St. Bernard (dog)

St. Bernard

St. Bernard
Other names	St. Bernhardshund Bernhardiner Alpine Mastiff (archaic)
Nicknames	Saint
Country of origin	Italy/Switzerland
Classification / standards FCI Group 2 Section 2 #61 standard AKC Working Group standard ANKC Utility Group standard CKC Working Group standard KC (UK) Working Group standard NZKC Utility standard UKC Guardian Dog Group standard
Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)

The St. Bernard or St Bernard (/ˈbɜːrnərd/ or /bərˈnɑːrd/)^[1] is a breed of very large working dog from Swiss Alps and north Italy and Switzerland, originally bred for rescue. The breed has become famous through tales of alpine rescues, as well as for its enormous size.

Appearance

Longhaired St. Bernard Dog

The St. Bernard is a giant dog, with the largest individuals reaching over 140 kg (310 lb). The average weight of the breed is between 65–120 kg (140–260 lb) or more and the approximate height at the withers is 70 to 90 cm (28 to 35 in).^[2] The coat can be either smooth or rough, with the smooth coat close and flat. The rough coat is dense but flat, and more profuse around the neck and legs. The coat is typically a red color with white, or sometimes a mahogany brindle with white. Black shading is usually found on the face and ears. The tail is long and heavy, hanging low. Eyes should have naturally tight lids, with "haws only slightly visible"; they are usually brown, but sometimes can be icy blue.

History

Painting by John Emms portraying St. Bernards as rescue dogs, with the apocryphal "brandy barrel"

A St. Bernard rescue dog in Valais

The ancestors of the St. Bernard share a history with the Sennenhunds, also called Swiss Mountain Dogs or Swiss Cattle Dogs, the large farm dogs of the farmers and dairymen of the livestock guardians, herding dogs, and draft dogs as well as hunting dogs, search and rescue dogs, and watchdogs. These dogs are thought to be descendants of molosser type dogs brought into the Alps by the ancient Romans, and the St. Bernard is recognized internationally today as one of the Molossoid breeds.^[3]

The earliest written records of the St. Bernard breed are from monks at the hospice at the Great St. Bernard Pass in 1707, with paintings and drawings of the dog dating even earlier.^[4]

The most famous St. Bernard to save people at the pass was Barry (sometimes spelled Berry), who reportedly saved somewhere between 40 and 100 lives. There is a monument to Barry in the Cimetière des Chiens, and his body was preserved in the Natural History Museum in Berne.^[5]

The classic St. Bernard looked very different from the St. Bernard of today because of cross-breeding. Severe winters from 1816 to 1818 led to increased numbers of avalanches, killing many of the dogs used for breeding while they were performing rescues.^[6][7] In an attempt to preserve the breed, the remaining St. Bernards were crossed with Newfoundlands brought from the Colony of Newfoundland in the 1850s, and so lost much of their use as rescue dogs in the snowy climate of the alps because the long fur they inherited would freeze and weigh them down.^[8]

The dogs never received any special training from the monks. Instead, younger dogs would learn how to perform search and rescue operations from older dogs.^[9]

The Swiss St. Bernard Club was founded in Basel on 15 March 1884. The St. Bernard was the very first breed entered into the Swiss Stud Book in 1884, and the breed standard was finally approved in 1888. Since then, the breed has been a Swiss national dog.^[4]

The dogs at the St Bernard hospice were working dogs that were smaller than today's show St Bernard's dogs. Originally about the size of a German Shepherd Dog,^[10] the St Bernard grew to the size of today's dog as kennel clubs and dog shows emphasized appearance over the dog's working ability, along with a closed stud book.^[11]

An open stud book would have allowed breeders to correct such errors by breeding in Working dog of other dog breeds.

Naming

The name "St. Bernard" originates from the Great St. Bernard Hospice, a traveler's hospice on the often treacherous Great St. Bernard Pass in the Western Alps between Switzerland and Italy. The pass, the lodge, and the dogs are named for Bernard of Menthon, the 11th century monk who established the station.^[12]

"St. Bernard" wasn't in widespread use until the middle of the 19th century. The dogs were called "Saint Dogs", "Noble Steeds", "Alpenmastiff", or "Barry Dogs" before that time.

Related breeds

The breed is strikingly similar to the English Mastiff, with which it shares a common ancestor known as the Alpine Mastiff. The modern St. Bernard breed is radically different than the original dogs kept at the St. Bernard hospice, most notably by being much larger in size and build. Since the late 1800s, the St. Bernard breed has been ever refined and improved using many different large Molosser breeds, including the Newfoundland, Great Pyrenees, Greater Swiss Mountain Dog, Bernese Mountain Dog, Great Dane, English Mastiff, and possibly the Tibetan Mastiff and Caucasian Ovcharka. Other breeds such as the Rottweiler, Boxer, and English Bulldog may have contributed to the St. Bernard's bloodline as well. It is suspected that many of these large breeds were used to redevelop each other to combat the threat of their extinction after World War II, which may explain why all of them played a part in the creation of the St. Bernard as seen today.^[13]

The four Sennenhund breeds, the Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund (Greater Swiss Mountain Dog), the Berner Sennenhund, (Bernese Mountain Dog), the Appenzeller Sennenhund, (Appenzeller), and the Entlebucher Sennenhund (Entlebucher Mountain Dog) are similar in appearance and share the same location and history, but are tricolor rather than red and white.

The Russian army kennels crossbreed St Bernards with Caucasian Ovcharka to produce the Moscow Watchdog that are still used as military service dogs in Russia today.^[14] St Bernards have in common many characteristics of other Mountain dog breeds.

St Bernard dog in 1929 which were use as avalanche dog

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  A St. Bernard with short coat

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  St Bernard with the iconic barrel. They attribute this legend to a 1820 painting by Edwin Landseer

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  St. Bernard Dog in winter

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  Two longhaired St. Bernard Dogs

Kennel Club recognition

The St. Bernard is recognised internationally by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale as a Molosser in Group 2, Section 2. The breed is recognised by The Kennel Club (UK), the Canadian Kennel Club, and the American Kennel Club in the Working Dog breed group. The United Kennel Club in the United States places the breed in the Guardian Dog Group. The New Zealand Kennel Club and the Australian National Kennel Council place the breed in the Utility Group

Modern activities - Great St Bernard Pass

St. Bernard demonstrating its strength.

A St. Bernard performing agility at the Rose City Classic AKC Show 2007, Portland, Oregon, USA.

St. Bernard dogs are no longer used for Alpine rescues, the last recorded instance of which was in 1955. As late as 2004, the Great St Bernard Hospice still maintained 18 of the dogs for reasons of tradition and sentiment. In that year the Barry Foundation created breeding kennels for the breed at the town of Martigny down the Pass, and purchased the remaining dogs from the Hospice.

The animals bred by the Foundation are trained to participate in a variety of dog sports including carting and weight pulling. The dogs at the Barry Foundation are reportedly smaller than the average St Bernard.

Health

The very fast growth rate and the weight of a St. Bernard can lead to very serious deterioration of the bones if the dog does not get proper food and exercise. Many dogs are genetically affected by hip dysplasia or elbow dysplasia. Osteosarcoma (bone cancer) has been shown to be hereditary in the breed.^[15] They are susceptible to eye disorders called entropion and ectropion, in which the eyelid turns in or out. The breed standard indicates that this is a major fault. The breed is also susceptible to epilepsy and seizures, a heart disease called dilated cardiomyopathy, and eczema.

US and UK breed clubs put the average lifespan for a St. Bernard at 8–10 years.^[16][17][18] A 2003 Danish breed survey (35 dogs) puts the median lifespan at 9.5 years while a UK breed survey in 2004 (53 dogs) puts the median lifespan at 7 years. In the UK survey about one in five lived to >10 years with the longest lived dog at 12 years and 9 months.^[19][20]

A study of genetically related polyneuropathy in the breed was conducted.^[21]

Temperament

Known as a classic example of a Gentle Giant, the Saint Bernard is calm, patient and sweet with adults, and especially children. However St. Bernards, like all very large dogs, must be well socialized with people and other dogs in order to prevent fearfulness and any possible aggression or territoriality. The biggest threat to small children is being knocked over by this breed's larger size. Overall they are a sweet, gentle, calm, loyal and affectionate breed, and if socialized are very friendly. Because of its large adult size, it is essential that proper training and socialization begin while the St. Bernard is still a puppy, so as to avoid the difficulties that normally accompany training large dogs. An unruly St. Bernard may present problems for even a strong adult, so control needs to be asserted from the beginning of the dog's training. While generally not instinctively protective, a St. Bernard may bark at strangers, and their size makes them good deterrents against possible intruders.^[22][23]

Notability

Record size

A female Saint Bernard Dog

St. Bernards were exported to England in the mid-19th century, where they were bred with mastiffs to create an even larger dog. Plinlimmon, a famous St. Bernard of the time, was measured at 95 kg (210 lbs) and 87.5 cm (34¹⁄₂ins), and was sold to an American for $7000.^[12] Commercial pressure encouraged breeding ever larger dogs until "the dogs became so gross that they had difficulties in getting from one end of a show ring to another".^[12]

An 1895 New York Times report mentions a St. Bernard named Major F. measuring 8 feet 6 inches (2.59 m) in length, who, if the claims are true, would be the longest dog in history.^[24] Another St. Bernard named Benedictine V Schwarzwald Hof (Pierson, Michigan - USA) also reached 315 lb (143 kg), which earned a place in the 1981 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records.^[25]

In media

St. Bernard puppy.

St. Bernards are often portrayed, especially in old live action comedies such as Swiss Miss, the TV series Topper, and classic cartoons, wearing small barrels of brandy around their necks. Avalanche victims supposedly drank the brandy to stay warm while awaiting rescue, although this is medically unsound. The monks of the St. Bernard Hospice deny that any St. Bernard has ever carried casks or small barrels around their necks; they attribute the image to an 1820 painting by Edwin Landseer, perhaps Alpine Mastiffs Reanimating a Distressed Traveler (which became a popular engraving in 1831 by Charles Landseer).^[26] The monks did keep casks around for photographs by tourists.^[27]

A Punch magazine cartoon from 1949 depicts a man with a St. Bernard and several puppies, all of which are wearing neck casks. The man explains, "Of course, I only breed them for the brandy."

A frequent joke in old MGM and Warner Brothers shorts is to depict the dogs as compulsive alcoholics who engage in frequent nips from their own casks.

Famous St. Bernards

Drawing of Barry rescuing a small child.

• Bachelor, Resident Dog, The Ritz-Carlton, Bachelor Gulch
• Burtonswood (Bossy Boots). English and Irish Crufts Supreme Champion (1974), Breeder was the late Miss Marjorie Hinds.
• Bamse, a Norwegian dog honoured for exploits during World War II memorial statue in Montrose, Scotland where he died in 1944
• Barry, famous Alpine rescue dog
• Bernie, mascot of the Colorado Avalanche
• Bernie "Saint" Bernard, mascot of the saints in Dabuque
• Bernie, mascot of the Northampton Saints
• Gumbo, team mascot for the New Orleans Saints
• Porthos, J.M. Barrie's dog
• Schnorbitz, on-stage partner of British comedian Bernie Winters during his later career
• Schotzie & Schotzie "02", beloved pets and mascots of Cincinnati Reds' owner
• Scipio Saint Bernard of Orville Wright^[28]
• Shirley Temple and a St. Bernard friend
• Wallace (currently Wallace VI), mascot of The Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's)

Fictional dogs

Longhaired

Short haired

See generally: List of fictional dogs

• Båtsman, a St. Bernard in Astrid Lindgren's story Vi på Saltkråkan
• Beethoven (from the movie series of the same name) The 1992 comedy film Beethoven features a large, friendly but troublesome St. Bernard and, in later sequels, his mate and their brood of unruly pups. According to the producers of the sequel Beethoven's 2nd, the St. Bernards used in the film grew so fast during filming that over 100 St. Bernard puppies were cast to portray the sequel's four puppies (Tchaikovsky, Chubby, Dolly, and Mo) and a mother St. Bernard named Missy.
• Bolivar a/k/a Bornworthy and Bernie, Donald Duck's non-anthropomorphic pet, and Bolivar's son, Behemoth
• Buck, from Jack London's novel, The Call of the Wild, is described as half St. Bernard and half "Scotch shepherd dog",^{[upper-alpha 1][upper-alpha 2]} but was rendered as full St. Bernard in at least one of the six movie versions.^{[upper-alpha 3]}
• Cujo, a dog who contracts rabies and becomes crazed, terrorizing the residents of the fictional town of Castle Rock, Maine from the 1981 Stephen King novel Cujo and the 1983 film of the same name.
• George, from the 1971 movie George! and its 1972–74 spinoff television series.
• Josef, from the Japanese anime series Heidi, Girl of the Alps (Alps no Shoujo Heidi).
• Nana, in the Disney and Columbia Pictures Peter Pan movies (but a Newfoundland in J.M. Barrie's original play and novel)
• Neil, the martini-slurping St. Bernard of George and Marion Kerby in the 1950s television series Topper. This was a follow up to Topper, Topper Takes a Trip, and Topper Returns.

Legend

The famous St. Bernard dog Barry found a small boy in the snow and persuaded the boy to climb on his back, and then carried the boy to safety.^[8]

See also

• Dog sports
• Great St Bernard Hospice
• Great St Bernard Pass

Bibliography

Footnotes

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Bernard dog.

• St. Bernard at DMOZ

Dogs originating in Switzerland Extant Appenzeller Sennenhund Berger Blanc Suisse Berner Laufhund Bernese Mountain Dog Bruno Jura Hound Entlebucher Mountain Dog Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Jura type St. Hubert Schweizer Laufhund Schweizerischer Niederlaufhund St. Bernard Swiss mountain dog Extinct Alpine Mastiff Alpine Spaniel