8) Gesta Romanorum (late third century AD) Adaptations Titus Andronicus (1985; TV) Titus (1999) "Scott Tenorman Must Die" (2001; TV) Related The Peacham drawing Authorship question Themes "Titus Andronicus' Complaint" George Peele Philomela Thyestes Revenge play Grand Guignol Gorboduc (1561) Edmund Ironside (1590) Jan Vos Titus (soundtrack) William Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida Characters Trojans Priam Hector Deiphobus Helenus Paris Troilus Cassandra Andromache Aeneas Pandarus Cressida Calchas Helen Greeks Agamemnon Menelaus Nestor Ulysses Achilles Patroclus Diomedes Ajax Thersites Myrmidons Sources Troilus and Criseyde Troy Book Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye Adaptations Troilus and Cressida (1981; TV) Related Trojan War Trojan War in popular culture Achilles and Patroclus Shakespearean problem play "Bitch"   Shakespearean comedy templates William Shakespeare's All's Well That Ends Well Characters Bertram Countess of Roussillon Helen Rinaldo Lavatch Paroles King of France Lafeu Duke of Florence Widow Diana Mariana Sources The Decameron (c.1353) Palace of Pleasure (1566) Adaptations All's Well That Ends Well (1981; TV) Related Shakespearean problem play Diana Alazôn Bed trick William Shakespeare's As You Like It Characters Rosalind Orlando Celia Jacques Touchstone Screen 1936 1978 (TV) 1994 (TV) 2006 Related "All the world's a stage" William Shakespeare's The Comedy of Errors Characters Antipholus of Syracuse Antipholus of Ephesus Dromio of Syracuse Dromio of Ephesus Adriana Luciana Egeon Emilia Solinus Sources Menaechmi Amphitryon Apollonius of Tyre Musicals Gli equivoci (1786) The Boys from Syracuse (1938) The Comedy of Errors (1976) The Bomb-itty of Errors (2000) Film/TV The Boys from Syracuse (1940) Bhrantibilas (1963) Do Dooni Char (1968) Angoor (1982) The Comedy of Errors (1983; TV) Big Business (1988) Ulta Palta (1997) Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998) Dam Dama Dam (1998) Heeralal Pannalal (1999) Double Di Trouble (2014) Related Comedy of errors Classical unities Gesta Grayorum (1688) The Flying Karamazov Brothers William Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost Characters King Ferdinand of Navarre Lord Berowne Lord Longaville Lord Dumaine Princess of France Lady Rosaline Lady Maria Lady Katharine Boyet Don Adriano de Armado Moth Sir Nathaniel Holofernes Dull Costard Jaquenetta Marcadé Adaptations Love's Labour's Lost (opera; 1973) Love's Labour's Lost (TV; 1985) Love's Labour's Lost (film; 2000) Related Love's Labour's Won Honorificabilitudinitatibus Nine Worthies The School of Night Robert Tofte The Princess (poem; 1847) William Shakespeare's Measure for Measure Characters Angelo Adaptations The Law Against Lovers (1662) Das Liebesverbot (1834) Round Heads and Pointed Heads (1936) Measure for Measure (1943) Measure for Measure (1979; TV) Desperate Measures (2004) Art Mariana (Millais) Related Mariana (Tennyson) Bletting Bed trick Shakespearean problem play William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice Characters Shylock Antonio Portia Sources The Jew of Malta On screen 1916 1923 1980 (TV) 2004 unfinished One Man Band (unfinished) Adaptations Le marchand de Venise (1935, opera) Shylock (1987, musical) Derivative works Serenade to Music (1938) Shylock (1996) Yasser (2001) The Maori Merchant of Venice (2002) Related "All that glitters is not gold" "All the world's a stage" "Between you and I" Quibble Letter and spirit of the law "Ding Dong Bell" "The quality of mercy" William Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor Characters Falstaff Mistress Quickly Ancient Pistol Bardolph Robert Shallow Corporal Nym Film/Television The Merry Wives of Windsor (1950) Overture to The Merry Wives of Windsor (1953) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1982; TV) Opera/Musical Falstaff (1799) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1849) Falstaff (1893) Sir John in Love (1929) Lone Star Love (2004) William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream Characters Lovers Oberon and Titania Hermia and Lysander Helena and Demetrius Mechanicals Nick Bottom Peter Quince Francis Flute Robin Starveling Tom Snout Snug Other characters Puck Egeus Philostrate Film 1909 1935 1959 1968 1999 Television 1980 1992 1994 Stage A Midsummer Night's Dream (1970, play) The Donkey Show (1999, musical) The Dreaming (2001, musical) Ballet A Midsummer Night's Dream (1962) The Dream (1964) Opera The Fairy-Queen (1692) Pyramus and Thisbe (1745) Puck (1949) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960, opera) The Enchanted Island (2011) Film adaptations Wood Love (1925) Get Over It (2001) A Midsummer Night's Rave (2002) Midsummer Dream (2005) Were the World Mine (2008) Strange Magic (2015) Other adaptations The Triumph of Beauty (1646) St. John's Eve (1852) "Fascination" (1994) Literature A Midsummer Tempest (1974) A Midsummer Night's Gene (1997) A Midsummer's Nightmare (1997) Lords and Ladies (1992) The Great Night (2011) Comics Auberon Faerie Titania Music A Midsummer Night's Dream (1842, Mendelssohn) Wedding March (1842, Mendelssohn) Three Shakespeare Songs (1951) Symphony No. 8 (1992, Henze) Il Sogno (2004) Related The Sandman: Dream Country (1991) Pyramus and Thisbe Mechanical Love-in-idleness The Apartment (1996) Wicker Park (2004) William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing Characters Don Pedro Dogberry Adaptations Screen 1984 (TV) 1993 2005 (TV) 2012 Opera Béatrice et Bénédict (1862) Much Ado About Nothing (opera) (1901) Musical Much Ado (1995) The Boys Are Coming Home (2005) Adaptations The Law Against Lovers (1662) Dil Chahta Hai (2001) Related Dogberryism "Curiosity killed the cat" Pleaching William Shakespeare's Pericles, Prince of Tyre Characters John Gower Diana Sources Confessio Amantis (1390) The Pattern of Painful Adventures (1576) Adaptations Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1984; TV) Related George Wilkins Shakespeare's late romances Shakespeare Apocrypha Apollonius of Tyre The Pattern of Painful Adventures (2008; radio) First water William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew Characters Katherina Minola Petruchio Bianca Minola Baptista Minola Christopher Sly Stage adaptations The Woman's Prize (c1611) Catharine and Petruchio (1754) Las bravías (1896) Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung (1872) Sly, ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato (1927) Kiss Me, Kate (1948) The Taming of the Shrew (1953) Ukroshchenye Stroptivoy (1957) Christopher Sly (1963) Direct adaptations 1908 1929 1967 1980 (TV) 1994 (TV) Other adaptations Daring Youth (1924) You Made Me Love You (1933) Second Best Bed (1938) Kiss Me Kate (1953) McLintock! (1963) Il Bisbetico Domato (1980) 10 Things I Hate About You (1999) O Cravo e a Rosa (2000; TV) Deliver Us from Eva (2003) The Taming of the Shrew (2005; TV) Frivolous Wife (2008) 10 Things I Hate About You (2009; TV) Isi Life Mein (2010) Related The Taming of the Shrew in performance The Taming of the Shrew on screen Shrew (stock character) Induction Love-in-idleness William Shakespeare's The Tempest Characters Prospero Miranda Ariel Caliban Sycorax Ferdinand Gonzalo Stephano Sources A True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, Knight Decades of the New World Montaigne's Essays Ovid's Metamorphoses Erasmus's Naufragium Commedia dell'arte Sea Venture Films 1911 1979 2010 Adaptations Music Three Shakespeare Songs (Vaughan Williams) The Tempest (Sullivan) The Tempest (Sibelius) The Tempest (Tchaikovsky) The Tempest (ballet) (Nordheim) Screen Yellow Sky (1948) Forbidden Planet (1956) Tempest (1982) The Journey to Melonia (1989) Prospero's Books (1991) Painting Scene from Shakespeare's The Tempest (Hogarth) Ferdinand Lured by Ariel (Millais) Musicals Beach Blanket Tempest Return to the Forbidden Planet Amaluna Plays The Tempest (Dryden) The Sea Voyage The Mock Tempest (1674 Duffet) Une Tempête (1969 Césaire) The Sea (play) (1973) I'll Be The Devil (2008) Opera Noises, Sounds & Sweet Airs (1991) The Tempest (2004 Adès) The Tempest (1756 Smith) Der Sturm (1955) The Enchanted Island (2011 Sams) Poetry and prose fiction Caliban upon Setebos (Browning) The Sea and the Mirror (Auden) Indigo (Warner) A Midsummer Tempest (Anderson) Island (Rogers) The Tempest (Tchaikovsky) Phrases "What's past is prologue" "Full fathom five" "Ariel's Song" "Ding Dong Bell" Related Caliban upon Setebos (1864) Forbidden Planet (1956) "Requiem for Methuselah" (1969) "Don't Pay the Ferryman" (1982) "The Sea and the Mirror: A Commentary on Shakespeare's The Tempest" (1982) William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night Characters Viola Orsino Olivia Sebastian Malvolio Maria Sir Toby Belch Sir Andrew Aguecheek Feste On screen 1933 1955 1966 1980 (TV) 1986 1988 (TV) 1992 (TV) 1996 Musical Your Own Thing (1968) Music Is (1976) Play On! (1997) Illyria (2004) All Shook Up (2004) Adaptations Just One of the Guys (1985) Motocrossed (2001) She's the Man (2006) Dil Bole Hadippa! (2009) Opera Viola (unfinished) Story within a story "Grace" (2011) William Shakespeare's The Two Gentlemen of Verona Characters Valentine Proteus Julia Silvia Launce Speed Crab Sources The Boke Named the Governour (1531) Los Siete Libros de la Diana (1559) Euphues, The Anatomy of Wit (1578) The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (1580) Theatrical adaptations Two Gentlemen of Verona (1971) Screen adaptations A Spray of Plum Blossoms (1931) The Two Gentlemen of Verona (TV; 1983) Related Proteus Jorge de Montemor Stuart Draper Shakespeare in Love (1998) The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? (2002) William Shakespeare's The Two Noble Kinsmen Characters Theseus Hippolyta Emilia Pirithous Palamon Arcite Hymen Lafeu Artesius Valerius Jailer Doctor Gerald Nell Timothy Sources "The Knight's Tale" (The Canterbury Tales) Related Shakespeare Apocrypha Shakespeare's late romances John Fletcher Creon William Davenant Stoolball The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn (1613) William Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale Characters Leontes Perdita Florizel Sources The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (c.1580) Pandosto (1588) Oberon, the Faery Prince (1611) Adaptations The Winter's Tale (1981) "The Winter's Tale" (1994)   Shakespearean history templates William Shakespeare's King John Characters King John Queen Eleanor Prince Henry Blanche of Castile Earl of Essex Earl of Salisbury Earl of Pembroke Lord Bigot Philip Faulconbridge King Philip of France Louis the Dauphin Lady Constance Arthur Cardinal Pandulf Hubert Sources Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) The Troublesome Reign of King John (c.1589) Adaptations King John (1899) The Life and Death of King John (1984; TV) Related King Johan Cultural depictions of John of England Anglo-French war of 1202–14 William Shakespeare's Edward III Characters English Edward III Queen Philippa Edward, the Black Prince Earl of Salisbury Countess of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Sir William Montague Earl of Derby Lord Audley Lord Percy Robert of Artois Lord Montfort French King John II of France Prince Charles Prince Philip Duke of Lorraine King of Bohemia Scottish King David of Scotland Sir William Douglas Sources Froissart's Chronicles (c.1370) Palace of Pleasure (1566) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Related Shakespeare Apocrypha Thomas Kyd George Peele Robert Greene Hundred Years' War Battle of Halidon Hill Siege of Calais Battle of Crécy Battle of Poitiers William Shakespeare's Henriad Richard II Henry IV, Part 1 Henry IV, Part 2 Henry V Characters Richard II Richard II Henry Bolingbroke Duke of York Earl of Northumberland Duke of Aumerle John of Gaunt Queen (unnamed composite of Anne of Bohemia and Isabella of Valois) Henry 'Hotspur' Percy Duchess of York (unnamed composite of Infanta Isabella of Castile and Joan Holland) Duchess of Gloucester Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk Bishop of Carlisle Duke of Surrey Bushy Bagot Green Lord Ross Earl of Salisbury Lord Berkeley 1 Henry IV Henry IV Prince Hal Henry 'Hotspur' Percy Sir John Falstaff Ned Poins Mistress Quickly Bardolph Thomas Percy, Earl of Worcester Earl of Douglas Sir Walter Blunt Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland Lady Percy Earl of Westmorland Owen Glendower Edmund Mortimer Lady Mortimer Archbishop of York John, Duke of Bedford 2 Henry IV Henry IV Prince Hal Sir John Falstaff Ned Poins Ancient Pistol Bardolph Mistress Quickly Doll Tearsheet Robert Shallow Earl of Westmorland Archbishop of York John, Duke of Bedford Earl of Warwick Lord Chief Justice Lord Bardolf Earl of Northumberland Lord Mowbray Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Thomas, Duke of Clarence Earl of Surrey Rumour Henry V Henry V King of France Louis the Dauphin Fluellen Ancient Pistol Mistress Quickly Bardolph Corporal Nym Katharine Constable of France Chorus Duke of Exeter John, Duke of Bedford Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Thomas, Duke of Clarence Earl of Westmorland Duke of Orléans Duke of Burgundy Duke of York Earl of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Duke of Bourbon Archbishop of Canterbury Bishop of Ely Queen Isabel Earl of Cambridge Lord Scroop Sir Thomas Grey Michael Williams Sir Thomas Erpingham Duke of Berry On screen Richard II An Age of Kings (1960; TV) King Richard the Second (1978; TV) Richard the Second (2001) The Hollow Crown: Richard II (2012; TV) 1 Henry IV An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) The First Part of King Henry the Fourth, with the life and death of Henry surnamed Hotspur (1979; TV) The Hollow Crown: Henry IV, Part 1 (2012; TV) 2 Henry IV An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) The Second Part of King Henry the Fourth containing his Death: and the Coronation of King Henry the Fift (1979; TV) The Hollow Crown: Henry IV, Part 2 (2012) Henry V Henry V (1944) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) The Life of Henry the Fift (1979; TV) Henry V (1989) The Hollow Crown: Henry V (2012) Related Holinshed's Chronicles Hundred Years' War Wars of the Roses Divine right of kings Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex Battle of Humbleton Hill Battle of Shrewsbury John Oldcastle Battle of Agincourt The Famous Victories of Henry V (c.1585) Thomas of Woodstock/Richard the Second, Part One (c.1593) Falstaff's Wedding (1760) Falstaff (opera; 1913) At the Boar's Head (1925) Suite from Henry V (1963) William Shakespeare's first historical tetralogy Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Henry VI, Part 3 Richard III Characters 1 Henry VI Henry VI Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Duke of Exeter Lord Talbot Duke of Bedford Richard, Duke of York Bishop of Winchester Earl of Suffolk Duke of Somerset (conflation of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset and Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset) Earl of Warwick Earl of Salisbury John Talbot Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (conflation of Sir Edmund de Mortimer and Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March) Sir John Fastolf Charles the Dauphin Joan la Pucelle Margaret of Anjou Reignier, Duke of Anjou Duke of Alençon Bastard of Orléans Duke of Burgundy Jacques d'Arc 2 Henry VI Henry VI Queen Margaret Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Richard, Duke of York Earl of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Cardinal of Winchester Duke of Suffolk Duke of Buckingham Jack Cade Duke of Somerset (conflation of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset and Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset) Duchess of Gloucester Edward Plantagenet Richard Plantagenet Lord Clifford Young Clifford Margery Jourdayne Lord Saye Lord Scales 3 Henry VI Henry VI Queen Margaret Richard, Duke of York Earl of Warwick Edward IV Richard, Duke of Gloucester George, Duke of Clarence Edward, Prince of Wales Lord Clifford Lady Grey Montague Earl of Oxford Duke of Somerset (conflation of Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset and Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset) Lord Hastings Sir William Stanley Earl of Northumberland Duke of Exeter Duke of Norfolk Earl of Westmorland Lord Rivers Edmund, Earl of Rutland Henry, Earl of Richmond Louis XI of France Bona of Savoy Prince Edward Earl of Pembroke Lord Stafford Lord Bourbon Richard III Richard III Duke of Buckingham Queen Elizabeth Duchess of York Queen Margaret Lady Neville George, Duke of Clarence Edward IV Lord Hastings Lord Stanley, Earl of Derby Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond Sir William Catesby Sir Richard Ratcliffe Lord Rivers Marquis of Dorset Sir James Tyrrell Lord Richard Grey Prince Edward Richard, Duke of York Earl of Warwick Countess of Salisbury Duke of Norfolk Archbishop of Canterbury Archbishop of York Earl of Surrey Sir Thomas Vaughan Sir Christopher Robert Brackenbury Lord Lovel Ghost of Henry VI Ghost of Edward, Prince of Wales Lord Mayor of London Earl of Oxford Sir James Blunt Sir William Brandon Bishop of Ely Sheriff of Wiltshire On screen 1 Henry VI An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) The First Part of Henry the Sixt (1983; TV) 2 Henry VI An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) The Second Part of Henry the Sixt (1983; TV) 3 Henry VI An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) The Third Part of Henry the Sixt (1983; TV) Richard III The Life and Death of King Richard III (1912) Richard III (1955) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) The Tragedy of Richard III (1983; TV) "The Foretelling" (1983; TV) "King Richard III" (1994; TV) Richard III (1995) Looking for Richard (1996) Richard III (2008) Related Holinshed's Chronicles Hundred Years' War Wars of the Roses House of Plantagenet House of York House of Lancaster Siege of Orléans Battle of Patay Peasants' Revolt (1381) First Battle of St Albans Battle of Wakefield Second Battle of St Albans Battle of Towton Battle of Barnet Battle of Tewkesbury Princes in the Tower Battle of Bosworth Field "Even a worm will turn" The True Tragedy of Richard III (c.1590) The Tragical History of King Richard the Third (1699) David Garrick as Richard III (1745) William Shakespeare's Henry VIII Characters Henry VIII Cardinal Wolsey Queen Katherine Anne Bullen Duke of Buckingham Thomas Cranmer Stephen Gardiner Lord Chamerlain Duke of Norfolk Duke of Suffolk Earl of Surrey Cardinal Campeius Capucius Thomas Cromwell Lord Sands Lord Abergavenny Lord Chancellor Bishop of Lincoln Thomas Lovell Henry Guildford Nicholas Vaux Anthony Denny Dr. Butts Garter King-of-Arms Sources Thomas Wolsey, Late Cardinall, his Lyffe and Deathe (1558) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Adaptations The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight (1979; TV) Related John Fletcher Cultural depictions of Henry VIII of England Globe Theatre The "Beaumont and Fletcher" Canon Francis Beaumont John Fletcher Philip Massinger Nathan Field William Shakespeare Thomas Middleton William Rowley James Shirley John Ford Ben Jonson George Chapman John Webster Plays (some attributions conjectural) Beaumont The Knight of the Burning Pestle The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn Fletcher The Faithful Shepherdess The Woman's Prize Valentinian Bonduca Monsieur Thomas The Mad Lover The Chances The Loyal Subject Women Pleased The Humorous Lieutenant The Island Princess The Pilgrim The Wild Goose Chase A Wife for a Month Rule a Wife and Have a Wife Beaumont and Fletcher The Woman Hater Cupid's Revenge The Coxcomb Philaster The Captain The Maid's Tragedy A King and No King Love's Pilgrimage The Scornful Lady The Noble Gentleman Fletcher and Massinger †Barnavelt The Little French Lawyer The False One The Double Marriage The Custom of the Country The Lovers' Progress The Spanish Curate The Prophetess The Sea Voyage The Elder Brother †A Very Woman Fletcher and others with Beaumont & Massinger Thierry and Theodoret Beggars' Bush Love's Cure with Massinger & Field The Honest Man's Fortune The Queen of Corinth The Knight of Malta with Field Four Plays, or Moral Representations, in One with Shakespeare †Henry VIII The Two Noble Kinsmen with Shirley The Night Walker with Middleton The Nice Valour with Rowley The Maid in the Mill with Massinger, Chapman & Jonson Rollo, Duke of Normandy with Massinger, Ford & Webster The Fair Maid of the Inn with Unknown Wit Without Money Others Wit at Several Weapons (Middleton & Rowley) The Laws of Candy (Ford) The Coronation (Shirley) Performance and Publication English Renaissance theatre King's Men Beaumont and Fletcher folios Humphrey Moseley Humphrey Robinson Related †The History of Cardenio (Shakespeare & Fletcher?) †Double Falsehood (possibly based on Cardenio) † = Not published in the Beaumont and Fletcher folios

Authority control WorldCat VIAF: 96994048 LCCN: n78095332 ISNI: 0000 0001 2103 2683 GND: 118613723 SELIBR: 198702 SUDOC: 027136086 BNF: cb119246079 (data) BIBSYS: x90052737 ULAN: 500272240 MusicBrainz: a4ba11db-ae2b-4ec3-9084-2136db11acfa NLA: 35491939 NDL: 00456207 NKC: jn19981002129 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\000356 RLS: 000080803 BNE: XX1020842