Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War

Second Goryeo–Khitan War
Part of Goryeo-Khitan Wars
Date1010-1011
LocationNorthern Korean Peninsula
Result Goryeo reaffirmed its tributary relationship with Liao[1]
Belligerents
Goryeo Liao Dynasty
Commanders and leaders
Gang Jo†
Yang Gyu†
Kim Suk-heung†
Dae Do-su (POW)
Ha Gong-jin		 Emperor Shengzong
Hsiao P'ai-ya[2]
Strength
400,000[2]
Casualties and losses
severe. main force annihilated 15,000 <

The Second Goryeo-Khitan War was an 11th-century conflict between the kingdom of Goryeo and the Liao dynasty (the Khitan Empire) near what is now the border between China and North Korea. It was the second of the Goryeo-Khitan Wars, with the First Goryeo-Khitan War occurring in 993, the second in 1010, and the third in 1018.

When King Seongjong died in 997, Liao invested his successor Wang Song as king of Goryeo (King Mokjong, r. 997-1009).[3] In 1009, he was assassinated by the forces of the general Gang Jo.[4] Using it as a pretext, the Liao attacked Goryeo in the next year.[5] They lost the first battle but won the second one, and Gang Jo was captured and killed.[2] The Liao occupied and burnt the Goryeo capital Kaesong,.[6][7][8] The Khitan withdrew after Goryeo reaffirmed its tributary relationship with the Khitan.[1]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Simons 1995, p. 93: "a second Liao incursion resulted in heavy losses, the sacking of Kaesong, and the imposition of Liao suzerainty over the Koryo state."
  2. 1 2 3 Twitchett & Tietze 1994, p.111.
  3. ↑ Twitchett & Tietze 1994, p.104.
  4. ↑ Hyun 2013, p. 191.
  5. ↑ Twitchett & Tietze 1994, p. 111: "The Khitan sent an expeditionary army ... to punish the murderer of their former vassal".
  6. ↑ Simons 1995, p. 95: "a prelude to more invasions during the reign of King Hyonjong (1010-1031) and the occupation of Kaesong, the Koryo capital."
  7. ↑ Hatada, Smith Jr & Hazard 1969, p. 52: "in the reign of King Hyŏnjong (1010-1031) there were numerous Khitan invasions, and even the capital Kaesŏng was occupied."
  8. ↑ Ebrey & Walthall 2014, , p. 171, at Google Books: "In 1010, on the pretext that the rightful king had been deposed without the approval of the Liao court, the Khitan emperor personally led an attack that culminated in the burning of the Goryeo capital."

References

  • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2014), Pre-Modern East Asia: To 1800: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Third Edition, Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, ISBN 978-1-133-60651-2 .
  • Hatada, Takashi; Smith Jr, Warren W.; Hazard, Benjamin H. (1969), A History of Korea, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, ISBN 0-87436-064-1 .
  • Hyun, Jeongwon (2013), Gift Exchange among States in East Asia during the Eleventh Century (Thesis (Ph.D.)), University of Washington .
  • Simons, Geoff (1995), Korea: The Search for Sovereignty, New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-12531-3 .
  • Twitchett, Denis; Tietze, Klaus-Peter (1994), "The Liao", in Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6, Alien Regime and Border States, 907-1368, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–153, ISBN 0-521-24331-9 .
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