Shimazu clan

Grave of Shimazu family at Mount Koya.

The Shimazu clan (島津氏, Shimazu-shi) were the daimyō of the Satsuma han, which spread over Satsuma, Ōsumi and Hyūga provinces in Japan.

The Shimazu were identified as one of the tozama or outsider daimyō families^[1] in contrast with the fudai or insider clans which were hereditary vassals or allies of the Tokugawa clan.

History

The Shimazu were descendants of the Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto. The Shimazu would become one of the families of Edo period daimyō to have held their territory continuously since the Kamakura period, and would also become, at their peak, the wealthiest and most powerful tozama family with an income in excess of 700,000 koku.

The founder, Shimazu Tadahisa (d. 1227), was a son of Shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147-1199) with the sister of Hiki Yoshikazu. Tadahisa's wife was a daughter of Koremune Hironobu, descendant of the Hata clan, whose name Tadahisa took at first. He received the domain of Shioda in Shinano Province in 1186 and was then named shugo of Satsuma Province. He sent Honda Sadachika to take possession of the province in his name and accompanied Yoritomo in his expedition to Mutsu in 1189. He went to Satsuma in 1196, subdued Hyūga and Ōsumi provinces, and built a castle in the domain of Shimazu (Hyuga) which name he also adopted.

The 19th head, Yoshihiro (1535–1619), was the daimyō at the time of the Battle of Sekigahara, the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate, and the Siege of Osaka.^[2] His nephew and successor was Shimazu Tadatsune.^[3] He held significant power during the first two decades of the 17th century, and organized the Shimazu invasion of the Ryūkyū Kingdom (modern-day Okinawa Prefecture) in 1609. Tokugawa allowed this because he wished to appease the Shimazu and prevent potential uprisings after their loss at Sekigahara.^[4] The trade benefits thus acquired, and the political prestige of being the only daimyō family to control an entire foreign country secured the family's position as one of the most powerful daimyō families in Japan at the time. The Shimazu clan is renowned for the loyalty of its retainers and officers, especially during the Sengoku period. Some retainer families, such as the Ijuin and Shirakawa, were determined to defeat any opposition to help expand the power of the Shimazu clan. The Shimazu are also famous for being the first to use firearms (arquebuses) on the battlefield in Japan, and began domestic production of the weapons as well. Shimazu battle tactics are known to have been very successful in defeating larger enemy armies, particularly during their campaign to conquer Kyūshū in the 1580s. Their tactics included the luring of the opposition into an ambush on both sides by arquebus troops, creating panic and disorder. Central forces would then be deployed to rout the enemy. In this way, the Shimazu were able to defeat much larger clans such as the Itō, Ryūzōji and Ōtomo. Overall, the Shimazu was a very large and powerful clan due to their strong economy both from domestic production through trade, good organization of government and troops, strong loyalty of retainers and isolation from Honshū.

Hisamitsu (1817–1887), regent of Tadayoshi, was the daimyō of Satsuma han at the time of the Boshin War and the Meiji Restoration, in which Satsuma played a major role.^[5]

Simplified family tree

Incorporates information from the Japanese Wikipedia article

^[6]

Order of Succession

1. Shimazu Tadahisa
2. Shimazu Tadatoki^[7]
3. Shimazu Hisatsune^[7]
4. Shimazu Tadamune
5. Shimazu Sadahisa^[7]
6. Shimazu Morohisa
7. Shimazu Ujihisa
8. Shimazu Yuihisa
9. Shimazu Motohisa
10. Shimazu Hisatoyo
11. Shimazu Tadakuni
12. Shimazu Tachihisa
13. Shimazu Tadamasa
14. Shimazu Tadaosa
15. Shimazu Tadataka
16. Shimazu Katsuhisa
17. Shimazu Takahisa^[8]
18. Shimazu Yoshihisa^[9]
19. Shimazu Yoshihiro^[2]
20. Shimazu Tadatsune^[3]
21. Shimazu Mitsuhisa
22. Shimazu Tsunataka
23. Shimazu Yoshitaka
24. Shimazu Tsugutoyo
25. Shimazu Munenobu
26. Shimazu Shigetoshi
27. Shimazu Shigehide^[10]
28. Shimazu Narinobu
29. Shimazu Narioki
30. Shimazu Nariakira^[11]
31. Shimazu Tadayoshi (with his father, Shimazu Hisamitsu,^[5] as regent)
32. Shimazu Tadashige
33. Shimazu Toyohisa
34. Shimazu Yoshihiro A

Other Members

• Shimazu Sanehisa
• Shimazu Kiriyama (Exiled, self-imposed)
• Shimazu Shigehide^[12]

Important Retainers

The Shimazu shichi-tō comprised the seven most significant vassal families—the Niiro, Hokugō, Ijuin,^[13] Machida, Kawakami, Ata and Kajiki.^[14]

• Ijuin Tada'aki
• Ijuin Tada'ao
• Ijuin Tadamune
• Ijuin Tadazane
• Niiro Tadamoto
• Yamada Arinobu
• Yamada Arinaga
• Kabayama Hisataka^[15]
• Saigō Takamori^[16]
• Shō Nei, King of Ryūkyū^[17]
• Shō Tai, King of Ryūkyū^[17]

See also

• Takako Shimazu
• Bombardment of Kagoshima

Notes

References

• Appert, Georges and H. Kinoshita. (1888). Ancien Japon. Tokyo: Imprimerie Kokubunsha. OCLC 4429674
• Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
• Kerr, George H. and Mitsugu Sakihara. (2000). Okinawa, the History of an Island People. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9780804820875; OCLC 247416761
• Papinot, Jacques Edmund Joseph. (1906) Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha. OCLC 465662682; Nobiliaire du japon (abridged version of 1906 text).
• Sansom, George. (1958). A History of Japan: 1615-1867. Stanford University Press. OCLC 607164037