Secretary to the President of the United States

The Secretary to the President (sometimes dubbed the president's Private Secretary or Personal Secretary) was a former 19th and early 20th century White House position that carried out all the tasks now spread throughout the modern White House Office. The Secretary would act as a buffer between the President and the public, keeping the President's schedules and appointments, managing his correspondence, managing the staff, communicating to the press as well as being a close aide and advisor to the President in a manner that often required great skill and discretion. In terms of rank it is a precursor to the modern White House Chief of Staff.

Stature

Every American President had a private secretary, but it was not until the McKinley administration that the President had an official Secretary to the President. At the time of its peak the Secretary to the President was a much admired government office held by men of high ability and considered as worthy as a cabinet rank,[1] it even merited an oath of office.[2] Three private secretaries were later appointed to the Cabinet, these men being George B. Cortelyou, John Hay and Daniel S. Lamont.

History

During the nineteenth century, Presidents had few staff resources. Thomas Jefferson had one messenger and one secretary (referred to as an amanuensis in the common parlance of the time) at his disposal, both of whose salaries were paid by the President personally. In fact, all Presidents up to James Buchanan paid the salaries of their private secretaries out of their own pockets; these roles were usually fulfilled by their relatives, most often their sons or nephews. James K. Polk notably had his wife take the role.

It was during Buchanan's term at the White House in 1857 that the United States Congress created a definite office named the "Private Secretary at the White House" and appropriated for its incumbent a salary of $2,500. The first man to hold such office officially and to be paid by the Government instead of by the President, was Buchanan's nephew J. B. Henry.[3] By Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, the White House staff had grown to three.[4]

By 1900, the office had grown in such stature that Congress elevated the position to "Secretary to the President", in addition to including on the White House staff two assistant secretaries, two executive clerks, a stenographer, and seven other office personnel. The first man to hold the office of Secretary to the President was John Addison Porter whose failing health meant he was soon succeeded by George B. Cortelyou.[3] Radio and the advent of media coverage soon meant that Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson too expanded the duties of their respective secretaries to dealing with reporters and giving daily press briefings.[5]

Under Warren G. Harding, the size of the staff expanded to thirty-one, although most were clerical positions. During Herbert Hoover's presidency however, he tripled the staff adding two additional private secretaries to the President (at a salary of $10,000[6] each - increased from $7,200[7]) added by Congress. The first Hoover designated his Legislative Secretary (the senior Secretary now informally referred to by the press as the President's "No.1 Secretary"[8] ), the second his Confidential Secretary, and the third his Appointments and Press Secretary.[9]

In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt converted Hoover's two extra secretaries into the permanent White House Press Secretary and Appointments Secretary, but from 1933 to 1939, as he greatly expanded the scope of the federal government's policies and powers in response to the Great Depression, Roosevelt relied on his "Brain Trust" of top advisers. Although working directly for the President, they were often appointed to vacant positions in agencies and departments, from whence they drew their salaries since the White House lacked statutory or budgetary authority to create new staff positions. It wasn't until 1939, during Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term in office, that the foundations of the modern White House staff were created using a formal structure. Roosevelt was able to get Congress to approve the creation of the Executive Office of the President reporting directly to the President which included the White House Office. As a consequence, the office of Secretary to the President was greatly diminished in stature (mostly due to the lack of a sufficient replacement to Roosevelt's confidant Louis McHenry Howe who had died in 1936) and had many of its duties supplanted by the Appointments Secretary.

In 1946, in response to the rapid growth of the U.S. government's executive branch, the position of Assistant to the President of the United States was established, and charged with the affairs of the White House. Together with the Appointments Secretary the two took responsibility of most of the President's affairs and at this point the Secretary to the President was charged with nothing other than managing the president's official correspondence before the office was discontinued at the close of the Truman administration.

In 1961, under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the president's pre-eminent assistant was designated the White House Chief of Staff. Assistant to the President became a rank generally shared by the Chief of Staff with such senior aides as Deputy Chiefs of Staff, the White House Counsel, the White House Press Secretary, and others. This new system didn't catch on straight away. Democrats Kennedy and Johnson still relied on their appointments secretaries instead and it was not until the Nixon administration that the Chief of Staff become a permanent fixture in the White House, and the appointments secretary was reduced to only functional importance. In the 1980s the job was re-designated to the White House Office of Appointments and Scheduling.

List of Presidential Secretaries

Private Secretary

Year(s) Secretary President
1789–1793

1794–1797

Tobias Lear1 George Washington
1789–1791 Maj. William Jackson2
1797–1801 William Smith Shaw John Adams
1801–1803 Cpt. Meriwether Lewis Thomas Jefferson
1803–1804 Lewis Harvie
1804–1805 William A. Burwell
1805–1809 Isaac Coles
James Madison
1810–1815 Edward Coles
1816–1817 James Payne Todd
1817–1820 Joseph Jones Monroe James Monroe
1820–1825 Samuel L. Gouverneur
1825–1829 John Adams II John Quincy Adams
1829–1831 Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson
1831 Nicholas Trist
1831–1837 Andrew Jackson Donelson
1837–1841 Abraham Van Buren Martin Van Buren
1841 Henry Huntington Harrison William Henry Harrison
1841–1845 John Tyler, Jr. John Tyler
1845–1849 Joseph Knox Walker

Sarah Childress Polk3

James K. Polk
1849–1850 Cpt. William Wallace Smith Bliss Zachary Taylor
1850–1853 Millard Powers Fillmore Millard Fillmore
1853–1857 Sidney Webster Franklin Pierce
1Washington had several young assistant secretaries who made copies of his correspondence. Among these were
Robert "Bob" Lewis, Howell Lewis, Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., and George Washington Craik.

2As Aide-de-camp.

3His wife, it is said, too was his personal secretary.

Private Secretary to the White House

Year(s) Secretary President
1857–1859 James Buchanan Henry James Buchanan
1859–1861 James Buchanan II
1861–1865 John G. Nicolay Abraham Lincoln
1861–1865 Maj. John Hay1
1865-66 Col. William A. Browning Andrew Johnson
1865 Col. Reuben D. Mussey, Jr.1
1866 Edmund Cooper
1866–1869 Brig. Gen. Robert Johnson
1866–1869 Col. William G. Moore1
1869–1873 Robert M. Douglas2 Ulysses S. Grant
1873–1876 Col. Levi P. Luckey2
1876–1877 Ulysses S. Grant, Jr.2
1869–1872 Col. Horace Porter1
1869–1873 Brig. Gen. Frederick Tracy Dent1
1869–1876 Col. Orville E. Babcock1
1877–1881 William King Rogers

Webb C. Hayes

Rutherford B. Hayes
1881–1882 Joseph Stanley-Brown James Garfield
Chester Arthur
1882–1885 Fred J. Phillips
1885–1889 Col. Daniel Scott Lamont Grover Cleveland
1889–1893 Maj. Elijah W. Halford Benjamin Harrison
1893–1896 Henry T. Thurber Grover Cleveland
1As Military Secretary.

2 Grant was closer to his Military Secretaries who did most of the work normally associated with the Private Secretary.

Secretary to the President

Year(s) Secretary President
1897–1900 John Addison Porter William McKinley
1900–1903 George B. Cortelyou
Theodore Roosevelt
1903–1909 William Loeb, Jr.
1909–1910 Fred W. Carpenter William Howard Taft
1910–1911 Charles D. Norton
1911–1912 Charles D. Hilles
1912–1913 Carmi Thompson
1913–1921 Joseph Tumulty Woodrow Wilson
1922–1923 George B. Christian, Jr. Warren G. Harding
1923–1924 C. Bascom Slemp Calvin Coolidge
1925–1929 Everett Sanders
1929–1933 Walter H. Newton1

Lawrence Richey1

Herbert Hoover
1929–1931 George Edward Akerson1
1931–1933 Ted Joslin
1933–1936 Col. Louis McHenry Howe Franklin D. Roosevelt
1937–1938 James Roosevelt
1941–1943 Col. Marvin H. McIntyre
1944–1952 William D. Hassett2
Harry Truman
1952–1953 Beth Campbell Short2

1President Hoover had three private secretaries. The additional two were later "Appointments Secretary" and "Press Secretary".

2As "Correspondence Secretary to the president"

Appointments Secretary

The appointments secretary was the guardian of the President's time. He had the responsibility of acting as "gatekeeper" and decided who got to meet with him.

Eisenhower appointed Arthur H. Vandenberg, Jr. to the position, but he took a leave of absence before Eisenhower's inauguration and later withdrew without ever having served.

Year(s) Secretary President
1929–1931 George Edward Akerson1 Herbert Hoover
1931–1933 Ted Joslin1
1933–1938 Col. Marvin H. McIntyre2 Franklin D. Roosevelt
1938–1945 Maj. Gen. Edwin "Pa" Watson
1945–1953 Matt Connelly
Harry Truman
1953–1955 Thomas E. Stephens Dwight D. Eisenhower
1955–1957 Bernard M. Shanley
1957–1961 Thomas E. Stephens
1961–1963 Kenneth P. O'Donnell3 John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson
1963–1968 W. Marvin Watson3 Lyndon Johnson
1968 James Robert Jones3
1969–1973 Dwight Chapin Richard Nixon
1974–1976 Warren S. Rustand Gerald Ford
1977–1978 Timothy Kraft Jimmy Carter
1978–1981 Phil J Wise
1As Appointments and Press Secretary.

2Before 1937 the title was only "assistant secretary to appointments".

3De facto White House Chief of Staff

Press Secretary

See White House Press Secretary

Personal secretary to the President

The Secretary to the President should not be confused with the modern President's personal secretary who is officially an Administrative Assistant in the President's Office.

Year(s) Secretary President
1933–1941 Missy LeHand Franklin D. Roosevelt
1941–1945 Grace Tully
1945–1953 Rose Conway Harry Truman
1953–1961 Ann C. Whitman Dwight D. Eisenhower
1961–1963 Evelyn Lincoln John F. Kennedy
1963–1969 Gerri Whittington Lyndon Johnson
1969–1974 Rose Mary Woods Richard Nixon
1974–1977 Dorothy E. Downton Gerald Ford
1977–1981 Susan Clough Jimmy Carter
1981–1989 Kathleen Osborne Ronald Reagan
1989–1993 Linda Casey George H. W. Bush
1993–2001 Betty Currie Bill Clinton
2001–2004 Ashley Estes Kavanaugh George W. Bush
2004–2009 Karen E. Keller
2009–2011 Katie Johnson Barack Obama
2011–2014 Anita Decker Breckenridge
2014–current Ferial Govashiri

References

  1. Herring, Pendleton (2006). "5". Presidential Leadership. Transaction Publishers. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-4128-0556-8. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  2. "The Presidency: Ted for Ted.". Time. 1932-05-09. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  3. 1 2 "White House - Secretaries To The Presidents". Old and Sold Antiques Digest. 1908. Archived from the original on October 26, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
  4. Burke, John P. "Administration of the White House". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
  5. Watson, Robert P. (2004). "4". Life in the White House. SUNY Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-7914-6098-6. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  6. "Big Job.". Time. 1929-02-11. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
  7. "$7,500 PAY FOR TUMULTY". The New York Times. 1913-02-03. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  8. "Description". Time. 1929-03-04. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
  9. "Big Job.". Time. 1929-02-11. Retrieved 2009-05-09.

Sources

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