Kaempferia galanga

Kaempferia galanga
Drawing from an 1805 issue of The Botanical Magazine
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
(unranked): Commelinids
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Zingiberaceae
Subfamily: Zingiberoideae
Tribe: Kaempferia
Genus: Kaempferia
Species: K. galanga
Binomial name
Kaempferia galanga
L.

Kaempferia galanga, commonly known as kencur, aromatic ginger, sand ginger, cutcherry or resurrection lily, is a monocotyledonous plant in the ginger family, and one of four plants called galangal. It is found primarily in open areas in Indonesia, southern China, Taiwan, Cambodia and India, but is also widely cultivated throughout Southeast Asia.

Culinary and medical use

The plant is used as a herb in cooking in Indonesia, where it is called kencur, and especially in Javanese cuisine and Balinese cuisine. Beras kencur, which combines dried K. galanga powder with rice flour, is a particularly popular jamu herbal drink. Its leaves are also used in the Malay rice dish, nasi ulam.

Unlike the similar Boesenbergia rotunda (Thai กระชาย krachai), K. galanga is not commonly used in Thai cuisine, but can be bought as a dried rhizome or in powder form at herbal medicine stalls. It is known in Thai as proh horm (เปราะหอม) or waan horm (ว่านหอม), and in Khmer as prâh (ប្រោះ) or prâh krâ-oup (ប្រោះក្រអូប). It is also used in Chinese cooking and Chinese medicine, and is sold in Chinese groceries under the name sha jiang (Chinese: 沙姜; pinyin: shajiang),[1] while the plant itself is referred to as shan nai (Chinese: 山柰; pinyin: shannai).[2] Kaempferia galanga has a peppery camphorous taste.[1]

Similar species

K. galanga is differentiated from other galangals by the absence of stem and dark brown, rounded rhizomes, while the other varieties all have stems and pale rosebrown rhizomes. It is also sometimes called lesser galangal, which properly refers to Alpinia officinarum.

Pharmacology

Kaempferia galanga rhizomes

The rhizomes of aromatic ginger have been reported to include cineol, borneol, 3-carene, camphene, kaempferol, kaempferide, cinnamaldehyde, p-methoxycinnamic acid, ethyl cinnamate, and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate. Extracts of the plant using methanol have shown larvicidal activity against the second-stage larvae of dog roundworms (Toxocara canis). It was also found to be effective as an amebicide in vitro against three species of Acanthamoeba, which cause granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis. In 1999, the rhizome extract was found to inhibit activity of Epstein-Barr virus. Further research has demonstrated the extract effectively kills larvae of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus and repels adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, both of which are serious disease vectors. As a result of these findings, research is underway to evaluate the plant extract's use as an insect repellent, with preliminary findings suggesting it is not an irritant to the skin of rats.[10]

Extracts and essential oils

Kaempferia galanga rhizomes, sliced open

The rhizomes of the plant, which contain essential oils, have been used in traditional Chinese medicine as a decoction or powder for treating indigestion, colds, pectoral and abdominal pains, headache, and toothache. Its alcoholic maceration has also been applied as liniment for rheumatism.[10] The extract causes central nervous system depression, a decrease in motor activity, and a decrease in respiratory rate.[11]

The decoctions and the sap of the leaves may have hallucinogenic properties, which may be due to unidentified chemical components of the plant’s essential oil fraction.[12]

A purified extract of K. galanga and polyester-8 stabilize the UV-absorptive properties of sunscreen combinations containing avobenzone.[13]

The rhizomes of K. galanga contain chemicals that are potent insecticides.[14] and may have potential in mosquito control.[15] A similar finding was also revealed previously for Zingiber cassumunar and K. rotunda.[7]

K. galanga extracts possesses antioxidant [16] anti-inflammatory[17] and analgesic activities.[18]

K. galanga contains up to 2.5% ethyl p-methoxycinnamate], which may be useful as a potential antituberculosis lead molecule.[19] In an anticancer assay, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate could inhibit the proliferation of the human hepatocellular liver carcinoma HepG2 cell line in vitro.[20][21] The anti-inflammatory effect of K. galanga is mainly due to ethyl p-methoxycinnamate.[22]

Two major aromatic compounds found in K. galanga, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate had sedative effects on mice when inhaled.[23]

Aroma attributes

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Van Wyk, Ben-Erik (2005). Food Plants of the World. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, Inc. ISBN 0-88192-743-0.
  2. ↑ Wu, Delin; Larsen, Kai (2000). "Kaempferia galanga". In Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y. Flora of China 22. Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. p. 74. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Chan, E.W.C.; et al. (2008). "Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition properties of leaves and rhizomes of ginger species". Food Chemistry 109 (3): 477–483. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.016.
  4. 1 2 3 Chan, E.W.C.; et al. (2009). "Effects of different drying methods on the antioxidant properties of leaves and tea of ginger species". Food Chemistry 113 (1): 166–172. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.090.
  5. ↑ Chan, E.W.C.; et al. (2009). "Caffeoylquinic acids from leaves of Etlingera species (Zingiberaceae)". LWT - Food Science and Technology 42 (5): 1026–1030. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2009.01.003.
  6. 1 2 Woerdenbag, Herman J.; et al. (2004). "Composition of the essential oils of Kaempferia rotunda L. and Kaempferia angustifolia Roscoe rhizomes from Indonesia". Flavour and Fragrance Journal 19 (2): 145–148. doi:10.1002/ffj.1284.
  7. 1 2 3 Nugroho, Bambang W.; et al. (1996). "Insecticidal constituents from rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar and Kaempferia rotunda". Phytochemistry 41 (1): 129–132. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(95)00454-8.
  8. ↑ Chung SY, et al. (2009). "Potent modulation of P-glycoprotein activity by naturally occurring phenylbutenoids from Zingiber cassumunar". Phytotherapy Research 23 (4): 472–476. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650. PMID 19051210.
  9. ↑ Jiang, H.; et al. (2006). "Metabolic profiling and phylogenetic analysis of medicinal Zingiber species: Tools for authentication of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)". Phytochemistry 67 (15): 1673–1685. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.08.001. PMID 16169024.
  10. 1 2 Kanjanapothi, D.; et al. (2004). "Toxicity of crude rhizome extract of Kaempferia galanga L. (Proh Hom)". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90 (2–3): 359–365. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2003.10.020. PMID 15013202.
  11. ↑ Kanjanapothi, D; Panthong, A; Lertprasertsuke, N; Taesotikul, T; Rujjanawate, C; Kaewpinit, D; Sudthayakorn, R; Choochote, W; et al. (2004). "Toxicity of crude rhizome extract of Kaempferia galanga L. (Proh Hom)". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90 (2–3): 359–65. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2003.10.020. PMID 15013202.
  12. ↑ The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, pg. 303 by Thomas Nordegren
  13. ↑ Gonzalez A., Gaenzler F. "Photostability of sunscreen combinations containing avobenzone exposed to natural and artificial ultraviolet light." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2011 64:2 SUPPL. 1 (AB30)
  14. ↑ Ahn, Young-Joon; et al. (2008). "Larvicidal activity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome phenylpropanoids towards three mosquito species". Pest Management Science 64 (8): 857–862. doi:10.1002/ps.1557. PMID 18324612.
  15. ↑ Kim N.-J., Byun S.-G., Cho J.-E., Chung K., Ahn Y.-J. "Larvicidal activity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome phenylpropanoids towards three mosquito species." Pest Management Science 2008 64:8 (857-862)
  16. ↑ Butkhup L., Samappito S. "In vitro free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activity of some selected Thai medicinal plants" Research Journal of Medicinal Plant 2011 5:3 (254-265)
  17. ↑ Ridtitid W., Sae-Wong C., Reanmongkol W., Wongnawa M."Anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol extract of Kaempferia galanga Linn. in experimental animals." Planta Medica 2009 75:9
  18. ↑ Vittalrao A.M., Shanbhag T., Meena Kumari K., Bairy K.L., Shenoy S. "Evaluation of antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga in rats". Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2011 55:1 (13-24)
  19. ↑ Lakshmanan D., Werngren J., Jose L., Suja K.P., Nair M.S., Varma R.L., Mundayoor S., Hoffner S., Kumar R.A. "Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from a traditional anti-tuberculosis medicinal herb inhibits drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro." Fitoterapia 2011 82:5 (757-761)
  20. ↑ Liu B., Liu F., Chen C., Gao H. "Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome and its apoptotic induction in human HepG2 cells." Natural Product Research 2010 24:20 (1927-1932)
  21. ↑ Mahavorasirikul W., Chaijaroenkul W., Itharat A., Na-Bangchang K.,"Screening of cytotoxic activity of Thai medicinal plants against human cholangiocarcinoma cells In Vitro" Drug Metabolism Reviews 2009 41 SUPPL. 2 (85)
  22. ↑ Umar M.I., Asmawi M.Z., Sadikun A., Atangwho I.J., Yam M.F., Altaf R., Ahmed A. Bioactivity-Guided Isolation of Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, an Anti-inflammatory Constituent, from Kaempferia galanga L. Extracts. Molecules. 2012; 17(7):8720-8734.
  23. ↑ Huang L., Yagura T., Chen S. "Sedative activity of hexane extract of Keampferia galanga L. and its active compounds." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2008 120:1 (123-125)
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wong, K. C.; et al. (2006). "Composition of the essential oil of rhizomes of kaempferia galanga L". Flavour and Fragrance Journal 7 (5): 263–266. doi:10.1002/ffj.2730070506.
  25. ↑ Othman, R.; et al. (2006). "Bioassay-guided isolation of a vasorelaxant active compound from Kaempferia galanga L". Phytomedicine 13 (1 – 2): 61–66. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2004.07.004. PMID 16360934.
  26. ↑ Huang, Linfang; et al. (2008). "Sedative activity of hexane extract of Keampferia galanga L. and its active compounds". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 120 (1): 123–125. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.045. PMID 18761077.

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