Military academy

For the film, see Military Academy.

A military academy or service academy (in American English) is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps of the army, the navy, marine corps, air force or coast guard. It normally provides education in a military environment, the exact definition depending on the country concerned.

Three types of academy exist: high school-level institutions awarding academic qualifications, university-level institutions awarding bachelor's degree level qualification, and those preparing officer cadets for commissioning into the armed services of the state.

History

The first military academies were established in the 18th century to provide future officers for technically specialized corps, such as engineers and artillery, with scientific training.

The Royal Danish Naval Academy was set up in 1701, making it the oldest military academy, to existing in the world.[1] The Royal Military Academy, Woolwich was set up in 1720[2] as the earliest military academy in Britain. Its original purpose was to train cadets entering the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers. In France, the École Royale du Génie at Mézières was founded in 1748, followed by a non-technical academy in 1751, the École Royale Militaire offering a general military education to the nobility. French military academies were widely copied in Prussia, Austria, Russia and even minor powers, including Turin and the Kingdom of Savoy, in the late 18th century.

Facade of the United Artillery and Engineering School, constructed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel

By the turn of the century, under the impetus of the Napoleonic Wars and the strain that the armies of Europe subsequently came under, military academies for the training of commissioned officers of the army were set up in most of the combatant nations. These military schools had two functions; to provide instruction for serving officers in the functions of the efficient staff-officer, and to school youngsters before they gained an officer's commission.[3] The Kriegsakademie in Prussia was founded in 1801 and the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr was created by order of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1802 as a replacement for the École Royale Militaire of the Ancien Régime (the institution that Napoleon himself had graduated from).

The Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in England was the brainchild of John Le Marchant in 1801,[4] who established schools for the military instruction of officers at High Wycombe and Great Marlow, with a grant of £30,000 from Parliament. The two original departments were later combined and moved to Sandhurst. In the United States, the military academy at West Point was founded in 1802 and became popular in the 1860s.

Afghanistan

Albania

Argentina

Argentine Army

Argentine Navy

Argentine Air Force

Australia

Austria

Bangladesh

Cadet Colleges in Bangladesh...

There are 12 Cadet Colleges in Bangladesh. Among these, nine for boys and three for girls. Four Cadet Colleges were established before 1971. Other cadet colleges were built after the Liberation War of Bangladesh.

No. Name Location Area (acre) Established
01 Faujdarhat Cadet College Chittagong 185 1958
02 Jhenaidah Cadet College Jhenaidah 110 1963
03 Mirzapur Cadet College Mirzapur, Tangail 95 1965
04 Rajshahi Cadet College Sardah, Rajshahi 110 1965
05 Sylhet Cadet College Sylhet 52.37 1978
06 Rangpur Cadet College Alamnagar, Rangpur 37 1979
07 Barisal Cadet College Rahmatpur, Barisal 50 1981
08 Pabna Cadet College Pabna 38 1982
09 Mymensingh Girls Cadet College Mymensingh town, Mymensingh 23 1983
10 Comilla Cadet College Kotbari, Comilla 57 1983
11 Joypurhat Girls Cadet College Joypurhat 7 2006
12 Feni Girls Cadet College Feni 49.5 2006

Belgium

Bolivia

Brazil

Has several military academies:

Bulgaria

Canada

Canada currently has one military-theme private boarding school open for students at the pre-university level, Robert Land Academy (RLA), which is located in West Lincoln, Ontario. Founded in 1978, it is an all-boys' institute whose funding arises solely from tuition fees. The Academy is an institute fully accredited by the province of Ontario, which accepts students from Grade 6 to Grade 12 (the Ontario Academic Credit level).

Canada formerly had three university level service academies, the Canadian Military Colleges. These included the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) in Kingston, Ontario, Royal Roads Military College (RRMC) in Victoria, British Columbia and the Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean (CMR) in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec. RMC was founded in 1876, RRMC in 1941 and CMR in 1954.[5] By the 1960s all three institutions were providing *military education to officer cadets of all three elements in the Canadian Forces; the navy, army and air force; and RMC received the authority to grant academic degrees in Arts, Science and Engineering.[6]

Graduates of the Colleges are widely acknowledged to have had a disproportionate impact in the Canadian services and society, thanks to the solid foundations provided by their military education.[7] Military discipline and training, as well as a focus on physical fitness and fluency in both of Canada's two official languages, English and French, provided cadets with ample challenges and a very fulfilling experience.[8] In 1995 the Department of National Defence was forced to close Royal Roads Military College and Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean due to budget considerations, but Royal Military College of Canada continues to operate.[9] Royal Roads reopened as a civilian university in the fall of 1995, and is maintained by the Government of British Columbia. In 2007, the Department of National Defence reopened Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean as a preparatory and first year college.

China, People's Republic of

China (Taiwan), Republic of

Army Academy R.O.C.

Colombia

National Army of Colombia:

Colombian Air Force:

Colombian Naval Infantry and Colombian Navy:

National Police of Colombia:

Czech Republic

Denmark

Egypt

El Salvador

Estonia

Finland

France

Saint-Cyr cadets at the Bastille Day military parade
EMIA cadets
Polytechnique cadets

High schools :

Officer academies :

Postgraduate academies :

The École Polytechnique, though its engineering students are enlisted in the military, is sometimes not considered a military academy, as very few of its graduates remain in the military after graduation.

Georgia

National Defense Academy (NDA) of Georgia is a descendant of the first Georgian "Junker School" which was established in 1919 right after the declaration of independence. Establishment of the military school was very important for the identity of a new democratic nation-state. The school was abolished after Soviet occupation of Georgia in 1921.

"Davit Aghmashenebeli National Defense Academy of Georgia" was founded on May 28, 1993. The length of studies at the Academy had been defined for 4 years. In 2005, due to the need of the growth of the personnel strength of the Georgian Armed Forces (GAF), the system of the Academy has been transformed to retain only the 18-month-long officer training courses. A bachelor's degree has been defined as a prerequisite for the admission of the cadets.

In 2010, the NDA has undergone a new wave of the reforms to include entire officer education system. As a result, in 2011, Cadet Bachelor School, Junior Officer Basic School, Aviation and Air Defense Officer Basic School, Medical Officer School, Captain Career School, Command and General Staff School, School of Advance Defense Studies and Language Training School were included within the NDA.[10]

Upon entry into NDA, cadets sign a contract with the MoD for 10 years of military service, of which 4 years are dedicated to studies and 6 years – to consequent military service. Cadets receive the rank of Lieutenant upon graduation.

NDA is established by the MoD with the status of the Legal Entity of Public Law. At the same time, NDA maintains very strong link with The Ministry of Education and Science according to the process of Bologna.

Germany

Main complex of the Naval Academy Mürwik of the German Navy with all-ranks-dining hall, historic assembly hall and tower

In Germany there exists a system which clearly differs from the common ones. The only true military academies are in fact the Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr where mainly future staff officers and general staff officers are further trained.

The standard education in military leadership is the task of the Offizierschulen (officer's schools) run by the three branches. The contents differ from branch to branch. In the army all officers are at least trained to lead a platoon. There they also have to pass an officer exam to become commissioned later on.

Moreover, there exist so called Waffenschulen like infantry school or artillery school. There the officer's learn to deal with the typical tasks of their respective corps. A specialty of the German concept of officer formation is the academic education. Germany runs two own Universities of the German Federal Armed Forces where almost every future officer has to pass non-military studies and achieve a bachelor's or master's degree. During their studies (after at least three years of service) the candidates become commissioned Leutnant (second-lieutenant).

The three officer's schools are:

Academic and staff education:

Greece

The Hellenic Armed Forces have military academies supervised by each branch of the Armed Forces individually:

Hungary

India

Indonesia

Akademi Angkatan Bersenjata Republic Indonesia (Indonesia Military Academy) Founded in Yogyakarta, October 13, 1945 in order of General Staff Chief of Indonesia Army Lieutenant General Urip Sumohardjo with name Militaire Academie (MA) Yogyakarta. Currently, Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Armed Forces), under supervision of Commandant General of National Armed Forces Academy (a three-star officer in billet) in the HQ Indonesian National Armed Forces, divided the academies into the respective services:

Indonesian Army

Indonesian Air Force

Indonesian Navy

Each service academy is headed by a two-star officer, and his/her deputy is a one-star officer. All the students (cadets/midshipman) are recruited from senior high school graduates from all of Indonesia. Shortly after graduation, they are commissioned as Letnan Dua (Second Lieutenant) in their respective services and get the Diploma IV (Associate degree, 4th Grade) comparable to civil academies or universities. The length term is now 4 years and is divided into 5 grades of cadet's rank, starting from the lowest:

Note: Taruna, Kadet and Karbol are official cadet designation in the Army (Military), Naval and Air Force academy, respectively.

Until 1999, before Indonesian National Police officially separated from the armed forces, Indonesian Police Academy also stood under the National Armed Forces Academy. Presently, the Police Academy, located in Semarang (Central Java), is supervised under Chief of Indonesian National Police.

Italy

High School level institutions (only for Classical and Scientific Liceum, starting from grade 10):

The 2009–2010 school year has been the first one with girls attending those schools.

University level institutions:

Japan

Korea, North

Korea, South

The three main military academies:

Other military academies:

Malaysia

Secondary level institutions
University level
Specialist training & staff institutions

Reserve Officer Training Units (Malay: Pasukan Latihan Pegawai Simpanan or PALAPES) or ROTU exists only in public universities in Malaysia. This is a tertiary institution based officer commissioning program to equip students as officer cadets with military knowledge and understanding for service as Commissioned Officers in the reserve components of the various branches of the Malaysian Armed Forces.

Mexico

Myanmar

Namibia

Netherlands

New Zealand

Tier One – Initial Officer Training

Tier Two – Junior Officer Education

Tier Three – Senior Officer Education

Nigeria

High school training:

Undergraduate officer training:

Postgraduate officer training:

Norway

Undergraduate officer training

Postgraduate training

Pakistan

Pakistan Military Academy Passing out Parade

Panama

Centro de Enseñanza Superior Dr. Justo Arosemena
http://www.policia.gob.pa/direcciones/dnrrhh/ces.html

Peru

Undergraduate officer training

Philippines

The Philippines patterned all its military academies after the United States Military Academy (WEST POINT) and the United States Merchant Marine Academy.

These colleges are operated by the Philippine Government which serves 4 years of different baccalaureate degrees:

Aside from the PMA and the PMMA, all three branches of the AFP have their own Officer Candidate Course Programs for both men and women, patterned after their US counterparts.

The nation's higher military colleges are:

Poland

Defunct

Portugal

High school training:

Polytechnical training:

Undergraduate officer training:

Postgraduate officer training:

No longer operational:

Romania

Russia

Military Engineering-Technical University
Cruiser Aurora and Nakhimov Naval School (behind)
Moscow Strategic Rocket Forces Academy

See also: Cadet Corps (Russia), Military academies in Russia

The first stage of training:

  • Kronstadt S.C.C.
  • Moscow Representative Sea Cadet Corps of the Navigation and Mathematics School
  • Moscow Sea Cadet Corps Heroes of Sevastopol

The second stage of training:

The third stage of training:

The fourth stage of training:

Serbia

Singapore

South Africa

Spain

Sri Lanka

The General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, was established in 1980 and is named after Gen. Sri John Kotelawala the 2nd Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. Taking cadets from all three armed services, 3 non-university level Military Academies, one for each armed service providing basic training for officer and a Command and Staff College for senior officers of the three armed services.

University
Officer training
Staff training

Sweden

Tanzania

Thailand

Turkey

Main article: Turkish War Academies

Uganda

Uganda maintains the followings military training institutions, as of December 2010:[11]

Ukraine

Officer training:

A number of universities have specialized military institutes, such as the Faculty of Military Legal Studies at Kharkiv's National Yaroslav Mudryi Law Academy of Ukraine, however, the primary Ukrainian military academies are the following:

Staff colleges:

United Kingdom

Pre-University level institution

Undergraduate Service

Although an undergraduate degree is not a pre-requisite for Officer training, the majority of potential Officers will have attended University before joining the Armed Forces. At some universities there may be the option for people to join either a University Royal Naval Unit, a University Officer Training Corps (UOTC) or a University Air Squadron; which are designed to introduce students to life in the Forces and show them the careers that are available. People sponsored under the Defence Technical Undergraduate Scheme will join one of the four Support Units attached to universities participating in DTUS. There is a requirement for bursars of DTUS to join the military for 3 years after completion of their degree, there no requirement for students of any other organisation to join the military after they finish their degree programs; and the great majority have no further contact with the armed forces. Although service with these organisations may give some initial benefit to cadets attending the military colleges/academies, the next stage of the officer training programs assumes no prior military experience/knowledge, and those that did not partake in military activities at university are not disadvantaged.

Officer training

There are now four military academies in the United Kingdom. Although the curriculum at each varies due to the differing nature of the service a man or woman is joining, it is a combination of military and academic study that is designed to turn young civilians into comprehensibly trained military officers.

Officer Training for the Reserve Forces (e.g. Territorial Army, Royal Naval Reserve, RAF Reserves & Royal Marine Reserves) also takes place at the relevant military academies, but under a different curriculum and the courses tend to be concentrated into a much shorter period.

Postgraduate and staff training

No longer operational

United States

Introduction

In the United States, the term "military academy" does not necessarily mean a government-owned institution run by the armed forces to train its own officers. It may also mean a middle school, high school. or college, whether public or private, which instructs its students in military-style education, discipline and tradition. Students at such civilian institutions can earn a commission in the U.S. military through the successful completion of a Senior Reserve Officers' Training Corps program along with their college or university's academic coursework.

Most state-level military academies maintain both a civilian student body and a traditional corps of cadets. The only exception is the Virginia Military Institute, which remains all-military.

Federal Service Academies

The colleges operated by the U.S. Federal Government are referred to as the Federal Service Academies and are:

Post-graduate School

Senior and junior military colleges

There is one all-military state-sponsored military academy:

In addition, these five institutions that were military colleges at the time of their founding now maintain both a corps of cadets and a civilian student body. Many of these institutions also offer on-line degree programs:

Along with VMI, these institutions are known as the Senior Military Colleges of the US.

Today five institutions are considered Military Junior Colleges (JMC). These five military schools participate in the Army's two-year Early Commissioning Program, an Army ROTC program where qualified students can earn a commission as a Second Lieutenant after only two years of college. The five Military Junior Colleges are as follows:

Merchant Marine Academies that have military academy style operations

There are six (6) state-operated Merchant Marine academies:

These merchant marine academies operate on a military college system. Part of the training that the cadets receive is naval and military in nature. Cadets may apply for Naval Reserve commissions upon obtaining their Merchant Marine Officer's licenses. Most if not all also offer some form of military commissioning program into the active duty US Navy, US Marine Corps, or US Coast Guard.

US Staff Colleges

The United States staff colleges, mandated to serve the needs of officers for post-graduate studies and other such graduate institutions as mandated by the Department of Defense are:

United States Air Force Air University attached staff colleges

Staff Colleges of the United States Army

Staff Colleges of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps

Joint Service staff colleges

Other post-graduate colleges operated by the DoD

Vietnam

Pre-collegiate institutions

A military school teaches children (primarily boys) of various ages (elementary school, middle school or high school) in a military environment which includes training in military aspects, such as drill. The vast majority are in the United States and Russia. Many military schools are also boarding schools, and others are simply magnet schools in a larger school system. Many are privately run institutions, though some are public and are run either by a public school system (such as the Chicago Public Schools) or by a state.

A common misconception results because some states have chosen to house their juvenile criminal populations in higher-security boarding schools that are run in a manner similar to military boarding schools. These are also called reform schools, and are functionally a combination of school and prison. They attempt to emulate the environment of military boarding schools in the belief that a strict structured environment can reform these children. This may or may not be true. However, their environment and target population are different from those of military schools.[25]

Popular culture sometimes shows parents sending or threatening to send unruly children off to military school (or boarding school) to teach them good behavior (e.g., in the "Army of One" episode of The Sopranos, Tony and Carmela Soprano consider sending their son, AJ, to the Hudson Military Institute). A similar situation appears in Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure, while other fictional depictions don't show military academies as punishment (threats) (ex. Damien: Omen II and The Presidio.

Adult institutions

A college-level military academy is an institute of higher learning of things military. It is part of a larger system of military education and training institutions. The primary educational goal at military academies is to provide a high quality education that includes significant coursework and training in the fields of military tactics and military strategy. The amount of non-military coursework varies by both the institution and the country, and the amount of practical military experience gained varies as well.

Military academies may or may not grant university degrees. In the U.S., graduates have a major field of study, earning a Bachelor's degree in that subject just as at other universities. However, in British academies, the graduate does not achieve a university degree, since the whole of the one-year course (nowadays undertaken mainly but not exclusively by university graduates) is dedicated to military training.

There are two types of military academies: national (government-run) and state/private-run.

See also

Further reading

External links

References

  1. ↑ "Royal Danish Naval Academy". Royal Danish Defence College (in Danish). Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  2. ↑ "Woolwich History".
  3. ↑ Richard A Harmon. "Perspectives in the History of Military Education and Professionalism" (PDF).
  4. ↑ Major-General John Gaspard Le Marchant (1766-1812) Defence Academy
  5. ↑ H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "To Serve Canada: A History of the Royal Military College of Canada" 1997 Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1969.
  6. ↑ 4237 Dr. Adrian Preston & Peter Dennis (Edited) "Swords and Covenants" Rowman And Littlefield, London. Croom Helm. 1976.
  7. ↑ H16511 Dr. Richard Preston "R.M.C. and Kingston: The effect of imperial and military influences on a Canadian community" 1968
  8. ↑ H1877 R. Guy C. Smith (editor) "As You Were! Ex-Cadets Remember". In 2 Volumes. Volume I: 1876-1918. Volume II: 1919-1984. Royal Military College. [Kingston]. The R.M.C. Club of Canada. 1984
  9. ↑ "To Serve Canada: A History of the Royal Military College since the Second World War", Ottawa, University of Ottawa Press, 1991.
  10. ↑ http://eta.mod.gov.ge/index.php?page=home&lang=1
  11. ↑ List of Uganda Military Schools
  12. ↑ One Thousand Somalis Graduate From Bihanga Military School
  13. ↑ Kalama Warfare Training School Opened in 2005 at Kabamba
  14. ↑ Colonel Geoffrey Kyazze is Commandant of KWTS
  15. ↑ Kalama Warfare Training School Located at Kabamba
  16. ↑ Oliver Tambo Leadership School Located at Kaweweta, Nakaseke District
  17. ↑ South Africa Donates Equipment to Oliver Tambo School
  18. ↑ About Uganda Airforce Academy
  19. ↑ The NUST Located at Lugazi
  20. ↑ About Uganda Urban Warfare Training School
  21. ↑ "History of Academy". Army Academy named after hetman Petro Sahaydachyi. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  22. ↑ (Ukrainian) Official website of National Defense University of Ukraine
  23. ↑ Georgia Military School – Reviews, Tuition, Athletics
  24. ↑ Texas A&M University at Galveston
  25. ↑ Linton Hall Cadet, Linton Hall Military School Memories: One cadet's memoir, Arlington, Virginia.: Scrounge Press, 2014 ISBN 978-1-4959-3196-3 describes a military school for boys ages 6-16.
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