Sedad Hakkı Eldem
Sedad Hakkı Eldem (1908 in İstanbul – 7 September 1988, in İstanbul), was a Turkish Architect. One of the pioneers of nationalized modern architecture in Turkey.
| Sedad Hakkı Eldem | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Sedad Hakkı Eldem | |
| Born |
Ömer Sedad Hakkı Eldem December 20, 1908 İstanbul, Turkey |
| Died |
September 7, 1988 (aged 79) İstanbul, Turkey |
| Nationality | Turkish |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Awards |
Aga Khan Award for Architecture (1986) National Architecture Awards (in Turkey) (Big Award) (1988) |
His Life
He was born in İstanbul (1908). He graduated from Academy of Fine Arts, department of Architecture. Between 1931 and 1932 he travelled France, England and Germany with scholarship of the academy. In 1932 he opened his own office, also started teaching at the Academy of Fine Arts and continued until retirement at 1978. In 1934 he worked for National Architecture Seminar in Turkey which was a complete disaster for him because of the discussions between modern architecture and traditional architecture. In 1938 he designed the Turkish Pavilion in New York Exhibition. Sedad Hakkı Eldem represented Turkish Republic at International Union of Architects in Lozan (1948) after Second World War. Also in the same year Sedad Hakkı worked with his colleague Emin Onat on the project of İstanbul Palace of Justice. He worked on proportions and architectural organizations of Ottoman domestic houses, 18th and 19th century palaces and mansions. He known as a role model and pioneer to reinterpret the Classical Ottoman Patterns in modern architecture. He was a part of Former Artifacts Maintain Council (Eski Eserleri Muhafaza Encümeni) between 1941 and 1945 and also a part of Supreme Council of Antiquities and Monument Real Estate (Gayrimenkul Eski Eserler ve Anıtlar Yüksek Kurulu) between 1962 and 1978.
His thought was about nationalizing the Modern Architecture. He basically thought that International Style in architecture should not applied everywhere. Some things should be changed in the design by considering the national and domestic texture.
He has won the international Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1986 with the project of Zeyrek Social Security Facilities.
He died on 7 September 1988 in İstanbul.
His Architecture
Sedad Hakkı Eldem's architecture has basically 4 main period. First of them is known by instability of his works, it was between 1928 and 1934. After that, second period is popular with modern trials on Ottoman architectural organization the time period of this part starts with 1934, until 1952. Third period of his architecture has lost its Ottoman influence, it looks like more modernized between 1952 and 1962. Last part of Eldem's Architecture known with his double approach on projects. Time period of that leading years started at 1962 until his death at 1988.
- Between 1928 and 1934 defined as preparation years for Sedad Hakkı Eldem. At these years the architect worked at İstanbul, Paris and Berlin but there is no built project or something. The only structure that has been built in that period is temporary Turkish pavilion in Budapest Exhibition in 1931. This structure give us so little clues about his searching in architecture. Whereas Sedad Hakkı was tried almost every approach popular in these years, also tried to combine them even if they are all contradicted. He even give parts to different architectural elements in one design. For example, one of his trials in Paris, embassy project has Auguste Perret impressions in details, its planimetry has traditional middle "sofa" and "Eyvan" types of components that usually belong to Turkish Architecture. Also the architect inspired by a sheme that peculiar to Iran-Middle East, named "Cihar-bağ". At the same time he examined the style of Art Deco, Le Corbusier, Hoffmann, Olbrich, Tessenow and Webb. Despite all of these and his instability of style, he never abandon his researches about traditional and domestic Ottoman civil architecture. He made use of all styles as much as they compromise with traditional architecture. The styles that do not overlap with domestic architecture, are disappeared.
- Returning from Europe to İstanbul does not affect the situation of Sedad Hakkı Eldem's instability about architectural style. First examples in İstanbul show different impacts. Ceylan Apartment (1933) has the signs of Art Deco, S.A.T.İ.E. Store and Administration Building (1934) has the features of International Style, in the other hands Firdevs Hanım House (1934) has Le Corbusier's elements. However all of the imaginary projects in Europe give their places to realistic projects in İstanbul even if they are not built. Instead of huge and fancy mansions, at that time there were modest houses and buildings that published in the journal of Arkitekt comes up.
- The instability period of the architect ends with Yalova Thermal Hotel (1934-1937) and Ağaoğlu House (1936-1937) projects. Also these projects starts a new era for Sedad Hakkı Eldem's architecture. He started to well known in Turkey with his architecture and approach to Modern Architecture. Yalova Thermal Hotel was the first nationalized modern work of Turkey. At these years, there was that discussion about interpreting in Modern Architecture. Sedad Hakkı was one of the pioneers of defending the idea of nationalized modern architecture.
- From 1934 to 1952 Sedad Hakkı worked on some trials on traditional Ottoman houses' plan organizations and exterior elements in more modernized ways. These works are connected with his historiyografic researches. Eventually he tried to "invent the tradition" in modern aspects of his time. For example, Ağaoğlu House designed with elliptical type of "sofa", Safyurtlu House (1942) with middle type of "sofa" and Ayaşlı Mansion (1938) designed with "karnıyarık" type of "sofa" (that means split out from middle.). Some of his projects had have strong connections between international style and domestic tradition, in the other hand, traditional Turkish elements stay in the background just for being a little touches. For example, Taşlık Coffee House (1947 - 1948) designed with T type of plan which is a traditional scheme, and international view kept in minimum. However, Admiral Bristol Hospital and Nursing House (1943) is just looks national from outside. Whereas the faculty buildings of Ankara University (1943-1945) and İstanbul University (1942-1947) inspired from Nazi Germany. The Turkish part in these mass buildings just hiding in the details.
- Between 1952 and 1962 Eldem's architecture keeps Ottoman civil architectural characteristic at minimum. Florya Facilities (1955-1959) and RIza Derviş House (1956-1957) built with more likely rationalized modernist style. Also that impact known by the name of "california modern". Hilton Hotel's (1952-1955) design shows us almost nothing about Sedad Hakkı Eldem's architecture. In that process the hotel owes its standard American view to SOM despite of Eldem. Second Safyurtlu House (1952) is a successful example of American flort.
- The years after 1960 known as being Eldem's and Republic of Turkey's leapig and changing years. The architect has two different approaches in these years. First of them is heroic and monumental, away from traditional and domestic perspective, like Akbank Administration Building and Ayazağa Office Buildings. Other approach looks more like Sedad Hakkı Eldem's. Eclectic and different trials on Ottoman civil architecture give their places to a vocabulary that Eldem's own. For Example horizontal roof line, wide canopies, well proportioned windows and cantilevers. These features used in the designs of Zeyrek Social Security Facilities (1962-1964), India Embassy Residence (1965-1968), Kıraç Mansion (1965), Sirer Mansion (1966-1967) etc.
List of Significant Works
- First Period of His Architecture (1928 - 1934)
- Second Period of His Architecture (1934 - 1952)
- 1938: Ayaşlı Mansion in Beylerbeyi, İstanbul
- 1942: Safyurtlu Villa in Beşevler, Ankara
- 1942: İstanbul University, Faculty of Science in Beyazit, İstanbul
- 1943: Ankara University, Faculty of Science in Beşeveler, Ankara
- 1943: Admiral Bristol Hospital and Nursing House in Teşvikiye, İstanbul
- 1947: Taşlık Coffee House in Maçka, İstanbul
- Third Period of His Architecture (1952 - 1962)
- Fourth Period of His Architecture (1962 - and after)
- 1960: India Embassy Residence in Cinnah Street, Ankara
- 1962: Social Security Facilities in Zeyrek, İstanbul
- 1964: Siner Mansion in Yeniköy, İstanbul
- 1965: Kıraç Mansion in Vaniköy, İstanbul
- 1966: Akbank Administration Building in Fındıklı, İstanbul
- 1973: Netherlands Embassy in Ankara
- 1975: Koç House in Tarabya, İstanbul
References
- Edhem Eldem, Uğur Tanyeli, Bülent Tanju, (2008), Sedad Hakkı Eldem I: Gençlik Yılları, Osmanlı Bankası Arşiv ve Araştırma Merkezi, ISBN 9789944731058
- Uğur Tanyeli, Bülent Tanju, (2009), Sedad Hakkı Eldem II: Retrospektif, Osmanlı Bankası Arşiv ve Araştırma Merkezi, ISBN 9789944731126
- Uğur Tanyeli, (2007), Sedad Hakkı Eldem, Boyut Press Group, ISBN 9789755214559
- TIMMOB Chamber of Architects, (2010), 100 Yıl'da İki Mimar, ISBN 9789944898881
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