Samolaco horse

Samolaco
Alternative names Samolaco Horse, Chiavennese
Country of origin Italy, native to the province of Sondrio
Breed standards
not recognised [no Breed standards]
Equus ferus caballus

The Samolaco is a rare breed of horse originating from the Valchiavenna and Valtellina, in Lombardy, northern Italy. It takes its name from the town of Samolaco, near Chiavenna in the province of Sondrio. Gravely endangered, it is not among the fifteen indigenous horse "breeds of limited distribution" recognised by the AIA, the Italian breeders' association.[1] The population is listed in DAD-IS as over 12 in 1994, and under 100 in 1998;[2] one further example of the breed may have been identified during a television broadcast.[3]

History

The Samolaco horse is thought to originate from crossing between indigenous animals and Spanish horses abandoned in about the 17th century by the garrisons of Spanish fortifications in the areas known as Trivio di Fuentes and Pian di Spagna,[3] which were surrendered to Prince Eugène of Savoy in 1706.[4] The FAO describes the breed as a composite of Andalusian and local populations.[2] The horses were usually stabled during the winter and transhumed to higher alpine pasture in summer. Powerful Bruna Alpina oxen were preferred for agricultural and forestry work in the area, and the Samolaco horse was never widely distributed. Production of horsemeat was not economically attractive, and raising of the breed was largely abandoned. The few horses seen in the 1980s were gravely degenerated, with poorly conformed legs and heavy heads; their pale chestnut colouring may be attributed to the systematic introduction of Avelignese blood, which was at first a programme of improvement but effectively became one of outright substitution.[5] The Samolaco is discussed in detail by Fogliata (1910):[6]

<blockquote class="templatequote" style=""font-size:90%"">Clivio writes: "In the province of Sondrio may be found the so-called Chiavennese breed of horse; the horses are sober, rustic, highly resistant to fatigue, hunger and bad weather. They are descended from horses abandoned by invading armies, probably the Spaniards, and are of Asiatic type. They are of medium height and size, with a rounded croup, a broad chest, a good neck and a light head. They are excellent light draught and trotting horses, and are also used for farm work. The most suitable stallion for the mares of this region is the Oriental, as the mares originally descend from this breed. The foals generally leave much to be desired, remaining small and thin-bodied because of insufficient food and being put to work early. From 1850, under the Austrian government, a number of stallions stood in the city of Sondrio, and later some were sent by the Italian government also; from all of these, but especially from the former, good horses were obtained, which were admired for their beauty and for their resistance. Before 1887 there were some private studs; in that year the state breeding stations were established, and the private ones disappeared. Not many years ago the Valtellina was an active exporter of horses, but this gradually reduced, and is now exceeded by [imports]".

From this report we may understand that there is in the Valtellina a breed of oriental type, with production centred on Chiavenna, which was prosperous when it was left to itself, so that it was an important export; and that after the establishment of the state stud organisation, the situation was reversed. In fact, while director Clivio suggests that the stallion that should be sent to that station is an Oriental, the stallion that was sent there was an English Hackney. So that, assuming that that small Chiavennese breed really had notable merits, especially their outstanding suitability for hill work, they wanted to destroy those qualities with an unsuitable cross, for the Hackney is not, and can never be, a suitable sire for the horses needed on hills and on mountains. So, in contrast to the Hungarian government, which created the Fogaras breed at 700 metres above sea level in order have stallions suitable to cover the mares of the mountains, we send to the Alpine slopes the same stallion that we use in the low lush meadows of the plains of Lombardy! But perhaps more attention should be paid to what was said by Prof. Lemoigne in the conferences he held in the Valtellina, which is that this province is not, and cannot be, horse country. If this is true, however, one wonders for what purpose a government horse breeding station was established there.[6]

— Giacinto Fogliata, Tipi e razze equine in Rapporto con la produzione equina in Italia, con l'aggiunta della produzione del mulo. Seconda edizione, migliorata e notevolmente accresciuta.

References

  1. ↑ "Il Registro Anagrafico delle razze Equine ed Asinine a limitata diffusione" (in Italian). Associazione Italiana Allevatori. n.d. Retrieved Apr 2011. Anagraphic register of the horse and donkey breeds of limited distribution
  2. 1 2 "Domestic Animal Diversity Information System". FAO. Retrieved April 2011.
  3. 1 2 Zanon, Dr. Alessio. "Origini e attitudini" (in Italian). Retrieved April 2011. Origins and attitudes
  4. ↑ "Il Forte di Fuentes: La storia del Forte" (in Italian). Retrieved April 2011. The Fort of Fuentes: The history of the Fort
  5. ↑ Guardasoni, Mario (1954) Appunti di Zootecnica Speciale Parma: Casanova Editore; cited by: Zanon, Dr. Alessio. "Origini e attitudini" (in Italian). Retrieved April 2011.
  6. 1 2 Fogliata, Giacinto (1910) Tipi e razze equine in Rapporto con la produzione equina in Italia, con l'aggiunta della produzione del mulo. Seconda edizione, migliorata e notevolmente accresciuta (2nd Ed.) Pisa: Tip. Ed. F. Mariotti. BN 1910 2761. pp.570, 8 figures; cited by: Zanon, Dr. Alessio. "Origini e attitudini" (in Italian). Retrieved April 2011:
    “Nella provincia di Sondrio si ha da considerare la così detta razza equina Chiavennese; sono cavalli sobri, rustici, assai resistenti alle fatiche, alle privazioni alle intemperie. Discendono da cavalli abbandonati sul luogo dagli eserciti invasori, probabilmente dagli spagnuoli, ed appartengono al tipo asiatico. Hanno statura e corporatura mezzana, groppa arrotondata, petto largo con testa leggera e buona incollatura. Sono eccellenti cavalli da tiro leggero e trotto, e servono anche per i lavori di campagna. Lo stallone più adatto per le cavalle di questa regione è l’orientale, essendo in origine le cavalle discendenti da questa razza. I puledri lasciano in generale molto a desiderare, a causa dell’insufficiente alimentazione ed il precoce lavoro riescono di bassa statura e gracili di corpo.
    Fin dal 1850, sotto il Governo Austriaco nella città di Sondrio funzionano parecchi stalloni, e più tardi ne furono mandati anche dal Governo italiano: da tutti, ma specialmente dai primi furono ottenuti dei buoni prodotti, che vennero ammirati, sia per la bellezza delle loro forme che per la resistenza.
    Esistevano prima del 1887 alcune stazioni di monta privata: da quell’anno fu istituita la stazione di monta governativa, e con essa disparvero le private.
    'Non molti anni sono la Valtellina faceva un’attiva esportazione di equini, ma essa andava man mano diminuendo, ed ora è superata dall’esportazione' (Clivio).
    Da queste notizie si trae la cognizione che esiste una razza valtellinese, con centro di produzione in Chiavenna, di tipo orientale, che fu prosperosa un tempo quando era lasciata a sé stessa, tanto che ne era notevole l’esportazione, e che dopo la istituzione della stazione di monta governativa, le parti si sono invertite. Infatti mentre il direttore Clivio suggerisce che lo stallone da inviarsi a quella stazione sia un orientale, lo stallone che vi viene mandato è un Hackney inglese. Sicché ammesso che quella piccola razza chiavennese avesse realmente notevoli pregi, specialmente stimabili per l’attitudine spiccata al lavoro in collina, quei pregi si vollero distruggere con un incrociamento disadatto, che l’Hackney non è, ne può essere, utile riproduttore di cavalli quali occorrono sulle colline e sui monti.
    E così contrariamente a quanto fa il Governo Ungherese, il quale ha creato la razza di Fogaras a 700 metri sul livello del mare, per avere riproduttori atti ad accoppiarsi con le cavalle di montagna, noi mandiamo sui pendii alpini lo stesso stallone che adoperiamo nelle basse e lussureggianti e piane praterie lombarde!!
    Ma forse converrà prestare maggior fede a quanto ha detto il Prof. Lemoigne nelle sue conferenze tenute in Valtellina, che cioè questa provincia non è, ne può essere, paese di cavalli. Se ciò è vero, però, si domanda a quale scopo fu istituita colà una stazione governativa di monta equina”.
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