Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village

Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village
Shaker Library and schoolhouse
Location New Gloucester, Maine [1]
Coordinates 43°59′22″N 70°21′59″W / 43.98944°N 70.36639°W / 43.98944; -70.36639Coordinates: 43°59′22″N 70°21′59″W / 43.98944°N 70.36639°W / 43.98944; -70.36639
Built 1782,[1] 1783 [2][3] or 1793[4]
NRHP Reference # 74000318
Significant dates
Added to NRHP September 13, 1974[5]
Designated NHLD May 30, 1974[6]

Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village is a Shaker village near New Gloucester and Poland, Maine, in the United States. It is the last active Shaker community, with only three members as of 2009.[7] The community was established in either 1782, 1783 or 1793, at the height of the Shaker movement in the United States. The Sabbathday Lake meetinghouse was built in 1794. The entire property was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.[4][6]

Overview

In the United States, there was one remaining active Shaker community, at Sabbathday Lake, Maine, which as of 2012 has only three members: Sister June Carpenter, Brother Arnold Hadd, and Sister Frances Carr.[7][8][9]

The Sabbathday Lake community still accepts new recruits, as it has since its founding. Shakers are no longer allowed to adopt orphans after new laws were passed in 1960 denying adoption to religious groups, but adults who wish to embrace Shaker life are welcome.

History

The Shakers

Main article: Shakers

The Shakers were originally located in England in 1747, in the home of Mother Ann Lee. They developed from the religious group called the Quakers which originated in the 17th century. Both groups believed that everybody could find God within him or herself, rather than through clergy or rituals, but the Shakers tended to be more emotional and demonstrative in their worship. Shakers also believed that their lives should be dedicated to pursuing perfection and continuously confessing their sins and attempting a cessation of sinning.[10]

The Shakers migrated to Colonial America in 1774 in pursuit of religious freedom. They built 19 communal settlements that attracted some 20,000 converts over the next century. The first Shaker village was built in New Lebanon, New York at the Mount Lebanon Shaker Society. The other 18 communities were built in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Georgia and Florida.[3] Strict believers in celibacy, Shakers maintained their numbers through conversion and adoption of orphans. The group reached maximum size of about 6,000 full members in 1840,[11] but as of December 2009 had only three members left.[7]

Sabbathday Lake

The Shaker settlement at Sabbathday Lake was established in 1782, 1783 or 1793 and was then known as Thompson's Pond Plantation by a group of Shaker missionaries. The community grew to over two hundred members in less than a year.[3] Its location in Cumberland County, Maine, made it the most northern and eastern of all the Shaker communes.[1] The Sabbathday Lake community grew to a size of 1,900 acres (770 ha) with 26 large buildings by 1850. Buildings on the grounds included the meetinghouse, the Brethren's Shop which still holds a working blacksmith shop and woodworking operation. A large, new, Central Dwelling House was built in 1883[2] or 1884.[1] The Shakers strived to be entirely self-sufficient. They built a mill and farm that enabled them to sell produce and commercial goods to the outside world.[1] In 1823 there were about 150 members at the Sabbathday Lake community. Numbers diminished from there over the years to the three remaining as of 2009. Membership to the community is still open, and occasionally "novices" will explore joining the society.[2]

The central dwelling house

As of 2006, the Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village has 14 working buildings. Including the Central Dwelling House which houses the Shaker Sisters. The Central Dwelling House is also home to a music room, chapel, kitchen and large dining room.[1] The community still holds regular Public Meetings (worship services) on Sundays in the 1794 meetinghouse. Other buildings with historical significance are the Shaker Library, the Cart and Carriage Shed, Ox Barn, The Girl's Shop, Herb House, Brooder House, Wood House, a garage built in 1910 for the group's first car,[2] stable, Summer House and the Laundry building.[4] The village, which attracts up to 10,000 visitors a year,[2] has been open to the public since 1931, when the Shaker Museum and Library was established.[12]

Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village
Aurelia Gay Mace, leader of Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village and author of The Aletheia: Spirit of Truth, a Series of Letters in Which the Principles of the United Society Known as Shakers are Set Forth and Illustrated, 1899, and The Mission and Testimony of the Shakers of the Twentieth Century to the World, 1904.

This Museum is the largest repository of Maine Shaker culture. Examples of furniture, oval boxes, woodenware, metal and tin wares, technology and tools, "fancy" sales goods, costume and textiles, visual arts, and herbal and medicinal products are among the 13,000 artifacts currently part of the Sabbathday Lake collection. The collection represents every Shaker Community known to have existed, special emphasis has been placed upon preserving the heritage of the Maine Shaker Communities, including Sabbathday Lake, Poland Hill, Gorham, and Alfred.[12]

Present and future

Barns at Sabbathday Lake Village

As Shakers are celibate, new members cannot be born into the group and must join from the outside.[2] Many prospective members find the celibacy a major drawback and it keeps them from joining. Current members have taken steps to ensure that Sabbathday Lake Village will remain largely unchanged once the final members of the group die.[2]

The 1,643 acres (665 ha) of land owned by the Shakers in both Cumberland County and Androscoggin County include Sabbathday Lake which is 340 acres (140 ha) with 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of undeveloped shoreline with a beach that is open to the public and the 150 acres (61 ha) Shaker Bog.[2] Other dismantled Shaker villages were converted into housing lots or prisons. In order to avoid this fate at Sabbathday Lake the Shakers took some preventive measures in 2001.[2]

Preservation and conservation easements were sold to Maine Preservation and the New England Forestry Foundation. The two groups with the help of eight other public and non-profit agencies are working to cover cost of the easements. The village and surrounding farmland and forests will be protected from development. Brother Arnold Hadd was quoted by the Boston Globe in 2006. "We can't put up a Wal-Mart. Or a housing development. The land always has to remain for agricultural and forest purposes."[2]

The selling of future development rights has enabled the Shakers to restore and maintain the structures of the village. They also make money by leasing 29 cottage lots on Sabbathday Lake, leasing 1,000 acres (400 ha) of forests, 30 acres (12 ha) of farmland and orchards and a gravel pit.[2] Other income sources include production of fancy goods, basket making, weaving, printing, and the manufacturing of some small woodenware.[3] Their operation is run with the help of six year-round employees and six seasonal employees.[2]

Attending Shaker meeting, at Sabbathday Lake, 1886.

Community life

This community, founded in 1783, was one of the smaller Shaker groups during the sect's heyday. They farm and practice a variety of handicrafts; a Shaker Museum and Sunday services are open to visitors.[13] Mother Ann Lee is celebrated on the first Sunday of August to commemorate the arrival of the English Shakers in America in 1774. The congregation sings and a Mother Ann cake is presented.

The daily schedule of a Shaker in Sabbathday Lake Village is as follows:

Shaker Trust

To preserve their legacy as well as their idyllic lakeside property at Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village, Maine, the Shakers announced in October 2005 that they had entered into a trust with the state of Maine and several conservation groups. Under the agreement, the Shakers will sell conservation easements to the trust, allowing the village to ward off development and continue operating as long as there are Shakers to live there.

The agreement does not specify whether the property will become a park, museum, or other public space should the Shakers die out. That decision would be made by a nonprofit corporation—the United Society of Shakers, Sabbathday Lake Inc.—whose board members are largely non-Shakers. The $3.7 million conservation plan relies on grants, donations, and public funds.[15]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village". National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ,Chase, Stacey (July 23, 2006). "The Last Ones Standing". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2009-12-16.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "History of the United Society of Shakers". The United Society of Shakers. Retrieved 2009-12-16.
  4. 1 2 3 Carol Ann Poh and Robert C. Post (January 7, 1974). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Shaker Village / United Society of Believers" (pdf). National Park Service. and Accompanying 10 photos, exteriors and interiors, from 1969 and 1973 PDF (32 KB)
  5. ↑ Staff (2008-04-15). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  6. 1 2 "Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
  7. 1 2 3 Ouimet, Leanne (2009-12-08). "Jeannine Lauber: Exploring the Modern Day Shakers". The Independent. Retrieved 2009-12-16.
  8. ↑ The Shakers Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly, September 17, 2010
  9. ↑ The last of the Shakers Busted Halo, April 13, 2010
  10. ↑ Garrett, Clarke (1987). Origins of the Shakers: From the New World to the Old World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  11. ↑ Hauffe, Thomas (1995). Design: An Illustrated Historical Overview. Koln: DuMont Buchverlag gmbH. ISBN 978-1-85669-134-5.
  12. 1 2 "The Shaker Village at Sabbathday Lake". The United Society of Shakers. Retrieved 2009-12-16.
  13. ↑ "Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village". United Society of Shakers. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
  14. ↑ About Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village United Society of Shakers, Retrieved January 18, 2011.
  15. ↑ Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village The Trust for Public Land, archived September 1, 2007 from the original

Further reading

External links

All of the following Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) documentation is filed under Sabbathday Lake Village, Cumberland County, ME:

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