Second Republic of South Korea

Republic of Korea
대한민국 大韓民國
← 1960–1961 →
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem 애국가 Aegukga
South Korea in green
Capital		Seoul
Languages		Korean
Government		Parliamentary republic
President		Yun Po Sun
Prime Minister
•	1960	Heo Jeong
•	1960–1961	Chang Myon
Legislature		National Assembly
Historical era		Cold War
•	Established	19 April 1960
•	Coup d'état	16 May 1961
Currency		Hwan (1953–1962)

Part of a series on the
History of South Korea
USAMGIK 1945–48 First Republic 1948–60  : Korean War 1950–53  : Syngman Rhee Administration 1948–60  : April Revolution 1960  : Heo Jeong Caretaker Government 1960 Second Republic 1960–61  : Jang Myeon Cabinet 1960–61  : May 16 coup 1961 Constitutional Vacuum 1961–63  : Yoon Bo-seon Administration 1961–62  : First Junta 1961–63 Third Republic 1963–72  : Park Chung-hee Administration 1963–72  : Self-coup of Park Chung-hee 1972 Fourth Republic 1972–81  : Assassination of Park Chung-hee 1979  : Coup d'état of December Twelfth 1979  : Coup d'état of May Seventeenth 1980  : Gwangju Uprising 1980  : Second Junta 1980–81 Fifth Republic 1981–87  : Chun Doo-hwan Administration 1981–87  : June Democratic Uprising 1987  : Grand Labor Struggle 1987 Sixth Republic 1987–present  : Roh Tae-woo Administration 1987–93  : Kim Young-sam Administration 1993–98  : National Moratorium 1997–2001  : Kim Dae-jung Administration 1998–2003  : Roh Moo-hyun Administration 2003–2008  : Lee Myung-bak Administration 2008–2013  : Park Geun-hye Administration 2013–present
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The Second Republic of South Korea was the government of South Korea for eight months in 1960 and 1961. It succeeded the First Republic, and was followed by a military government under the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction. It was the only government under a parliamentary system in the history of Korea.

Establishment

Proclamation of the Second Republic of Korea. From right: Chang Myon (Prime Minister), Yun Bo-seon (President), Paik Nak-jun (President of the House of Councillors) and Kwak Sang-hoon (President of the Chamber of Deputies).

The First Republic was overthrown by widespread protests known as the "April Revolution" in April 1960. After its fall, power was briefly held by an interim administration under Heo Jeong. A new parliamentary election was held on 29 July 1960. The Democratic Party, which had been in the opposition during the First Republic, easily gained power and the Second Republic was established.

The Second Republic operated under a parliamentary system. This was the first and the only instance South Korea turned to a cabinet system instead of a presidential system. The legislature was bicameral, with the National Assembly as the lower house and the House of Councilors as the upper house. The president was elected by both houses of the legislature and served as head of state. Due to the numerous abuses of power by South Korea's first president, Syngman Rhee, the president's role was greatly reduced by the new constitution, to a point almost entirely ceremonial. Real power rested with the prime minister and cabinet, who were elected by the National Assembly. Yun Po Sun was elected as the President on 13 August 1960. The prime minister and head of government was Chang Myon.

Politics

The Second Republic saw the end of the severe curbs on political expression that had been in place under the Rhee regime. As a result, freedom returned, and with it came an increase in political activity. Much of this activity was from leftist and student groups, which had been instrumental in the overthrow of the First Republic. Union membership and activity grew rapidly during the later months of 1960. Around 2,000 demonstrations were held during the eight months of the Second Republic.

Under pressure from the left, the Chang government carried out a series of purges of military and police officials who had been involved in anti-democratic activities or corruption. A Special Law to this effect was passed on 31 October 1960. 40,000 people were placed under investigation; of these, more than 2,200 government officials and 4,000 police officers were purged. In addition, the government considered reducing the size of the army by 100,000, although this plan was shelved.

Economy

In economic terms as well, the government was faced with mounting instability. The government formulated a five-year economic plan, although it was unable to act on it prior to being overthrown. The Second Republic saw the won lose half of its value against the dollar between fall 1960 and spring 1961. Unemployment and wholesale prices also rose during this period.

Notes

1. ^ Yonhap (2004, p. 270).
2. ^ Yang (1999, p. 196); Nam (1996, pp. 410–412); Yonhap (2004, p. 270).
3. ^ Yang (1999, p. 196). Nam (1996, p. 412) gives "2,000."
4. ^ Nahm (1996, p. 411).
5. ^ Nahm (1996, p. 411).
6. ^ Nahm, loc. cit.
7. ^ Nahm (1996, p. 412); Yonhap (2004, pp. 270–271).
8. ^ Nahm (1996, p. 412).

References

• Cumings, Bruce (1997). Korea's place in the sun. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-31681-5. 
• Lee, Ki-baek, tr. by E.W. Wagner & E.J. Shultz (1984). A new history of Korea (rev. ed.). Seoul: Ilchogak. ISBN 89-337-0204-0. 
• Nahm, Andrew C. (1996). Korea: A history of the Korean people (2nd ed.). Seoul: Hollym. ISBN 1-56591-070-2. 
• Yang, Sung Chul (1999). The North and South Korean political systems: A comparative analysis (rev. ed.). Seoul: Hollym. ISBN 1-56591-105-9. 
• Yonhap News Agency (2004). Korea Annual 2004. Seoul: Author. ISBN 89-7433-070-9. 

Coordinates: 37°35′N 127°0′E / 37.583°N 127.000°E / 37.583; 127.000