Mimosa pudica

Mimosa pudica
Mimosa pudica showing flower head and leaves
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Mimosoideae
Genus: Mimosa
Species: M. pudica
Binomial name
Mimosa pudica
L.[1]

Mimosa pudica[2] (from Latin: pudica "shy, bashful or shrinking"; also called sensitive plant, sleepy plant, Dormilones or shy plant) is a creeping annual or perennial herb of the pea family Fabaceae often grown for its curiosity value: the compound leaves fold inward and droop when touched or shaken, defending themselves from harm, and re-open a few minutes later. The species is native to South America and Central America, but is now a pantropical weed. It can also be found in Asia in countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines. It grows mostly in undisturbed shady areas, under trees or shrubs.

Taxonomy

Mimosa pudica was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753.[3] The species epithet, pudica, is Latin for "bashful" or "shrinking", alluding to its shrinking reaction to contact.

The species is known by numerous common names including sensitive plant, humble plant, shameplant, touch-me-not, chuimui in Hindi and Urdu, and lajalu in Marathi.[4]

Description

Mimosa pudica flower from Thrissur, Kerala, India
Flower
Mimosa pudica folding leaflets inward.
Mimosa pudica seeds
Mimosa pudica with mature seed pods on plant
The whole plant of Mimosa pudica includes thorny stem and branches, flower head, dry flowers, seed pods, and folded and unfolded leaflets

The stem is erect in young plants, but becomes creeping or trailing with age. It can hang very low and become floppy. The stem is slender, branching, and sparsely to densely prickly, growing to a length of 1.5 m (5 ft).

The leaves are bipinnately compound, with one or two pinnae pairs, and 10–26 leaflets per pinna. The petioles are also prickly. Pedunculate (stalked) pale pink or purple flower heads arise from the leaf axils in mid summer with more and more flowers as the plant gets older. The globose to ovoid heads are 8–10 mm in diameter (excluding the stamens). On close examination, it is seen that the floret petals are red in their upper part and the filaments are pink to lavender. The fruit consists of clusters of 2–8 pods from 1–2 cm long each, these being prickly on the margins. The pods break into 2–5 segments and contain pale brown seeds some 2.5 mm long. The flowers are pollinated by the wind and insects.[5] The seeds have hard seed coats which restrict germination.[6]

The roots of Mimosa pudica create carbon disulfide, which prevents certain pathogenic and mycorrhizal fungi from growing within the plant’s rhizosphere.[7] This allows the formation of nodules on the roots of the plant that contain endosymbiotic diazotrophs, which fix atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into a form that is usable by the plant.[8]

Plant movement

Video of Mimosa pudica closing when touched in Hainan, China

Mimosa pudica is well known for its rapid plant movement. Like a number of other plant species, it undergoes changes in leaf orientation termed "sleep" or nyctinastic movement. The foliage closes during darkness and reopens in light.[9] This was first studied by the French scientist Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan.

The leaves also close under various other stimuli, such as touching, warming, blowing, or shaking. These types of movements have been termed seismonastic movements. The stimulus is transmitted via action potentials to the pulvini of the plant, where contractile proteins and aquaporins induce the movement of water and electrolytes out of the cell.[10] The movement occurs when specific regions of cells lose turgor pressure, which is the force that is applied onto the cell wall by water within the cell vacuoles and other cell contents. When the plant is disturbed, specific regions on the stems are stimulated to release chemicals, including potassium ions, which force water out of the cell vacuoles and the water diffuses out of the cells, producing a loss of cell pressure and cell collapse; this differential turgidity between different regions of cells results in the closing of the leaflets and the collapse of the leaf petiole. This movement of folding inwards is energetically costly for the plant and also interferes with the process of photosynthesis.[11] This characteristic is quite common within the Mimosoideae subfamily of the legume family, Fabaceae. The stimulus can also be transmitted to neighboring leaves. It is not known exactly why Mimosa pudica evolved this trait, but many scientists think that the plant uses its ability to shrink as a defense from herbivores. Animals may be afraid of a fast moving plant and would rather eat a less active one. Another possible explanation is that the sudden movement dislodges harmful insects.

Distribution and habitat

Mimosa pudica is native to South America and Central America. It has been introduced to many other regions and is regarded as an invasive species in Tanzania, South Asia and South East Asia and many Pacific Islands.[12] It is regarded as invasive in parts of Australia and is a declared weed in the Northern Territory,[13] and Western Australia although not naturalized there.[14] Control is recommended in Queensland.[15] It has also been introduced to Ghana, Nigeria, Seychelles, Mauritius and East Asia but is not regarded as invasive in those places.[12] In the United States of America, it grows in Florida, Hawaii, Virginia, Maryland, Puerto Rico, Texas, Alabama, Georgia, and the Virgin Islands, as well as the Caribbean nation of the Dominican Republic.[16]

Agricultural impacts

The species can be a troublesome weed in tropical crops, particularly when fields are hand cultivated. Crops it tends to affect are corn, coconuts, tomatoes, cotton, coffee, bananas, soybeans, papaya, and sugar cane. Dry thickets may become a fire hazard.[5] In some cases it has become a forage plant although the variety in Hawaii is reported to be toxic to livestock.[5][17]

In addition, "Mimosa pudica" can change the physico-chemical properties of the soil it invades. For example, the total N and K increased in significantly invaded areas.[18]

Nitrogen fixation

Mimosa pudica can form root nodules that are habitable by nitrogen fixing bacteria.[19] The bacteria are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen, which plants cannot use, into a form that plants can use. This trait is common among plants in the Fabaceae family. Nitrogen is a vital element for both plant growth and reproduction. Nitrogen is also essential for plant photosynthesis because it is a component of chlorophyll. Nitrogen fixation contributes nitrogen to the plant and to the soil surrounding the plant's roots.[20]

Mimosa pudica’s ability to fix nitrogen may have arisen in conjunction with the evolution of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Nitrogen fixation is an adaptive trait that has transformed the parasitic relationship between the bacteria and plants into a mutualistic relationship. The shifting dynamics of this relationship are demonstrated by the corresponding improvement of various symbiotic characteristics in both Mimosa pudica and bacteria. These traits include enhanced “competitive nodulation, nodule development, intracellular infection, and bacteroid persistence”.[21] As much as 60% of the nitrogen found in Mimosa pudica can be attributed to the fixation of N2 by bacteria. Burkholderia phymatum STM815T and Cupriavidus taiwanensis LMG19424T are beta-rhizobial strains of diazotrophs that are highly effective at fixing nitrogen when coupled with M. pudica. Burkholderia is also shown to be a strong symbiont of Mimosa pudica in nitrogen-poor soils in regions like Cerrado and Caatinga.[8]

Cultivation

In cultivation, this plant is most often grown as an indoor annual, but is also grown for groundcover. Propagation is generally by seed. Mimosa pudica grows most effectively in nutrient poor soil that allows for substantial water drainage. However, this plant is also shown to grow in scalped and eroded subsoils. Typically, disrupted soil is necessary in order for M. pudica to become established in an area. Additionally, the plant is shade intolerant and frost-sensitive, meaning that it does not tolerate low levels of light or cold temperatures. Mimosa pudica does not compete for resources with larger foliage or forest canopy undergrowth.[7]

Chemical constituents

Mimosa pudica contains the toxic alkaloid mimosine, which has been found to also have antiproliferative and apoptotic effects.[22] The extracts of Mimosa pudica immobilize the filariform larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis in less than one hour.[23] Aqueous extracts of the roots of the plant have shown significant neutralizing effects in the lethality of the venom of the monocled cobra (Naja Kaouthia). It appears to inhibit the myotoxicity and enzyme activity of cobra venom.[24]

Mimosa pudica demonstrates both antioxidant and antibacterial properties. This plant has also been demonstrated to be non-toxic in brine shrimp lethality tests, which suggests that M. pudica has low levels of toxicity. Chemical analysis has shown that Mimosa pudica contains various compounds, including “alkaloids, flavonoid C-glycosides, sterols, terenoids, tannins, and fatty acids”.[25] The roots of the plant have been shown to contain up to 10% tannin. A substance similar to adrenaline has been found within the plant's leaves. Mimosa pudica's seeds produce mucilage made up of d-glucuronic acid and d-xylose. Additionally, extracts of M. pudica have been shown to contain crocetin-dimethylester, tubulin, and green-yellow fatty oils. A new class of phytohormone turgorines, which are derivatives of gallic acid 4-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl-6'-sulfate), have been discovered within the plant.[7]

The nitrogen fixing properties of Mimosa pudica contribute to a high nitrogen content within the plant’s leaves. The leaves of M. pudica also contain a wide range of carbon to mineral content, as well as, a large variation in 13C values. The correlation between these two numbers suggests that significant ecological adaptation has occurred among the varieties of M. pudica in Brazil.[20]

The roots contain sac-like structures that release organic and organosulfur compounds including SO2, methylsulfinic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, ethanesulfinic acid, propane sulfinic acid, 2-mercaptoaniline, S-propyl propane 1-thiosulfinate, and thioformaldehyde, an elusive and highly unstable compound never before reported to be emitted by a plant.[26]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Mimosa pudica information from NPGS/GRIN". www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  2. ↑ Amador-Vegas, Dominguez (2014). "Leaf-folding response of a sensitive plant shows context-dependent behavioral plasticity". Plant Ecology. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
  3. ↑ "Mimosa pudica". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
  4. ↑ "Mimosa pudica L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  5. 1 2 3 "Mimosa pudica L." (PDF). US Forest Service. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  6. ↑ Chauhan, Bhagirath S. Johnson; Davi, E. (2009). "Germination, emergence, and dormancy of Mimosa pudica". Weed Biology and Management 9 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1111/j.1445-6664.2008.00316.x.
  7. 1 2 3 Azmi, Lubna (2011). "Pharmacological and Biological Overview on Mimosa Pudica Linn". International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences 2 (11): 1226–1234.
  8. 1 2 Bueno Dos Reis, Fábio (2010). "Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation by Mimosa spp. in the Cerrado and Caatinga Biomes of Brazil". New Phytologist 186 (4): 934–946.
  9. ↑ Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (January 2005). "Section 6. Physiology of Seed Plants: 29. Plant Nutrition and Soils". Biology of Plants (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 639. ISBN 978-0-7167-1007-3. LCCN 2004053303. OCLC 56051064.
  10. ↑ Vanden Driessche, Thérèse (2000). "Nutations in Shoots and in Desmodium Lateral Leaflets, Nyctinastism and Seismonastism in Mimosa pudica. Comparison and Evolution of Morphology and Mechanism". Biological Rhythm Research 31.4: 451-468. line feed character in |title= at position 45 (help)
  11. ↑ Amador-Vegas, Dominguez (2014). "Leaf-folding response of a sensitive plant shows context-depenedent behavioral plasticity". Plant Ecology.
  12. 1 2 "Mimosa pudica". Usambara Invasive Plants. Tropical Biology Association. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  13. ↑ "Declared Weeds in the NT – Natural Resources, Environment and The Arts". Archived from the original on 2008-02-26. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  14. ↑ "Declared Plants- Sensitive plant common (Mimosa pudica)". Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  15. ↑ "Common Sensitive Plant" (PDF). Invasive plants and animals. Biosecurity Queensland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  16. ↑ Distribution of Mimosa pudica in the United States of America Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
  17. ↑ "Mimosa pudica (PIER species info)". Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  18. ↑ {{[Wang, Ruilong, et al. "Changes in soil physico-chemical properties, enzyme activities and soil microbial communities under Mimosa pudica invasion."Allelopathy Journal 36.1 (2015).}}
  19. ↑ Elmerich, Claudine; Newton, William Edward (2007). Associative and endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and cyanobacterial associations. Springer. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4020-3541-8
  20. 1 2 Sprent, J.I. (1996). "Natural Abundance of 15N and 13C in Nodulated Legumes and Other Plants in the Cerrado and Neighbouring Regions of Brazil". Oecologia 105 (4): 440–446.
  21. ↑ Marchetti, Marta (2014). "Shaping Bacterial Symbiosis With Legumes by Experimental Evolution". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 27 (9): 956–964.
  22. ↑ "Antiproliferative effect of mimosine in ovarian cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
  23. ↑ Robinson RD, Williams LA, Lindo JF, Terry SI, Mansingh A (1990). "Inactivation of strongyloides stercoralis filariform larvae in vitro by six Jamaican plant extracts and three commercial anthelmintics". West Indian Medical Journal 39 (4): 213–217. PMID 2082565.
  24. ↑ "Journal of Ethnopharmacology : Neutralisation of lethality, myotoxicity and toxic enzymes of Naja kaouthia venom by Mimosa pudica root extracts". ScienceDirect. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
  25. ↑ Genest, Samuel (2008). "Comparative Bioactivity Studies on Two Mimosa Species". Boletín Latinoamericano Y Del Caribe De Plantas Medicinales Y Aromáticas 7 (1): 38–43.
  26. ↑ Musah, Rabi A.; Lesiak, Ashton D.; Maron, Max J.; Cody, Robert B.; Edwards, David; Fowble, Kristen; Dane, A. John; Long, Michael C. (December 9, 2015). "Mechanosensitivity Below Ground: Touch-Sensitive Smell-Producing Roots in the "Shy Plant," Mimosa pudica L". Plant Physiology. doi:10.1104/pp.15.01705.

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