SMS Emden

For other ships of the same name, see List of ships named SMS Emden.

Emden underway in 1910
History
German Empire
Name: Emden
Namesake: City of Emden
Builder: Kaiserliche Werft, Danzig
Laid down: 1 November 1906
Launched: 26 May 1908
Commissioned: 10 July 1909
Fate: Grounded off the Cocos Islands, 9 November 1914
General characteristics
Class & type: Dresden-class cruiser
Displacement: 4,268 t (4,201 long tons)
Length: 118.3 m (388 ft 1 in)
Beam: 13.5 m (44 ft 3 in)
Draft: 5.53 m (18 ft 2 in)
Installed power:
Propulsion: 2 triple-expansion steam engines
Speed: 23.5 kn (43.5 km/h; 27.0 mph)
Range: 3,760 nmi (6,960 km; 4,330 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Complement:
  • 18 officers
  • 343 enlisted men
Armament:
Armor:

SMS Emden ("His Majesty's Ship Emden")[lower-alpha 1] was the second and final member of the Dresden class of light cruisers built for the Imperial German Navy (Kaiserliche Marine). Named for the town of Emden, she was laid down at the Kaiserliche Werft (Imperial Dockyard) in Danzig in 1906. Her hull was launched in May 1908, and completed in July 1909. She had one sister ship, Dresden. Like the preceding Königsberg-class cruisers, Emden was armed with ten 10.5 cm (4.1 in) guns and two torpedo tubes.

Emden spent the majority of her career overseas in the German East Asia Squadron, based in Tsingtao, in the Kiautschou Bay concession in China. In 1913, she came under the command of Karl von Müller, who would captain the ship during World War I. At the outbreak of hostilities, Emden captured a Russian steamer and converted her into the commerce raider Cormoran. Emden rejoined the East Asia Squadron, after which she was detached for independent raiding in the Indian Ocean. The cruiser spent nearly two months operating in the region, and captured nearly two dozen ships. In late October 1914, Emden launched a surprise attack on Penang; in the resulting Battle of Penang, she sank the Russian cruiser Zhemchug and the French destroyer Mousquet.

Müller then took Emden to raid the Cocos Islands, where he landed a contingent of sailors to destroy British facilities. There, Emden was attacked by the Australian cruiser HMAS Sydney. The more powerful Australian ship quickly inflicted serious damage and forced Müller to run his ship aground to prevent her from sinking. Out of a crew of 376, 133 were killed in the battle. Most of the survivors were taken prisoner; the landing party, led by Hellmuth von Mücke, commandeered an old schooner and eventually returned to Germany. Emden's wreck was quickly destroyed by wave action, and was broken up for scrap in the 1950s.

Design

Line-drawing of the Dresden class
Main article: Dresden class cruiser

Emden was 118.3 meters (388 ft 1 in) long overall and had a beam of 13.5 m (44 ft 3 in) and a draft of 5.53 m (18 ft 2 in) forward. She displaced 4,268 t (4,201 long tons) at full combat load. Her propulsion system consisted of two triple-expansion steam engines, designed to give 13,315 indicated horsepower (9,929 kW) for a top speed of 23.5 knots (43.5 km/h; 27.0 mph). The engines were powered by twelve coal-fired Marine-type water-tube boilers and drove a pair of screw propellers. Emden carried up to 860 tonnes (850 long tons) of coal, which gave her a range of 3,760 nautical miles (6,960 km; 4,330 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph). She had a crew of 18 officers and 343 enlisted men.[1][2] Emden was the last German cruiser to be equipped with triple-expansion engines; all subsequent cruisers used the more powerful steam turbines.[3]

The ship was armed with ten 10.5 cm SK L/40 guns in single mounts. Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle, six were located amidships, three on either side, and two were placed side by side aft. The guns could engage targets out to 12,200 m (40,000 ft). They were supplied with 1,500 rounds of ammunition, for 150 shells per gun. She carried a secondary battery of eight 5.2 cm (2.0 in) SK L/55 guns, also in single mounts. She was also equipped with two 45 cm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes with four torpedoes, mounted in the hull below the waterline. She was also fitted to carry fifty naval mines. The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 80 mm (3.1 in) thick. The conning tower had 100 mm (3.9 in) thick sides, and the guns were protected by 50 mm (2.0 in) thick shields.[1]

Service history

Emden in Tsingtao in early 1914

The contract for Emden, ordered as ersatz (replacement) SMS Pfeil,[lower-alpha 2] was placed on 6 April 1906 at the Kaiserliche Werft (Imperial Dockyard) in Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland).[4] Her keel was laid down on 1 November 1906. She was launched on 26 May 1908 and christened by the Oberbürgermeister (Lord Mayor) of her namesake city, Dr. Leo Fürbringer.[5] After fitting-out work was completed by 10 July 1909, she was commissioned into the fleet.[6] The new cruiser began her sea trials that day; they were interrupted from 11 August to 5 September when she participated in the annual autumn maneuvers of the main fleet. During this period, she also served as the escort for Kaiser Wilhelm II aboard his yacht Hohenzollern. Emden was decommissioned in September after she completed her trials.[5]

On 1 April 1910 Emden was reactivated and assigned to the Ostasiengeschwader (East Asia Squadron), based at Tsingtao in Germany's Kiautschou concession in China.[5] The concession had been seized in 1897 in retaliation for the murder of German nationals in the area.[7] Emden left Kiel on 12 April 1910, bound for Asia by way of a goodwill tour of South America.[5][8] A month later, on 12 May, she stopped in Montevideo and met with the cruiser Bremen, which was assigned to the Ostamerikanischen (East American) Station. Emden and Bremen stayed in Buenos Aires from 17 to 30 May to represent Germany at the celebrations of the hundredth anniversary of Argentinian independence. The two ships then rounded Cape Horn; Emden stopped in Valparaíso, Chile, while Bremen continued on to Peru.[5]

The cruise across the Pacific was delayed because of a lack of good quality coal. Emden eventually took on around 1,400 t (1,400 long tons; 1,500 short tons) of coal at the Chilean naval base at Talcahuano and departed on 24 June. The cruise was used to evaluate the ship on long-distance voyages for use in future light cruiser designs. Emden encountered unusually severe weather on the trip, which included a stop at Easter Island. She anchored at Papeete, Tahiti to coal on 12 July, her bunkers nearly empty after crossing 4,200 nautical miles (7,800 km; 4,800 mi). The ship then proceeded to Apia in German Samoa, arriving on 22 July. There, she met the rest of the East Asia Squadron, commanded by Konteradmiral (Rear Admiral) Erich Gühler. The squadron remained in Samoa until October, when the ships returned to their base at Tsingtao. Emden was thereafter sent to the Yangtze River from 27 October to 19 November, which included a visit to Hankou. The ship visited Nagasaki, Japan, before returning to Tsingtao on 22 December for her annual refit.[5] The repair work was not carried out, since the Sokehs Rebellion erupted on Ponape in the Carolines, which required Emden's presence; she departed Tsingtao on 28 December, and Nürnberg left Hong Kong to join her.[9][10]

Karl von Müller, who served as the ship's commanding officer from 1913

The two cruisers reinforced German forces at Ponape, which included the old unprotected cruiser Cormoran. The ships bombarded rebel positions and sent a landing force, which included men from the ships along with colonial police troops, ashore in mid-January 1911. By the end of February the revolt had been suppressed, and on 26 February the unprotected cruiser Condor arrived to take over the German presence in the Carolines. Emden and the other ships held a funeral the following day for those killed in the operation, before departing on 1 March for Tsingtao via Guam. After arriving on 19 March, she finally began her yearly overhaul. In mid-1911, the ship went on a cruise to Japan; while there she accidentally rammed a Japanese steamer during a typhoon. The collision caused significant damage and necessitated another trip to the drydock in Tsingtao. She thereafter returned to the Yangtze to protect Europeans during the Chinese Revolution that broke out on 10 October.[11] In November, Vizeadmiral (Vice Admiral) Maximilian von Spee replaced Gühler as the commander of the East Asia Squadron.[12]

At the end of the year, Emden won the Kaiser's Schießpreis (Shooting Prize) for excellent gunnery in the East Asia Squadron. In early December, Emden steamed to Incheon to assist the grounded German steamer Deike Rickmers.[11] In May 1913, Korvettenkapitän (Corvette Captain) Karl von Müller became the ship's commanding officer; he was shortly thereafter promoted to Fregattenkapitän (Frigate Captain).[2][13] In mid-June, Emden went on a cruise to the German colonies in the Central Pacific, after which she was stationed off Nanjing, as fighting between Qing and revolutionary forces raged there. During this period, on 26 August, rebels attacked the ship, and Emden's gunners immediately returned fire, silencing her attackers. Emden moved to Shanghai on 14 August.[14]

World War I

Emden spent the first half of 1914 on the normal routine of cruises in Chinese and Japanese waters without incident.[13] During the July Crisis that followed the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, Emden was the only German cruiser in Tsingtao; Spee's two armored cruisers, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, were cruising in the South Pacific and Leipzig was en route to replace Nürnberg off the coast of Mexico. On 31 July, with war days away, Müller decided to put to sea to begin commerce raiding once war had been formally declared. Two days later, on 2 August, Germany declared war on Russia, and the following day, Emden captured the Russian steamer Ryazan. The Russian vessel was sent back to Tsingtao, where she was converted into the auxiliary cruiser Cormoran.[15][16]

On 5 August, Spee ordered Müller to join him at Pagan Island in the Mariana Islands; Emden left Tsingtao the following day along with the auxiliary cruiser Prinz Eitel Friedrich and the collier Markomannia. The ships arrived in Pagan on 12 August.[17] The next day, Spee learned that Japan would enter the war on the side of the Triple Entente and had dispatched a fleet to track his squadron down. Spee therefore decided to take the East Asia Squadron to South America, where it could attempt to break through to Germany, harassing British merchant traffic along the way.[18] Müller suggested that one cruiser be detached for independent operations in the Indian Ocean, since the squadron would be unable to attack British shipping while it was crossing the Pacific. Spee agreed, and allowed Müller to operate independently, since Emden was the fastest cruiser in the squadron.[19]

Independent raider

Route taken by Emden during her commerce raiding operations

On 14 August, Emden and Markomannia left the company of the East Asia Squadron, bound for the Indian Ocean. Since the cruiser Königsberg was already operating in the western Indian Ocean around the Gulf of Aden, Müller decided he should cruise in the shipping lanes between Singapore, Colombo and Aden. Emden steamed toward the Indian Ocean by way of the Molucca and Banda Seas. While seeking to coal off Jampea Island, the Dutch coastal defense ship Tromp stopped Emden and made clear that she would enforce Dutch neutrality. Müller therefore decided to steam into the Lombok Strait. There, Emden's radio-intercept officers picked up messages from the British armored cruiser HMS Hampshire. To maintain secrecy, Emden's crew rigged up a dummy funnel to give her the appearance of a British light cruiser. She then steamed up the coast of Sumatra toward the Indian Ocean.[20]

On 5 September, Emden entered the Bay of Bengal,[21] achieving complete surprise, since the British assumed she was still with Spee's squadron.[22] She operated on shipping routes there without success, until 10 September, when she moved to the Colombo–Calcutta route. There, she captured the Greek collier Pontoporros, which was carrying equipment for the British. Müller took the ship into his service and agreed to pay the crew. Emden captured five more ships; four were sunk, and the fifth, a steamer named Kabinga, was used to carry the crews from the other vessels. On 13 September, Müller released Kabinga and sank two more British prizes. Off the Ganges estuary, Emden caught a Norwegian merchantman; upon searching her, the Germans determined she was not carrying contraband and therefore released her. The Norwegians informed Müller that Entente warships were operating in the area, and so he decided to return to the eastern coast of India.[23]

Emden thereafter stopped and released an Italian freighter, whose crew relayed news of the incident to a British vessel, which in turn informed British naval authorities in the region. The result was an immediate cessation of shipping and the institution of a blackout. Vice Admiral Martyn Jerram ordered Hampshire, Yarmouth, and the Japanese protected cruiser Chikuma to search for Emden. The British armored cruiser Minotaur and the Japanese armored cruiser Ibuki were sent to patrol likely coaling stations.[23]

Oil tanks burning at Madras

In late September, Müller decided to bombard Madras. Müller believed the attack would demonstrate his freedom of maneuver and decrease British prestige with the local population. At around 20:00 on 22 September, Emden entered the port, which was completely illuminated, despite the blackout order. Emden closed to within 3,000 yards (2,700 m) from the piers before she opened fire. She set fire to two oil tanks and damaged three others, and damaged a merchant ship in the harbor. In the course of the bombardment, Emden had fired 130 rounds. The following day, the British again mandated that shipping stop in the Bay of Bengal; during the first month of Emden's raiding career in the Indian Ocean, the value of exports there had fallen by 61.2 percent.[23]

From Madras, Müller had originally intended to rendezvous with his colliers off Simalur Island in Indonesia, but instead decided to make a foray to the western side of Ceylon. On 25 September, Emden sank a pair of British merchantmen and two days later, captured the collier Buresk, which was carrying a cargo of high-grade coal. A German prize crew went aboard Buresk and she was thereafter used to support Emden's operations. Later that day, the German raider sank two more British vessels. Low on fuel, Emden proceeded to the Maldives to coal. She arrived there on 29 September and remained for a day while her crew replenished her coal stocks. The raider then cruised the routes between Aden and Australia and between Calcutta and Mauritius for two days without success. Emden thereafter steamed to Diego Garcia for engine maintenance and to rest her crew.[23]

The British garrison at Diego Garcia had not yet learned of the state of war between Britain and Germany, and so treated Emden to a warm reception. She remained there until 10 October, during which time her bottom was cleaned of fouling. She then resumed searching for merchant ships in the area west of Colombo. While operating there, Emden picked up Hampshire's wireless signals again, and so departed for the Chagos Archipelago on 13 October.[24] Meanwhile, the British had captured Markomannia on 12 October, depriving Emden of one of her colliers.[22] On 15 October, Emden captured a British steamer off Minikoi and sank her the next day. Over the next five days, she captured five more vessels; one was used as a collier, three were sunk, and the fifth was sent to port with the crews of the other vessels. On 20 October, Müller decided it was time to move to a new area of operations.[24]

Attack on Penang

Map showing Emden's movements during the battle
Main article: Battle of Penang

Müller decided his next course of action would be a surprise attack on Penang in British Malaya. Emden coaled in the Nicobar Islands and departed for Penang on the night of 27 October, with the departure timed to allow her to arrive off the harbor at dawn. She approached the harbor entrance at 03:00 on 28 October, steaming at a speed of 18 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph), with her fourth dummy funnel erected to disguise her identity. Emden's lookouts quickly spotted a warship in the port with her lights on; it turned out to be the Russian protected cruiser Zhemchug,[24] a veteran of the Battle of Tsushima.[25] Zhemchug had put into Penang for repairs to her boilers; only one was in service, which meant that she could not get under way, nor were her ammunition hoists powered. Only five rounds of ready ammunition were permitted for each gun, with a sixth chambered.[26] Emden pulled alongside Zhemchug at a distance of 300 yards (270 m); Müller ordered a torpedo to be fired at the Russian cruiser. Immediately thereafter, he gave the order for the 10.5 cm guns to open fire.[24]

Emden quickly inflicted grievous damage on her adversary; she turned around to make another pass at Zhemchug. One of the Russian gun crews managed to get their weapon into action, but scored no hits. Müller ordered a second torpedo to be fired into the burning Zhemchug while his guns continued to batter her.[24] The second torpedo caused a tremendous explosion that tore the ship apart. By the time the smoke cleared, Zhemchug had already slipped beneath the waves, her masts the only parts of the ship still above water.[27] The destruction of Zhemchug killed 81 Russian sailors and wounded 129, of whom seven later died of their injuries. The elderly French cruiser D'Iberville and the destroyer Fronde opened wildly inaccurate fire on Emden.[28]

Müller then decided to depart, owing to the risk of encountering superior warships. Upon leaving the harbor, he encountered a British freighter, SS Glen Turret, loaded with ammunition, that had already stopped to pick up a harbor pilot. While preparing to take possession of the ship, Emden had to recall her boats when she spotted an approaching ship. This proved to be the French destroyer Mousquet, and the unprepared ship was quickly destroyed. Emden stopped to pick up survivors from Mousquet and departed at around 08:00 as the other French ships were raising steam in preparation to get underway.[29] One officer and thirty-five sailors were plucked from the water. Another French destroyer tried to follow, but lost sight of the German raider in a rainstorm. On 30 October, Emden stopped the British steamer Newburn and put the French sailors aboard her after they signed statements promising not to return to the war.[27][30] The attack on Penang was a significant shock to the Entente powers, and caused them to delay the large convoys from Australia, since they would need more powerful escorts.[31]

Battle of Cocos

Emden's landing party going ashore on Direction Island; the three-masted Ayesha is visible in the background
Main article: Battle of Cocos

After releasing the British steamer, Emden turned south to Simalur, where she met the captured collier Buresk.[27] Müller then decided to attack the British coaling station in the Cocos Islands; he intended to destroy the wireless station there and draw away British forces searching for him in the Indian Ocean. While en route to the Cocos, Emden spent two days combing the Sunda Strait for merchant shipping without success. She thereafter proceeded to the Cocos, arriving off Direction Island at 06:00 on the morning of 9 November. Since there were no British vessels in the area, Müller sent ashore a landing party led by Kapitänleutnant (First Lieutenant) Hellmuth von Mücke, Emden's executive officer. The party consisted of another two officers, six non-commissioned officers, and thirty-eight sailors.[32]

Emden was using jamming, but the British wireless station was able to transmit the message "Unidentified ship off entrance." The message was received by the Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney, which was 52 nautical miles (96 km; 60 mi) away, escorting a convoy. Sydney immediately headed for the Cocos Islands at top speed. Emden picked up wireless messages from the then unidentified vessel approaching, but believed her to be 250 nautical miles (460 km; 290 mi) away, giving them much more time than they actually had. At 09:00, lookouts aboard Emden spotted a smoke cloud on the horizon, and thirty minutes later identified it as a warship approaching at high speed. Mücke's landing party was still ashore, and there was no time left to recover them.[32]

Sydney closed to a distance of 9,500 yards (8,700 m) before turning to a parallel course with Emden. The German cruiser opened fire first, and straddled the Australian vessel with her third salvo.[32] Emden's gunners were firing rapidly, with a salvo every ten seconds; Müller hoped to overwhelm Sydney with a barrage of shells before her heavier armament could take effect.[33] Two shells hit Sydney, one of which disabled the aft fire control station; the other failed to explode. It took slightly longer for Sydney to find the range, and in the meantime, Emden turned toward her opponent in an attempt to close to torpedo range. Sydney's more powerful 6 in (152 mm) guns soon found the range and inflicted serious damage.[32] The wireless compartment was destroyed and the crew for one of the forward guns was killed early in the engagement. At 09:45, Müller turned his ship toward Sydney in another attempt to reach a torpedo firing position. Five minutes later, a shell hit disabled the steering gear, and other fragments jammed the hand steering equipment. Emden could only be steered with her propellers. Sydney's gunfire also destroyed the rangefinders and caused heavy casualties amongst Emden's gun crews.[34]

Emden, beached on North Keeling Island

Müller made a third attempt to close to torpedo range, but Sydney quickly turned away.[34] Shortly after 10:00, a shell from Sydney detonated ready ammunition near the starboard No. 4 gun and started a serious fire.[35] A fourth and final attempt to launch a torpedo attack was made shortly thereafter, but Sydney was able to keep the range open.[36] By 10:45, Emden's guns had largely gone silent; her superstructure had been shredded and the two rear-most funnels had been shot away, along with the foremast. Müller realized that his ship was no longer able to fight, and so he decided to beach Emden on North Keeling Island to save the lives of his crew.[34] At 11:15, Emden was run onto the reef, and her engines and boilers were flooded. Her breech blocks and torpedo aiming gear were thrown overboard to render the weapons unusable, and all signal books and secret papers were burned.[36] Sydney turned to capture the collier Buresk, whose crew scuttled her when the Australian cruiser approached. Sydney then returned to the wrecked Emden and inquired if she surrendered. The signal books had been destroyed by fire and so the Germans could not reply, and since her flag was still flying, Sydney resumed fire. The Germans quickly raised white flags and the Australians ceased fire.[34]

In the course of the action, Emden scored sixteen hits on Sydney, killing three of her crew and wounding another thirteen.[37] A fourth crewman died later from his injuries.[38] Sydney had meanwhile fired some 670 rounds of ammunition, with around 100 hits claimed.[39] Emden had suffered much higher casualties: 133 officers and enlisted men died,[40] out of a crew of 376. Most of her surviving crew, including Müller, were taken into captivity the following day. The wounded men were sent to Australia, while the uninjured were interned at a camp in Malta; the men were returned to Germany in 1920.[41][42] Mücke's landing party evaded capture. They had observed the battle, and realized that Emden would be destroyed. Mücke therefore ordered the old 97-metric-ton (95-long-ton) schooner Ayesha to be prepared for sailing. The Germans departed before Sydney reached Direction Island, and sailed to Padang in the Dutch East Indies. From there, they traveled to Yemen, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire, an ally of Germany. They then traveled overland to Constantinople, arriving in June 1915. There, they reported to Vizeadmiral Wilhelm Souchon, the commander of the ex-German battlecruiser Goeben.[37] In the meantime, the British sloop Cadmus arrived at the Cocos Islands about a week after the battle to bury the sailors killed in the battle.[43]

Legacy

Over a raiding career spanning three months and 30,000 nautical miles (56,000 km; 35,000 mi),[44] Emden had destroyed two Entente warships and sank or captured sixteen British steamers and one Russian merchant ship, totaling 70,825 gross register tons (GRT).[45] Another four British ships were captured and released, and one British and one Greek ship were used as colliers.[44] In 1915, a Japanese company proposed that Emden be repaired and refloated, but an inspection by the elderly flat-iron gunboat HMAS Protector concluded that wave damage to Emden made such an operation unfeasible. By 1919, there were reports that the wreck had almost completely broken up and disappeared beneath the waves.[46] The wreck was eventually broken up in situ in the early 1950s by a Japanese salvage company; parts of the ship remain scattered around the area.[40][47]

One of Emden's 10.5 cm guns in Hyde Park, Sydney

Following the destruction of Emden, Kaiser Wilhelm II awarded the Iron Cross to the ship and announced that a new Emden would be built to honor the original cruiser. Wilhelm II ordered that the new cruiser wear a large Iron Cross on her bow to commemorate her namesake ship.[48] The third cruiser to bear the name Emden, built in the 1920s for the Reichsmarine, also carried the Iron Cross, along with battle honors for the Indian Ocean, Penang, Cocos Islands, and Ösel,[49] where the second Emden had engaged several Russian destroyers and torpedo boats.[50] Two further vessels have been named for the cruiser in the West German Bundesmarine: the Köln-class frigate Emden laid down in 1959,[51] and the Bremen-class frigate Emden laid down in 1979.[52]

Three of the ship's 10.5 cm guns were removed from the wreck three years after the battle. One is preserved in Hyde Park in Sydney, a second is located at the Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre in HMAS Kuttabul, the main naval base in Sydney, and the third is on display at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.[53] In addition, Emden's bell and stern ornament were recovered from the wreck and both are currently in the collection of the Australian War Memorial.[54][55] A number of other artifacts, including a damaged 10.5 cm shell case,[56] an iron rivet from the hull,[57] and uniforms were also recovered and are held in the Australian War Memorial.[58]

A number of films have been made about Emden's wartime exploits, including the 1915 movies How We Beat the Emden and How We Fought the Emden and the 1928 The Exploits of the Emden, all produced in Australia.[59][60] German films include the 1926 silent film Unsere Emden, footage from which was incorporated in Kreuzer Emden of 1932,[61] and Heldentum und Todeskampf unserer Emden, produced in 1934. All three films were directed by Louis Ralph.[62] More recently, in 2012, Die Männer der Emden (The men of the Emden) was released, which was made about how the crew of Emden made their way back to Germany after the Battle of Cocos.[63]

After the bombardment of Madras, Emden's name, as "Amdan", entered the Sinhala and Tamil languages meaning "someone who is tough, manipulative and crafty."[64] In the Malayalam language the word "Emadan" means "a big and powerful thing" or "as big as Emden".[65]

Footnotes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to SMS Emden (ship, 1908).
Notes
  1. ↑ "SMS" stands for "Seiner Majestät Schiff" (German: His Majesty's Ship).
  2. ↑ German warships were ordered under provisional names. For new additions to the fleet, they were given a single letter; for those ships intended to replace older or lost vessels, they were ordered as "Ersatz (name of the ship to be replaced)".
Citations
  1. 1 2 Gröner, p. 105
  2. 1 2 Forstmeier, p. 2
  3. ↑ Gardiner & Gray, pp. 159–163
  4. ↑ van der Vat, p. 17
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 39
  6. ↑ Gardiner & Gray, p. 157
  7. ↑ Gottschall, pp. 156–157
  8. ↑ van der Vat, p. 18
  9. ↑ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 39–40
  10. ↑ van der Vat, p. 19
  11. 1 2 Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 40
  12. ↑ Hough, p. 8
  13. 1 2 Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 41
  14. ↑ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 40–41
  15. ↑ Forstmeier, pp. 3–4
  16. ↑ Staff Battle on the Seven Seas, p. 29
  17. ↑ Forstmeier, p. 4
  18. ↑ Forstmeier, p. 5
  19. ↑ Forstmeier, pp. 5–6
  20. ↑ Forstmeier, pp. 6–8
  21. ↑ Forstmeier, p. 8
  22. 1 2 Halpern, p. 75
  23. 1 2 3 4 Forstmeier, p. 10
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 Forstmeier, p. 11
  25. ↑ Willmott, p. 118
  26. ↑ Staff Battle on the Seven Seas, p. 128
  27. 1 2 3 Forstmeier, p. 14
  28. ↑ Staff Battle on the Seven Seas, p. 131
  29. ↑ Corbett, pp. 337–338
  30. ↑ Staff Battle on the Seven Seas, p. 132
  31. ↑ Halpern, pp. 75–76
  32. 1 2 3 4 Forstmeier, p. 16
  33. ↑ Staff Battle on the Seven Seas, p. 134
  34. 1 2 3 4 Forstmeier, p. 19
  35. ↑ Staff Battle on the Seven Seas, p. 136
  36. 1 2 Staff Battle on the Seven Seas, p. 137
  37. 1 2 Forstmeier, p. 20
  38. ↑ Bennett, p. 67
  39. ↑ "Narrative of the Proceedings of H.M.A.S. Sydney", p. 459
  40. 1 2 Gröner, p. 106
  41. ↑ Staff Battle on the Seven Seas, p. 138
  42. ↑ Forstmeier, pp. 16–19
  43. ↑ Lochner, pp. 201–202
  44. 1 2 Forstmeier, p. 21
  45. ↑ Halpern, p. 76
  46. ↑ Jose, p. 207
  47. ↑ von Mücke, p. 96
  48. ↑ Hoyt, p. 212
  49. ↑ Koop & Schmolke, p. 69
  50. ↑ Staff Battle for the Baltic Islands, pp. 22–28
  51. ↑ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 60
  52. ↑ Yates, p. 310
  53. ↑ Mehl, p. 82
  54. ↑ "Ship's bell from SMS Emden : HMAS Sydney (I)". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  55. ↑ "Stern ornament : SMS Emden". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  56. ↑ "Damaged 105mm cartridge case : SMS Emden". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  57. ↑ "Iron rivet from SMS Emden : Surgeon-Lieutenant A C R Todd, HMAS Sydney". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  58. ↑ "Junior NCOs and seamans blue and white cotton collar : SMS Emden, Kaiserliche Marine". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  59. ↑ Pike & Cooper, p. 56
  60. ↑ ""THE EXPLOITS OF THE EMDEN.".". The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931) (Adelaide, SA: National Library of Australia). 10 November 1928. p. 11. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  61. ↑ Kester, p. 32
  62. ↑ Kester, p. 164
  63. ↑ "Die Männer der Emden". Die Männer der Emden.com. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  64. ↑ Tegal, Megara (6 March 2011). "Tracing Amdan and Finding Emden". Sunday Times (Colombo: Wijeya Newspapers). Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  65. ↑ Perera, Jenaka (2 November 2011). "Why They Call Cunning People 'Emden'". The Island Online (Upali Newspapers). Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2014.

References

Further reading

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