Alberto Santos-Dumont

This article is about the aviator. For the city named after him, see Santos Dumont, Minas Gerais.
Alberto Santos-Dumont
Born (1873-07-20)20 July 1873
Palmira, Minas Gerais, Empire of Brazil
Died 23 July 1932(1932-07-23) (aged 59)
Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil
Resting place São João Batista Cemetery, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Occupation Aviator, inventor
Honours Grand Officier de la Légion d'honneur
Signature
Caricature of Santos-Dumont from Vanity Fair, 1899

Alberto Santos-Dumont (Portuguese pronunciation: [awˈbɛʁtu ˈsɐ̃tuz duˈmõ]; 20 July 1873 – 23 July 1932) was a Brazilian aviation pioneer. The heir of a wealthy family of coffee producers, Santos Dumont dedicated himself to aeronautical study and experimentation in Paris, France, where he spent most of his adult life.

Santos-Dumont designed, built, and flew hot air balloons and early dirigibles, his rising fame in this field culminating in his winning of the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize on 19 October 1901 on a flight that rounded the Eiffel Tower.

Following his pioneering work in airships, Santos-Dumont constructed a heavier-than-air aircraft, the 14-bis. On 23 October 1906 he flew this to make the first powered heavier-than-air flight to be certified by the Aéro Club de France and the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI).

In his homeland, Brazil, Santos-Dumont is a national hero, having his name written in Brazilian Hero Panthéon. He is credited in Brazil as the "father of flight".[1] Santos-Dumont occupied the 38th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1931 until his death in 1932.

Biography

Childhood

Santos-Dumont was born on 20 July 1873 in Cabangu in the Brazilian town of Palmira (today named Santos Dumont) in the state of Minas Gerais in southeast Brazil. He was youngest of the seven children born to Henrique Dumont, an engineer of French descent, and Francisca de Paula Santos. Shortly after Alberto's birth his father became the manager of a coffee plantation on land owned by his wife's family, and when Alberto was eight his father bought land on which he established a plantation of his own in Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo.[2] His father made extensive use of the latest labor-saving inventions on his plantation, and these innovations were so successful that Santos-Dumont's father accumulated a large fortune and became known as the "Coffee King of Brazil."

Santos-Dumont was fascinated by machinery, and while still a young child he learned to drive the steam tractors and locomotive used on his family's plantation. He was also a fan of Jules Verne, and had read many of his books before his 10th birthday. Santos-Dumont wrote in his autobiography that the dream of flying came to him while contemplating the magnificent skies of Brazil in the long, sunny afternoons at the plantation.[3]

After receiving basic instruction at home with private instructors including his parents and sisters, Santos-Dumont studied for a while at the Colégio Culto à Ciência in Campinas, after which he was sent to the Colégio Morton in São Paulo and the Escola de Minas in Minas Geras.[4]

Move to France

In 1891 Alberto's father Henriques fell from his horse while inspecting some machinery, causing partial paralysis, and decided to sell his plantation and travel to Europe with his wife and Alberto, in the hope of finding medical specialists to improve his medical condition.[5] Shortly after he arrived in Paris, Santos Dumont contacted a professional balloonist with the intention of making an ascent. The price quoted was 1,200 francs for a two-hour flight, plus payment for any damage caused and for returning the balloon to Paris. This was a considerable sum of money, and Santos-Dumont decided not to make the flight, reasoning that "If I risk 1,200 francs for an afternoon's pleasure I shall find it either good or bad. If it is bad the money will be lost. If it is good I shall want to repeat it and I shall not have the means."[6] After this he bought a Peugeot automobile, which he took with him when he returned to Brazil with his parents at the end of the year. In 1892 the family returned to Europe, but Henriques felt too ill to continue on to Paris from Lisbon, and Alberto made the journey on his own. His father's health deteriorated and he decided to return to Brazil, where he died on 30 August 1892.[7] For the next four years Alberto lived in Paris, studying physics, chemistry, mechanics, and electricity with the help of a private tutor, and returning to Brazil for short holidays. During this period he sold his Peugeot, replacing it with a more powerful and faster De Dion motor-tricycle.[8] In 1896 he returned to Brazil for a longer period, but began to miss Paris and so returned to Europe in 1897. Before embarking he had bought a copy of an account of Salomon Andrée's attempt to fly to the North Pole by balloon, written by the constructors of the balloon, MM. Lachambre and Machuron. In his biography Santos-Dumont describes the book as "a revelation", and resolved to make contact with the balloon constructors when he reached Paris.[9]

Balloons and dirigibles

The Bresil, Santos-Dumont's first balloon.
Airship basket that belonged to Alberto Santos-Dumont

On arrival in Paris Santos-Dumont contacted Lachambre and Machuron and arranged to make a flight, piloted by Alexis Machuron.[10] Taking off from Vaugirard, the flight lasted nearly two hours during which the balloon travelled 100 km (62 mi), coming down in the grounds of the Château de Ferrières. Enchanted by the experience, during the train journey back to Paris Santos-Dumont told Machuron that he wanted to have a balloon constructed for himself.[11] Before this was completed he gained experience by making a number of demonstration flights for Lachambre.[12]

Santos-Dumont's first balloon design, the Brésil, was remarkable for its small size and light weight, with a capacity of only 113 m3 (4,000 cu ft). In comparison, the balloon in which he had made his first flight had a capacity of 750 m3 (26,000 cu ft).

After numerous balloon flights, Santos-Dumont turned to the design of steerable balloons, or dirigibles, that could be propelled through the air rather than drifting along with the wind. A dirigible powered by an electric motor, La France, capable of flying at around 24 km/h (15 mph) had been successfully flown in 1884 by Charles Renard and Arthur Krebs, but their experiments had not progressed due to a lack of funding.[13] His first design was wrecked during its second flight on 29 September 1898, and he had even less luck with his second, which was abandoned after his first attempt to fly it on 11 May 1899. A major cause of the accidents to his first two airships had been loss of pressure causing the elongated envelope to lose shape, and for his third design he adopted a much shorter and fatter envelope shape, and towards the end of 1899 made a number of successful flights in it. Meanwhile, he had an airship shed complete with its own hydrogen generating plant constructed at the Aéro-Club de France's flying grounds in the Parc Saint Cloud.[14]

The zenith of his lighter-than-air career came when Santos-Dumont won the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize for the first flight from the Parc Saint Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than 30 minutes, necessitating an average ground speed of at least 22 km/h (14 mph) to cover the 11 km (6.8 mi) in the allotted time.

Santos-Dumont #5 rounding the Eiffel Tower during an earlier attempt to win the Deutsch Prize

To win the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize Santos-Dumont decided to build a bigger craft, the No. 5. On 8 August 1901, during one of his attempts, his dirigible began to lose hydrogen, and started to descend and was unable to clear the roof of the Trocadero Hotel. Santos-Dumont was left hanging in the basket from the side of the hotel. With the help of the Paris fire brigade, he climbed to the roof without injury, but the dirigible was a write-off. He immediately ordered a replacement to be constructed, the No.6[15]

On 19 October 1901, after several more attempts, Santos-Dumont succeeded in making the return flight. Immediately after he reached Saint-Cloud, a controversy broke out regarding the precise timing of the flight: although he had reached his destination in under 30 minutes there had been a delay of over a minute before his mooring line was picked up. However a satisfactory compromise was reached, and Santos Dumont was eventually given the prize, which he announced would be given to the poor of Paris.[16] An additional 125,000 francs along with a gold medal was voted to him by the government of his native Brazil.

Winning the de la Meurthe prize made him an international celebrity. With air traffic control restrictions still decades in the future, he would float along the Paris boulevards at rooftop level in his No. 9 Baladeuse, often landing in front of a fashionable outdoor cafe for lunch. On one occasion, he even flew it early one morning to his own apartment at No. 9, Rue Washington, just off Avenue des Champs-Élysées, not far from the Arc de Triomphe.[17] In 1903 Aida de Acosta piloted Santos-Dumont's airship.

Aida de Acosta piloted Santos-Dumont's airship in 1903.

In 1904 Santos-Dumont shipped his new airship No. 7 from Paris to St. Louis to fly at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, to compete for the Grand Prize of $100,000 which was to be given to a flying machine (of any sort) that could make three round-trip flights over a 24 km (15 mile) L-shaped course at an average speed of 32 kph (20 mph), later reduced to 24 kph (15 mph). It was also necessary for the machine to land, without damage to craft or crew, not more than 46 m (150 ft) from the starting point. Because he was the best-known aviator at the time, the Fair committee went to great lengths to ensure his participation, including modifying the rules. However, upon arrival in St. Louis, Santos-Dumont found his airship’s envelope to be irreparably damaged. Sabotage, although suspected, was never proven. Santos-Dumont did not participate in the contest after suspicion of the deed, a repeat of a similar incident in London, began to focus on Santos-Dumont himself. He left the Fair and returned immediately to France.

Parisians affectionately dubbed Santos-Dumont le petit Santos. The fashionable people of the day copied various aspects of his style of dress, from his high collared shirts to his signature Panama hat. He was, and remains to this day, a prominent folk hero in his native Brazil.

Heavier than air aircraft

First official flight, 23 October 1906, Bagatelle field.
Monument at Bagatelle to Santos-Dumont's flight of November 12th 1906.

Although Santos-Dumont continued to work on dirigibles, his primary interest soon turned to heavier-than-air aircraft. By 1905, he had finished his first fixed-wing aircraft design, and also a helicopter. Santos-Dumont finally succeeded in flying a heavier-than-air aircraft on 23 October 1906, piloting the 14-bis before a large crowd of witnesses at Bagatelle grounds (48°52′5″N 2°14′24″E / 48.86806°N 2.24000°E / 48.86806; 2.24000), nearby Château de Bagatelle in the Bois de Boulogne, for a distance of 60 metres (197 ft) at a height of about five meters (16 ft).[18] This was the first flight of a powered heavier-than-air machine in Europe to be verified by the Aéro-Club de France, and won the Deutsch-Archdeacon Price for the first officially observed flight of more than 25 meters. On 12 November 1906 Santos-Dumont set the first world record recognized by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale, by flying 220 metres (722 ft) in 21.5 seconds.[19][20]

Alberto Santos-Dumont flying the Demoiselle over Paris

Santos-Dumont's final design were the Demoiselle monoplanes (Nos. 19 to 22). These aircraft were used by Dumont for personal transport. The fuselage consisted of three specially reinforced bamboo booms, and the pilot sat a seat between the main wheels of a tricycle landing gear. The Demoiselle was controlled in flight by a tail unit that functioned both as elevator and rudder, and by wing warping (No. 20).

In 1908 Santos-Dumont started working with Adolphe Clément's Clement-Bayard company to mass-produce the Demoiselle No 19. They planned a production run of 100 units, built 50 but sold only 15, for 7,500 francs for each airframe. It was the world's first series production aircraft. By 1909 it was offered with a choice of three engines: Clement 20 hp; Wright 4-cyl 30 hp (Clement-Bayard had the license to manufacture Wright engines) and Clement-Bayard 40 hp designed by Pierre Clerget. The Demoiselle could achieve a speed of 120 km/h.[21]

The Demoiselle could be constructed in only 15 days. Possessing a good performance, flying at a speed of more than 100 km/h, the Demoiselle was the last aircraft designed by Santos-Dumont. The June 1910 edition of the Popular Mechanics magazine published drawings of the Demoiselle and stated, "This machine is better than any other which has ever been built, for those who wish to reach results with the least possible expense and with a minimum of experimenting." American companies sold drawings and parts for Demoiselles for several years afterward. Santos-Dumont was so enthusiastic about aviation that he made the drawings of the Demoiselle available free of charge, thinking that aviation would lead to a new prosperous era for mankind.

14-bis on an old postcard

Wristwatch


In 1904, while celebrating his winning of the Deutsch Prize at Maxim's Restaurant in Paris, Santos-Dumont complained to his friend Louis Cartier about the difficulty of checking his pocket watch to time his performance during flight. Santos-Dumont then asked Cartier to come up with an alternative that would allow him to keep both hands on the controls. Cartier went to work on the problem and the result was a watch with a leather band and a small buckle, to be worn on the wrist.[22]

Santos-Dumont never took off again without his personal Cartier wristwatch, and he used it to check his personal record for a 220 m (730 ft) flight, achieved in 21 seconds aided by a large headwind, on 12 November 1906. The Santos-Dumont watch was officially displayed on 20 October 1979 at the Paris Air Museum next to the 1908 Demoiselle, the last aircraft that he built.

Cartier markets wristwatches and sunglasses named after Santos-Dumont.[23]

Later years

Santos-Dumont next to balloonist Eduardo Bradley of Argentina

Santos-Dumont's final flight as a pilot was made in a Demoiselle on 4 January 1910. The flight ended in an accident when a bracing wire snapped when he was flying at an altitude of about 25 m (80 ft), causing a wing to collapse. He escaped with nothing worse than bruises.[24][25]

In March 1910 Santos-Dumont announced that he was retiring from aviation, and intended to sell his aircraft and workshop and dismiss his staff. He secluded himself in his house and it was rumoured that he was suffering from a nervous breakdown caused by overwork. However it is probable that he had in fact been diagnosed with the multiple sclerosis from which he was later known to suffer.[26]

In 1911 he moved to the French seaside village of Bénerville (now Benerville-sur-Mer), where he took up astronomy as a hobby.[27] After the outbreak of war in 1914 some of the local people, who knew little of his great fame and exploits in Paris just a few years earlier, mistook his German-made telescope and unusual accent as signs that he was a German spy tracking French naval activity, and this led to Santos-Dumont having his rooms searched by the French police. Upset by the allegation, as well as depressed from his illness, Santos-Dumont burned all of his papers, plans and notes, sold his house and returned to Brazil.[28] (For this reason there is little direct information available about his designs today).

"A Encantada", the house (chalet) of Santos-Dumont in Petrópolis, Brazil

In Brazil, Santos-Dumont bought a small lot on the side of a hill in the city of Petrópolis, in the mountains near Rio de Janeiro, and in 1918 built a small house there filled with imaginative mechanical gadgetry including an alcohol-fueled heated shower of his own design. The hill was purposefully chosen because of its great steepness as a proof that ingenuity could make it possible to build a comfortable house in that unlikely site. After building it, he used to spend his summers there to escape the heat in Rio, and affectionately called it A Encantada (The Enchanted), after its street, Rua do Encanto (Enchantment Street). The house has its stairs designed in a curious way, each tread alternately hollowed in the right and left, like an alternating tread stair: it allows that the stairs be steep enough to fit the little room available in the house, but still enable people to climb it comfortably. As the first hollow was in the left side of the stairs, people must step first with their right foot to climb it.

In 1928 Santos-Dumont left France to go back to his country of birth. His return to Brazil was marred by tragedy. A dozen members of the Brazilian scientific community boarded a seaplane with the intention of paying a flying welcome to the returning aviator on the luxury liner Cap Arcona. The seaplane, however, crashed with the loss of all on board.[29] The loss deepened Santos-Dumont's growing despondency.

Private life

Santos-Dumont, a lifelong bachelor, did seem to have a particular affection for a married Cuban-American woman named Aída de Acosta. She is the only other person that he ever permitted to fly one of his airships. By allowing her to fly his No. 9 airship she most likely became the first woman to pilot a powered aircraft. Until the end of his life, he kept a picture of her on his desk alongside a vase of fresh flowers. Nonetheless, there is no indication that Santos-Dumont and Acosta stayed in touch after her flight. Upon Santos-Dumont's death, Acosta was reported as saying that she hardly knew the man.

Santos-Dumont is also known to not only have often used an equal sign (=) between his two surnames in place of a hyphen, but also seems to have preferred that practice, to display equal respect for his father's French ethnicity and the Brazilian-Portuguese ethnicity of his mother.[30]

Death

Seriously ill and said to be depressed over his multiple sclerosis and the use of aircraft in warfare during São Paulo's Constitutionalist Revolution, Santos Dumont committed suicide by hanging himself on 23 July 1932 in the city of Guarujá in São Paulo,[29] although his death certificate gives the cause of death as "cardiac collapse".[31]

After lying in state for two days in the crypt of São Paulo cathedral his body was taken to Rio de Janeiro and after a state funeral he was buried in the São João Batista Cemetery.[32][33]

There are many monuments commemorating him in the country of his birth and elsewhere. His house in Petrópolis, Brazil is now a museum.

Honours

Legacy

Monument to Santos-Dumont in Saint-Cloud, France
Bust near the Brazilian Embassy, Washington, D.C., USA
Santos-Dumont flying the Demoiselle No21, Museum of Air and Space, Le Bourget
Ice cream made by the Santos Dumont Coffee Company.

See also

Alberto Santos-Dumont footage starts at 21 seconds in this 1945 newsreel on various firsts in human flight, but be aware of controversial claims in the narration (full size).

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Kingstone, Steve (16 December 2003). "Brazil's 'father of flight'". BBC News. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  2. ↑ Wykeham 1962, pp.17–18
  3. ↑ Wykeham 1962, p.21
  4. ↑ Wykeham 1962, p.23
  5. ↑ Wykeham 1962, p.24
  6. ↑ Santos-Dumont 1904, pp.27–28
  7. ↑ Wykeham 1962, p.33
  8. ↑ Wykeham 1962, p.39
  9. ↑ Santos-Dumont 1904, p.31
  10. ↑ "M. Santos Dumont". l'Aérophile (in French): 72. April 1901.
  11. ↑ Santos-Dumont 1904,pp. 33-42
  12. ↑ Santos-Dumont 1904,p. 48
  13. ↑ Hallion 2003 pp. 87–88.
  14. ↑ Santos-Dumont 1904, p. 129
  15. ↑ Santos-Dumont 1904, p. 174
  16. ↑ "M. Santos Dumont's Balloon" The Times (London). Monday, 21 October 1901. (36591), col A, p. 4.
  17. ↑ Hamre, Bonnie. "Alberto Santos Dumont." About.com. Retrieved: 20 August 2012.
  18. ↑ Gibbs-Smith, Charles H. "Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs." Flight, Volume 75, Issue 2619, 3 April 1959, p. 469. Retrieved: 24 August 2013.
  19. ↑ Jines, Ernest. "Santos Dumont in France 1906-1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds." earlyaviators.com, 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.
  20. ↑ "Cronologia de Santos Dumont" (in Portuguese). santos-dumont.net.Retrieved: 12 October 2010.
  21. ↑ Hartmann, Gérard. "Clément-Bayard, sans peur et sans reproche" (French). hydroretro.net. Retrieved: 14 November 2010.
  22. ↑ "Aviation Pioneer Scored A First in Watch-Wearing." The New York Times, 25 October 1975. Retrieved: 21 July 2009.
  23. ↑ Cartier sunglasses. "Cartier rimmed sunglasses" (English). cartier.com. Retrieved: 9 December 2012.
  24. ↑ Santos-Dumont's Accident Flight, 8 January 1910, p.28.
  25. ↑ "NOVA 124: Wings of Madness." PBS. Retrieved: 14 November 2010.
  26. ↑ Wykeham 1962, pp236-8
  27. ↑ Wykeham 1962, p.242
  28. ↑ Wykeham 1962, pp245-6
  29. 1 2 Hallion 2003, p. 93.
  30. ↑ Gray 2006, p.4.
  31. ↑ Wykeham 1962, p.260 (fn)
  32. ↑ "The Late M. Santos Dumont" (News). The Times (London). Monday, 19 December 1932. (46320), col F, p. 11.
  33. ↑ "Alberto Santos Dumont Lies In State in Brazil's Capital." The New York Times, 19 December 1932.
  34. ↑ "Les Croix de Aéro-Locomotion". l'Aérophile: 356. 1 August 1909.
  35. ↑ "Convocations". L'Aérophile (in French). 1–15 December 1929.
  36. ↑ "FESJ - Fundação Educacional São José." www.fsd.edu.br. Retrieved: 9 August 2010.
  37. ↑ "Airship Santos Dumont to Conduct Test Phase." www.news.navy.mil. Retrieved: 9 August 2010.
  38. ↑ "Saint-Cloud." ac-versailles.fr.
  39. ↑ "Santos Dumont." musicapopular.cl. Retrieved: 9 August 2010.
  40. ↑ http://www.flyingmag.com/photo-gallery/photos/51-heroes-aviation?pnid=41847

Bibliography

  • de Barros, Henrique Lins. Santos Dumont and the Invention of the Airplane (PDF). Rio de Janeiro: Brazilian Ministry of Science & Technology and the Brazilian Centre for Research in Physics, 2006. ISBN 978-85-85752-17-0.
  • de Mattos, Bento S. "Santos Dumont and the Dawn of Aviation," AIAA paper # 2004-106, 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada, January 2004.
  • de Mattos, Bento S. "Short History of Brazilian Aeronautics," AIAA paper # 2006-328, 44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada, January 2006.
  • de Mattos, Bento S. "Open Source Philosophy and the Dawn of Aviation," J. Aerospace Technology Management, São José dos Campos, Vol. 4, No. 3, July–September 2012, pp. 355–379.
  • Garrett, Charles Hall. "A Builder of Successful Air-Ships". The World's Work: A History of Our Time, VIII, May 1904: pp. 4737–4739.
  • Gray, Carroll F. "The 1906 Santos=Dumont No. 14bis". World War I Aeroplanes, Issue #194, November 2006, pp. 4–21.
  • Hallion, Richard P. Taking Flight. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-1951-6035-5.
  • Hansen, James R. First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. ISBN 978-0-7432-5631-5.
  • Hoffman, Paul. Wings of Madness: Alberto Santos Dumont and the Invention of Flight. New York: Hyperion Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7868-6659-5.
  • Santos Dumont, Alberto. My Airships. London, G. Richards, 1904 hos / Follow Your Dreams: The Story of Alberto Santos Dumont, (bilingual, Portuguese/English). Rio de Janeiro: Prometheus Press, 2005. ISBN 978-85-99240-02-1.
  • Winters, Nancy. Man Flies: The Story of Alberto Santos-Dumont, Master of the Balloon. New York: Ecco Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-88001-636-0.
  • Wykeham, Peter. Santos Dumont: A Study in Obsession. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962. ISBN 978-0-405-12210-1.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alberto Santos-Dumont.
Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about Alberto Santos-Dumont.
Preceded by
Graça Aranha (founder)
Brazilian Academy of Letters - Occupant of the 38th chair
1931 — 1932 		Succeeded by
Celso Vieira
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