Schuylkill Navy

Schuylkill Navy logo

The Schuylkill Navy is an association of amateur rowing clubs of Philadelphia. Founded in 1858, it is the oldest amateur athletic governing body in the United States.[1] The member clubs are all on the Schuylkill River where it flows through Fairmount Park in Philadelphia, mostly on the historic Boathouse Row.

By charter, the Schuylkill Navy’s object is "to secure united action among the several Clubs and to promote amateurism on the Schuylkill River."[2] Over the years, the group has had a role in certain ceremonial and state functions.[3] The success of the Schuylkill Navy and similar organizations contributed heavily to the extinction of professional rowing and the sport's current status as an amateur sport.[4]

At its founding, it had nine clubs; today, there are 12: Fairmount Rowing Association, Crescent Boat Club, Bachelors Barge Club, University Barge Club, Malta Boat Club, Vesper Boat Club, College Boat Club, Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association (Penn AC), Philadelphia Girls' Rowing Club (PGRC), Gillin Boat Club and St. Joseph's University and St. Joseph's Prep. At least 23 other clubs have belonged to the Navy at various times.[2] Many of the clubs have a rich history, and have produced a large number of Olympians and world-class competitors.[5]

Origins

The International Four-Oared Regatta on the Schuylkill River, August 29–30, 1876, hand-colored engraving.
An 1876 depiction of the International Regatta at the Centennial Exposition

The Schuylkill Navy was founded by nine Philadelphia rowing clubs seeking a governing body to prevent fixed races.[6] Once formed, the Navy enacted a code of conduct that prohibited wagering on races.[6]

These clubs were present at the founding of the society in October 1858: America, Camilla, Chebucto, Falcon, Independent, Keystone (the 1st), Neptune (the 1st), Pennsylvania (the 1st), and University.[7][8] Later that month, Amateurs, Nautilus, and Quaker City joined.[8] While not at that first meeting, Undine and Bachelors joined the Navy soon after its founding.[9] Bachelors absorbed member, Amateurs, in December 1858, and became a member in March 1859.[8] While Undine was not initially listed as a founder, it is considered a founder of the Navy because one of Undine's members was the Secretary Treasurer of the Navy at its inception.[10]

In March 1860, Union Boat Club and Atlantic Barge Club (the 1st) joined the Schuylkill Navy.[8] In September 1860 the founding club, Camilla Boat Club, resigned.[8] By June 1861, Falcon, Pennsylvania, and Atlantic had dissolved.[8] Half of the remaining Schuylkill Navy clubs lapsed during the Civil War.[11] As of August 1865 Chebutco, Excelsior, Union, Independent, and Keystone no longer existed.[10]

After the Civil War

Flags of remaining members in 1872 after Bachelors and Vesper resigned.

Rowing resumed at the end of the Civil War, but many of the fledgling post-war clubs did not last. On August 17, 1865, Pennsylvania Barge Club (the 2nd) and Philadelphia Barge Club were elected to the Navy.[10] Five days later Malta Boat Club and Washington Boat Club (now known as Vesper) joined.[10]

Flags of the nine member clubs of the Schuylkill Navy in 1870.

In 1867 the Navy admitted Iona (the 1st), but Iona terminated its membership after it became part of Crescent Boat Club, which joined in 1868.[12] In April 1868 rowers split from Neptune to form the second Atlantic Boat Club.[12] Keystone (the 2nd) joined the Navy in February 1870, but resigned by the end of the year.[12] Washington Boat Club was renamed Vesper Boat Club in 1870, then resigned in 1871, and was not a member again until 1879.[12] Bachelors resigned in 1870 and did not rejoin until 1882.[12] West Philadelphia Barge Club and College Boat Club joined in 1873 and 1875 respectively.[12]

'Atalanta Boat Club crew (of NYC) in Philadelphia for the 1876 Centennial International Regatta
Atalanta Boat Club crew (of NYC) at the Centennial Exposition regatta

On November 11, 1872, the Navy composed the funeral solemnities of General George Meade.[3] In 1876, it held an international regatta in connection with the Centennial Exposition, the largest of its kind to that point.[3] On April 27, 1878, crews from various clubs of the Navy staged a demonstration to honor President Rutherford B. Hayes's visit to Philadelphia.[3]

A new Iona Boat Club, chartered in 1876, joined the Navy in 1884, and lasted until 1895.[12] Fairmount Rowing Association, in existence since 1877, was admitted in 1916.[12] In 1924, Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association absorbed West Philadelphia Boat Club.[12] In 1932, under the pressures of the Great Depression, Quaker City Barge Club and Philadelphia Barge Club closed their doors.[13]

After World War II

World War II dramatically reduced the membership rolls of the clubs of the Schuylkill Navy.[14] As a result, Crescent Boat Club resigned and leased its boathouse to LaSalle Rowing Association from 1951 until 1960.[1] Pennsylvania Barge Club (the 2nd) ceased rowing in 1955.[1] Pennsylvania turned its boathouse over to the Navy until its membership was reinstated in 2009.[15]

In 1968, Philadelphia Girls' Rowing Club, a women-only club, became a member of the Schuylkill Navy.[16] Most recently, Gillin Boat Club was elected to the Navy by unanimous vote in 2004.[17]

21st century

The Schuylkill Navy is the organizer of the Philadelphia Classic Regatta Series. With three of the largest regattas in the mid-Atlantic region on the schedule as well as two of the nation's oldest regattas, the Philadelphia Classic Regatta Series connects the rowing competitors of today to the historic home of the international rowing elite. It is built on a tradition that launched November 12, 1835, with the first organized regatta on Philadelphia's historic Schuylkill River (a full eight years before the start of the rowing program at Harvard University).[18]

In 2010, USRowing, the national governing body for rowing, announced the launch of a new Training Center Partner Program in order to create partnerships with clubs across the country interested in collaborating in the development of athletes who could potentially represent the United States in international races. The partner program places an emphasis on training athletes in small boat development and incorporating athletes in senior and under-23 camps and trials. Partners include Schuylkill Navy's Penn AC and Vesper Boat Club. Partner programs will have access to national team training programs, and have the opportunity to consult with USRowing National Team staff and the Director of Coaching Education, Kris Korzeniowski.[19]

Traditions

Regattas

The Schuylkill Navy and its member clubs organize and host many races during the year. The Aberdeen Dad Vail Regatta usually signifies the end of the spring rowing season for most collegiate teams. Other major regattas held each year include the Thomas Eakins Head of the Schuylkill Regatta (founded by the University Barge Club), and the Frostbite Regatta. The latter has been held since 1899, with only a few interruptions during World War II.[2]

Events

The Navy also sponsors other athletic endeavors including a basketball league and an annual cross country race.

Schuylkill Navy Run The Schuylkill Navy Run, also known as the Turkey Trot, began in 1899. Held on Thanksgiving Day, the race has been a tradition for rowers in the Philadelphia region ever since, with the exception of two years during World War I and two years during World War II. It begins at Malta Boat Club on Kelly Drive, and continues over 5 5/8 miles of hilly terrain. The runners go inbound on Kelly Drive to the traffic light in front of Lloyd Hall, turn left and go up Lemon Hill and over the Girard Avenue Bridge, then right onto Lansdowne Avenue. Just past Sweetbriar Cutoff, the course turns right and starts the true “cross country” segment across grassy surfaces. Runners go to the General Meade Monument, then follow to the Pagoda entrance gate to Belmont Plateau, up the hill to Belmont Mansion, and return by way of Brewery Hill down Kelly Drive back to Malta Boat Club.

Any and all members of The Schuylkill Navy clubs and its affiliates are eligible to compete, as well as friend and family guest runners. The classifications include the following categories: Open, Masters, Juniors, Guests, and Novices.[25]

Member Clubs

Current members

Fairmount Rowing Association
Fairmount Rowing Association

Established in 1877 and located at #2 Boathouse Row, Fairmount is on the National Register of Historic Places.[26] Fairmount gained admission to the Schuylkill Navy in 1916 after it had been rejected for decades.[27] In 1945 the boathouse underwent a huge expansion in which it merged with what was #3 on Boathouse Row to create the current Fairmount Rowing Association boathouse.[27] Fairmount has called itself the "premiere club for Masters rowing in the mid-Atlantic region".[27] Recently the club has produced several world class rowers.[28][29][30] The club is currently coached by Ahsan Iqbal and is affiliated with La Salle University and Episcopal Academy.

Pennsylvania Barge Club
Pennsylvania Barge Club

Founded in 1861 and located at #4 Boathouse Row, the Pennsylvania Barge Club is also known as the Hollenback House, after William M. Hollenback Jr., who from 1979 to 1985 served as the president of the governing body of rowing, USRowing.[31] It is alleged that painter Thomas Eakins was a member of the Pennsylvania Barge Club as he frequently painted rowers, and one of his close friends, Max Schmitt, is known to have rowed for the club and won the single sculls national championship 6 times.[32] Pennsylvania Barge Club represented the United States at the Summer Olympic Games in 1920 (coxed four), 1924 (coxed four), 1928 (coxed four and four without coxswain) and 1932 (pair with coxswain).[33] In 1955, due to World War II the boathouse suffered a severe decrease in membership and turned its facility over to the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen, which would later become USRowing, to serve as their headquarters.[14][34][35] In 2009 Pennsylvania Barge Club was reinstated as a member of the Schuylkill Navy; the club's current president is Michael Ragan, and it is affiliated with La Salle College High School.[15]

Crescent Boat Club
Crescent Boat Club

Established in 1867 and located at #5 Boathouse Row, Crescent Boat Club was one of the first members of the Schuylkill Navy.[36] The club began to be known as Crescent when Pickwick Barge Club and Iona Barge Club merged.[37][38][39] Crescent won the double sculls in the first National Association of Amateur Oarsmen regatta, currently known as the USRowing Club National Championships.[40] After World War II, the club, like many others on Boathouse Row, suffered a dramatic decrease in membership and turned the operation of the boathouse over to the La Salle Rowing Association, which controlled it from 1951 to 1960.[34] By 1974 the boathouse was vacant, and was not returned to prosperity until it came under the reins of John Wilkins.[41][42] The club is affiliated with the Roman Catholic High School rowing team, which supplies most of Crescent's summer rowing membership, and the La Salle College High School team. Crescent has the smallest membership to the Schuylkill Navy on Boathouse Row.[43]

Bachelors Barge Club
Bachelors Barge Club

Located at #6 Boathouse Row, Bachelors was founded in 1853 and is the oldest continuously operating boathouse in the United States.[44] Founding members of Bachelors were members of a volunteer fire-fighting club called the Phoenix Engine Company. Israel Morris is credited with founding the club, and was elected as its second president.[45] As the name of the club suggests, membership was restricted to "Bachelors"; however shortly after its founding Bachelors opened its doors to married men.[42] Now the vast majority of the club's 150 members are women.[42] Bachelors medaled at the Summer Olympic Games in the single sculls and the coxed four in 1924, the single sculls in 1928, and the double sculls in 1932.[44] More recently Bachelors sent Cody Lowry to the World Rowing Championships in 2009 in the lightweight men's single sculls.[46] Bachelors is currently affiliated with the Conestoga High School, Lower Merion High School, and Radnor High School Men's and Women's teams,[47] along with the Drexel University Men's and Women's teams[48] and a number of smaller programs and independent high school scullers.

University Barge Club
University Barge Club

Commonly referred to as UBC,[49] the club is located at #7 Boathouse Row, and is designated as a National Historic Landmark.[50] Established in 1854 by 10 members of the University of Pennsylvania's freshman rowing class, UBC founded the Schuylkill Navy in 1858.[51] The club's beginnings are considered to be "the dawn of organized athletics at the University of Pennsylvania" as at first membership was restricted solely to University of Pennsylvania students, later opening to alumni in 1867.[52][53] UBC is known as "the upper-class rowing club", as when it opened to the public most of its members were aristocracy and upper class citizens of the city of Philadelphia.[54] UBC is currently affiliated with the Chestnut Hill Academy high school boys' rowing team and the Springside School high school women's rowing team.

Malta Boat Club
Malta Boat Club

The Malta Boat Club is located at #9 Boathouse Row and joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1865, after its establishment in 1860 when it relocated from the Delaware River to the Schuylkill River, occupying what was the Excelsior Club boathouse.[55][56] In 1901 Malta became the tallest boathouse on Boathouse Row after George W. and William D. Hewitt designed the third story of the boathouse.[57] Malta currently does not have any strong affiliations, although some boats from The Shipley School are stored there.

Vesper Boat Club
Vesper Boat Club

Established in 1865 and located at #10 Boathouse Row, Vesper joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1870. In 1873 Vesper built, in conjunction with Malta, a 1 1/2 story boathouse.[57] The boathouse has since been renovated, largely based ondesigns by Howard Egar in 1898.[58] Vesper's stated goal is "to produce Olympic champions."[59] This was most recently accomplished by Andrew Byrnes, Gold for Canada, and Josh Inman, Bronze for the United States, both in the Men's 8+ 2008 Summer Olympics. Vesper, along with its national team and Olympic aspirations, is affiliated with several high schools including Archbishop Prendergast, Friends Select School, and Sacred Heart.

College Boat Club
College Boat Club (University of Pennsylvania)

Located at #11 Boathouse Row, College Boat Club houses the University of Pennsylvania rowing teams. College Boat Club houses the Men's, Women's and Lightweight squads, and its constituency is entirely made up of past rowers.[59] The boathouse was established in 1872 after the University of Pennsylvania moved its campus from Center City to West City, and became a member of the Schuylkill Navy in 1875.[60] College Boat Club was admitted to the Schuylkill Navy in 1875.[61] It was initially founded to give University of Pennsylvania students an alternative to the school's original Boathouse, University Barge Club.[52][60] In 1877 University of Pennsylvania rowers from the club beat the University of Pennsylvania rowers from University Barge Club,[60] making College Boat Club the official hub for most University of Pennsylvania rowers by 1879.[60] By 1893 membership was opened to alumni and enrolled students.[60]

Penn Athletic Club
Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association

Otherwise known as Penn AC, the club is located at #12 Boathouse Row and was originally founded in 1871 as the West Philadelphia Boat Club.[33] The club became known as Penn AC in 1924, and joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1925. Penn AC has been a hub for elite and US National Team rowers since John B. Kelly, Sr. joined the club after a falling out with his former club, Vesper.[15][62] The club is currently affiliated with the Shipley School boys' and girls' rowing teams and the Monsignor Bonner High School boys' team, both of which have brought Stotesbury Cup wins back to the club in recent years.

Undine Barge Club
Undine Barge Club

Established in 1856 and located at #13 Boathouse Row, Undine joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1858 and is considered a founding member.[63] Both the boathouse (1882–83) and the clubhouse upstream, Castle Ringstetten (1875), were designed by architect Frank Furness.[64][65][66] The club is currently affiliated with the boys' rowing team from The Haverford School, Penn Charter, and the girls team from the Baldwin School. The club is also known for its motto "Labor ipse voluptas" (in English: Labor itself is a pleasure).

Philadelphia Girls' Rowing Club
Philadelphia Girls' Rowing Club

Otherwise known as PGRC, the club is located at #14 Boathouse Row and is the oldest all-female rowing club in the world.[59] Built in 1860, it is the oldest structure on Boathouse Row, and was originally constructed for the purpose of hoysing the Philadelphia Skating Club and Humane Society.[50][67] Although not formally established until 1938, PGRC was formed by 17 women (mainly wives of rowers at other clubs who wished to partake in the activity of rowing).[16][59] PGRC was formally admitted into the Schuylkill Navy in 1967, and currently hosts the girls' rowing team from the Agnes Irwin School.

Gillin Boat Club (St. Joseph's University and St. Joe's Prep)

Although not on historic Boathouse Row, Gillin Boat Club sits on the 1,000 meter mark of the famous Schuylkill River 2,000 meter race course. Admitted into the Schuylkill Navy in 2004, Gillin hosts the St. Joseph's University and St. Joe's Prep rowing teams.[15][68][69] The boathouse was the first built on this up-river portion of the Schuylkill River in 98 years.[70]

A panorama of current members on Boathouse Row in 2010.

Membership history timeline

Gillin Boat Club Philadelphia Girls' Rowing Club LaSalle Rowing Association Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association Fairmount Rowing Association College Boat Club West Philadelphia Boat Club Vesper Boat Club Crescent Boat Club Iona Boat Club Malta Boat Club Pennsylvania Barge Club Washington Boat Club Philadelphia Barge Club Excelsior Boat Club Bachelors Barge Club Undine Barge Club Quaker City Barge Club University Barge Club Camilla Boat Club
Notes

Photo gallery

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Boathouse Row". Living Places. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  2. 1 2 3 Good, Megan. "Schuylkill Navy Records, 1859-2009" (PDF). Independence Seaport Museum, J. Welles Henderson Archives and Library. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 (Heiland 1938, p. 16)
  4. ↑ Moak, Jefferson (27 November 1983). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form". NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. p. 669. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  5. ↑ "Boathouse Row Clubs". Schuylkill Navy & Boathouse Row. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  6. 1 2 (Thomas Eakins Head of the Schuylkill Regatta 2009 Program, p. 11)
  7. ↑ Crowther, Samuel; Arthur Brown Ruhl (1905). Rowing and Track Athletics. New York: MacMillan. p. 24. Sources are inconsistent about who was at the first meeting. For example, Neptune and Pennsylvania are listed as represented at the meeting on the Schuylkill Navy website. See "Schuylkill Navy Clubs". Schuylkill Navy. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 (Heiland 1938, p. 57)
  9. ↑ Crowther, Samuel; Arthur Brown Ruhl (1905). Rowing and Track Athletics. New York: MacMillan. p. 24. Again, sources are inconsistent about which clubs were founders. For example, some sources indicate that Undine and Bachelors were founding members. See (Janssen 1888, pp. 210–13)
  10. 1 2 3 4 (Heiland 1938, p. 58)
  11. ↑ "Schuylkill Navy Clubs". Schuylkill Navy. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (Heiland 1938, p. 59)
  13. ↑ (Heiland 1938, p. 60)
  14. 1 2 "Program Pamphlet, Pennsylvania Barge Club, Album: Rowing and Regattas, Schuylkill Navy Records". Independence Seaport Museum. 1915. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  15. 1 2 3 4 (Thomas Eakins Head of the Schuylkill Regatta 2009 Program, p. 20)
  16. 1 2 Stillner, p. 105
  17. ↑ "Facilities, Rober Gillin, Jr. Boathouse". Saint Joseph's University Hawks. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
  18. ↑ DeLorenzo, Jim. "Over 200 Runners Set for the 107th Schuylkill Navy Run in Philadelphia Thanksgiving Day". Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  19. ↑ Imes, Matt. "USROWING TRAINING CENTER PARTNER PROGRAM". Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  20. 1 2 Bradley. "The Dad Vail True Story". Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  21. ↑ "Head of the Schuylkill Regatta History and Growth". Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  22. ↑ "History". independencedayregatta.com. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  23. ↑ "History". navydayregatta.com. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  24. ↑ "History". stotesburycupregatta.com. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  25. ↑ DeLorenzo, Jim. "Over 200 Runners Set for the 107th Schuylkill Navy Run in Philadelphia Thanksgiving Day". Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  26. ↑ NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior designating buildings 1-15 E. River Dr. (Boathouse Row) as Historic places. Search "Boat House Row" in the Resource Name box.
  27. 1 2 3 Silverberg, Lee (19 May 2008). "A Very Brief History of the Fairmount Rowing Association". Fairmount Rowing Association. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  28. ↑ Teresa Z. Bell won an Olympic medal in the Lightweight Women’s Double. See Walker, Teresa M. (28 July 1996). "U.S. Rowing Women Fall Short Of Gold". Washington Post. Retrieved 1 May 2010. Bell was rowing out of Fairmount. See "Schuylkill Navy Honors Philadelphia's National Teamers". Rowing News 3 (22). 15–29 December 1996. p. 3. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  29. ↑ James Castellan competed in the 1976 olympics. See Hood, Clifton R. (June 2006). "Penn in the Olympics: Penn Athletes Competing in the Olympic Games". University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 1 May 2010. Castellan is a Fairmount rower. See Silverberg, Lee (19 May 2008). "A Very Brief History of the Fairmount Rowing Association". Fairmount Rowing Association. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  30. ↑ Stan Cwiklinski, 1964 US Olympic gold medalist in the Men's Eight, rowed with Fairmount until joining Vesper Boat Club in 1963. See Stan Cwiklinski sports-reference.com
  31. ↑ Stillner, p. 101–2
  32. ↑ Kirkpatrick, Sidney D. (2006). "Champion Oarsman". The Revenge of Thomas Eakins. Yale University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-300-10855-2.
  33. 1 2 Sweeney, Joe. "The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association: Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs". Schuylkill Navy. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  34. 1 2 "Boathouse Row". Living Places. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  35. ↑ "Program Pamphlet, Twenty sixth Annual Regatta of the NAAO, Album: Rowing and Regattas, Schuylkill Navy Records". Independence Seaport Museum. 1898. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  36. ↑ Scharf, John Thomas; Westcott, Thompson (1884). "Public Squares, Parks, and Monuments". History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884 3. L. H. Everts & Company. p. 1871.
  37. ↑ Pickwick Barge Club was founded in 1865.Peverelly, Charles A. (1866). "Pickwick Barge Club". The Book of American Pastimes. New York. p. 217.
  38. ↑ Keyser, K. C. (1872). "Fairmount Park". Fairmount Park: Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen, and Haffelfinger. p. 21.
  39. ↑ "Crescent Boat Club, History". Crescent Boat Club. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  40. ↑ Crowther, Samuel; Arthur Brown Ruhl (1905). "The Association of Amateur Oarsmen". Rowing and Track Athletics. New York: MacMillan. pp. 165–66.
  41. ↑ Moak, Jefferson (27 November 1983). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form". NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. p. 661. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  42. 1 2 3 (Thomas Eakins Head of the Schuylkill Regatta 2009 Program, p. 18)
  43. ↑ "Crescent Boat Club". Schuylkill Navy. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  44. 1 2 "The Stotesbury Cup Regatta". Stotesbury.com. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  45. ↑ "Morris Family Papers, Collection 2000B, 1695-1965 (bulk 1772-1884)" (PDF). The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 2007. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  46. ↑ "USRowing Announces 2009 World Championships Roster". United States Olympic Committee. 10 August 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  47. ↑ "About Us, History". Conestoga High School Crew. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  48. ↑ "Drexel Crew to Row Out of Historic Bachelors Barge Club". Drexel University Athletics. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  49. ↑ Thayer, John B. (June 1904). "The Early Years of the University Barge Club of Philadelphia". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 29. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania. pp. 287–88.
  50. 1 2 "Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State" (PDF). National Historic Landmarks Survey, National Park Service. p. 81. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  51. ↑ Crowther, Samuel; Arthur Brown Ruhl (1905). "The Beginning of Rowing". Rowing and Track Athletics. New York: MacMillan. p. 24. J. Ashurst Bowie, Horace G. Browne, Alexander B. Coxe, Pemberton S. Hutchinson, Chas. I. Macouen, J. Beauclerc Newman, James H. Peabody, Edmund A. Robinson, George H. Waring, and John W. Williams.
  52. 1 2 Tannenbaum, Seth S.; Hood, Clifton R.; McConaghy, Mary D. (April 2006). "University Barge Club founded 1854, Penn Crew in the 1800s". University Archives, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  53. ↑ Thayer, John B. (June 1904). "The Early Years of the University Barge Club of Philadelphia". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 29. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 284.
  54. ↑ Burt, Nathaniel (1999). "The Schuylkill Navy". The Perennial Philadelphians: the anatomy of an American aristocracy. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 297–98. ISBN 978-0-8122-1693-6.
  55. ↑ Peverelly, Charles A. (1866). "Malta Boat Club". The Book of American Pastimes. New York. p. 213.
  56. ↑ (Janssen 1888, pp. 211–12)
  57. 1 2 "National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form". NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. 27 November 1983. p. 663. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  58. ↑ "National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form". NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. 27 November 1983. p. 674. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  59. 1 2 3 4 (Thomas Eakins Head of the Schuylkill Regatta 2009 Program, p. 19)
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 Tannenbaum, Seth S.; Hood, Clifton R.; McConaghy, Mary D. (April 2006). "College Boat Club, Penn Crew". Archives.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
  61. ↑ (Janssen 1888, p. 211)
  62. ↑ Sweeney, Joe. "The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association: Part 3 - Penn AC is Formed". Schuylkill Navy. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  63. ↑ (Heiland 1938, pp. 57–58)
  64. ↑ "Castle Ringstetten". Undine Barge Club. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  65. ↑ "The Boat House". Undine Barge Club. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  66. ↑ Beischer, Thomas G. (July 2006). "Control and Competition: The Architecture of Boathouse Row". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography' 130. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 299.
  67. ↑ Stillner, p. 5
  68. ↑ Brendan F. Quinn, "A New Era of Rowing at St. Joseph's Prep", The Bulletin, May 15, 2009
  69. ↑ Rober Gillin, Jr. Boathouse, sjuhawks.com
  70. ↑ Dedication of St. Joseph's Boathouse, First New One on the Schuylkill in 98 Years, Set for June 15, thefreelibrary.com
Bibliography
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