Selwyn Lloyd
John Selwyn Brooke Lloyd, Baron Selwyn-Lloyd CH CBE TD PC (28 July 1904 – 18 May 1978), known for most of his career as Selwyn Lloyd, was a British Conservative Party politician who served as Foreign Secretary from 1955 to 1960, then as Chancellor of the Exchequer until 1962. He was elected Speaker of the House of Commons in 1971, serving until his retirement in 1976.
Background
Lloyd was born in West Kirby, now in Merseyside, but then in the county of Cheshire, the son of John Wesley Lloyd, a dental surgeon, and his wife, Mary Rachel Warhurst.[2] He was educated at Fettes College and Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he was President of the Cambridge Union and the Cambridge University Liberal Club.[3]
Early career
He was a Liberal Parliamentary candidate at Macclesfield in the 1929 general election, coming third. After this he concentrated on a legal career having been admitted to Gray's Inn in 1926. He was called to the bar in 1930.[4]
He served as a councillor on Hoylake Urban District Council 1932–40.
World War II service
During the Second World War he reached the rank of brigadier and was Deputy Chief of Staff of the British Second Army. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1943[5] and promoted to Commander (CBE) in 1945.[6]
Election to Parliament
He was elected to the House of Commons to represent Wirral in the 1945 general election. Originally a Liberal, he became a member of the "Young Turks" faction of the Conservative Party.
Ministerial offices
Minister of State for Foreign Affairs
When the Conservatives returned to power under Churchill in 1951, Lloyd served under Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs from 1951 to 1954. The following exchange is said to have taken place at his appointment: 'But, sir, there must be some mistake. I do not speak any foreign language. Except in war, I have never visited any foreign country. I do not like foreigners. I have never spoken in any foreign-affairs debate in the House. I have never listened to one.'
'Young man, these all seem to me to be positive advantages,' growled Churchill in return.[7]
Minister of Supply and Minister of Defence
He then served as Minister of Supply (1954–1955). He was subsequently Minister of Defence (1955).
Foreign Secretary
He became Foreign Secretary in 1955. His tenure saw the Suez Crisis, which led to the fall of the Eden government. While Foreign Secretary he was noted for not being on particularly good terms with his American counterpart, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles.
He was reappointed Foreign Secretary by the new Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in January 1957. This was met, in the words of a contemporary observer, with a “long, cold arch of raised eyebrows”, whilst Aneurin Bevan likened him to a monkey to Macmillan’s organgrinder.[8] He continued to serve as Foreign Secretary until 1960.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
In 1960 Lloyd became Chancellor of the Exchequer. He became a focus of public unpopularity for the "Pay Pause" of 1961. The Conservatives lost the Orpington by-election on 14 March 1962.[9] Lloyd's second and final budget, on 9 April 1962, introduced an unpopular tax on children's sweets. Macmillan, disingenuously, as he had already decided to sack him, wrote to him on 11 April congratulating him and asking him to begin preparing an expansionary budget for 1963 to help the Conservatives win re-election.[10] At the Leicester North East by-election, on 12 July 1962, the Conservative share of the vote dropped from 48.1% in 1959 to 24.2%.[11]
Macmillan would have liked to appoint Lloyd Home Secretary, as he was moving Rab Butler from this post, but Lloyd had made clear when Macmillan became Prime Minister in January 1957 that as an opponent of capital punishment it would not be proper for him to accept that position (because a person sentenced to hang was entitled to appeal to the Monarch for mercy, which meant in practice meant that the Home Secretary, to whom the task was delegated, had the final say on whether any execution should proceed).[12] Macmillan later compared Lloyd to Augustine Birrell for his links to the nonconformist vote of North West England.[13]
Lloyd was sacked from the government and returned to the backbenches during the "Night of the Long Knives" reshuffle in July 1962. He was replaced by Reginald Maudling, then seen as a potential future leader of the Conservative Party, and whose remit was to reflate the economy going into the next General Election due by the end of 1964. Lloyd was cheered to the echo when he reentered the Commons after his sacking, whereas Macmillan entered in silence from his own party and jeers from the Opposition, and was subjected to public criticism (then almost unprecedented) from his predecessor Lord Avon. Lloyd privately thought Macmillan too obsessed with unemployment, risking higher inflation.[14] On 20 July 1962 Lloyd was appointed a Companion of Honour[15]
Following his recent divorce, Lloyd had been living at Chequers, normally the Prime Minister's country residence. Lloyd left behind his black Labrador, "Sambo". At a meeting of the new Cabinet at Chequers later that summer, the dog was observed to be sniffing amongst the ministers looking for his master. Macmillan ignored the animal, which was likened by one observer to Banquo's ghost.[16]
Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons
Lloyd became a popular figure with Conservative Party members after travelling the country in the bitter winter of 1962-3 (the worst since 1946-7) to write his report on party organisation. After Macmillan's impending resignation was announced, Lloyd was a pivotal figure in whipping up support for Alec Douglas-Home as a potential successor at the Blackpool Conference. He was also an influential figure with the Chief Whip Martin Redmayne.[17] He visited Macmillan in hospital on Wednesday 16 October, and advised against appointing Rab Butler, who, he said, was disliked in the constituency associations.[18]
Lloyd was called back to the government in 1963 by Alec Douglas-Home, who made him Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons until the Conservative defeat in the general election of 1964.
Speaker of the House of Commons
In 1971, after the Conservatives had returned to power, Lloyd became Speaker. In a break with convention, both the Labour and Liberal Parties contested his seat in both the February 1974 and October 1974 general elections, but he retained it and continued to hold the position of speaker until 1976.
Peerage
On 8 March 1976 he was created a Life Peer as Baron Selwyn-Lloyd, of Wirral in the County of Merseyside.[19]
Personal life
He was married in the Wirral in March 1951 to Elizabeth Marshall, known as Bae, his secretary and the daughter of Roland Marshall of West Kirby.[20] A solicitor by profession, she was born in 1928, making her 23 years his junior.[4] They had a daughter, Joanna, and divorced in 1957.[21][22] Rab Butler quipped that Selwyn’s wife had left him “because he got into bed with his sweater on”.[23]
References
- ↑ S. Lloyd, 'Suez 1956: A Personal Account', p. 33
- ↑ Birth registered in the Wirral Registration District in the third quarter of 1904.
- ↑ Website of the Keynes Society for Cambridge Student Liberal Democrats, accessed 12 June 2012
- 1 2 D R Thorpe: Lloyd, (John) Selwyn Brooke, Baron Selwyn-Lloyd (1904–1978), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011, accessed 13 July 2012
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36033. p. 2426. 2 June 1943.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36917. p. 670. 1 February 1945.
- ↑ Never Had It So Good: A History of Britain from Suez to the Beatles by Dominic Sandbrook
- ↑ Sandford 2005, pp.77-8
- ↑ Thorpe 2010, p. 518
- ↑ Thorpe 2010, p. 520
- ↑ Thorpe 2010, p. 521
- ↑ Thorpe 2010, p. 522
- ↑ Thorpe 2010, p.xiv
- ↑ Thorpe 2010, p. 524-5
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 42736. p. 5807. 20 July 1962.
- ↑ Thorpe 2010, p. 525
- ↑ Thorpe 2010, p. 564
- ↑ Thorpe 2010, p. 572
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 46847. p. 3685. 11 March 1976.
- ↑ Marriage registered in the Wirral Registration District in the first quarter of 1951.
- ↑ D R Thorpe: Lloyd, (John) Selwyn Brooke, Baron Selwyn-Lloyd (1904–1978), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 accessed 13 Sept 2012
- ↑ The Times (Thursday, 18 May 1978), p. 21.
- ↑ Sandford 2005, pp.78
Books
- Sandbrook, Dominic (2005). Never Had It So Good. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-349-11530-6.
- Thorpe, D. R. (2010). Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan (Kindle ed.). London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-1-844-13541-7.
External links
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Selwyn Lloyd
- A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Selwyn Lloyd" is available for free download at the Internet Archive
- Portraits of Selwyn Lloyd at the National Portrait Gallery, London
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Alan Crosland Graham |
Member of Parliament for The Wirral 1945 – 1976 |
Succeeded by David Hunt |
| Preceded by Dr Horace King |
Speaker of the House of Commons 1971–1976 |
Succeeded by George Thomas |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Harold Macmillan |
Minister of Defence 1955 |
Succeeded by Walter Monckton |
| Preceded by Harold Macmillan |
Foreign Secretary 1955–1960 |
Succeeded by The Earl of Home |
| Preceded by Derick Heathcoat Amory |
Chancellor of the Exchequer 1960–1962 |
Succeeded by Reginald Maudling |
| Preceded by Iain Macleod |
Leader of the House of Commons 1963–1964 |
Succeeded by Herbert Bowden |
| Preceded by Edward Heath |
Lord Privy Seal 1963–1964 |
Succeeded by The Earl of Longford |
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