Sigma-1 receptor

Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1
Identifiers
Symbols SIGMAR1 ; ALS16; OPRS1; SIG-1R; SR-BP; SR-BP1; SRBP; hSigmaR1; sigma1R
External IDs OMIM: 601978 MGI: 1195268 HomoloGene: 39965 IUPHAR: 2552 ChEMBL: 287 GeneCards: SIGMAR1 Gene
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 10280 18391
Ensembl ENSG00000147955 ENSMUSG00000036078
UniProt Q99720 O55242
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001282205 NM_001286538
RefSeq (protein) NP_001269134 NP_001273467
Location (UCSC) Chr 9:
34.63 – 34.64 Mb		 Chr 4:
41.74 – 41.76 Mb
PubMed search

The sigma-1 receptor (σ1R), one of two sigma receptor subtypes, is a chaperone protein at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that modulates calcium signaling through the IP3 receptor.[1] In humans, the σ1 receptor is encoded by the SIGMAR1 gene.[2][3]

The σ1 receptor is a transmembrane protein expressed in many different tissue types. It is particularly concentrated in certain regions of the central nervous system.[4] It has been implicated in myriad phenomena, including cardiovascular function, schizophrenia, clinical depression, the effects of cocaine abuse, and cancer.[5][6] Much is known about the binding affinity of hundreds of synthetic compounds to the σ1 receptor.

An endogenous ligand for the σ1 receptor has yet to be conclusively identified, but tryptaminergic trace amines, as well as neuroactive steroids such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and pregnenolone all activate the receptor.[7]

Characteristics

The σ1 receptor is defined by its unique pharmacological profile. In 1976 Martin reported that the effects of N-allylnormetazocine (SKF-10,047) could not be due to activity at the μ and κ receptors (named from the first letter of their selective ligands morphine and ketazocine, respectively) and a new type of opioid receptor was proposed; σ (from the first letter of SKF-10,047).[8] However, ligands acting at this new “opioid” receptor were not blocked by the classical opioid antagonists naloxone and naltrexone. Consequently, the opioid classification was eventually dropped and the receptor was later termed the σ1 receptor. It was found to have affinity for the (+)-stereoisomers of several benzomorphans (e.g., (+)-pentazocine and (+)-cyclazocine), various structurally and pharmacologically distinct psychoactive chemicals such as haloperidol and cocaine, and neuroactive steroids like progesterone.[9]

Structure

The mammalian σ1 receptor was purified with the aid of radiolabelled pentazocine and azidopamil as reversible and photo affinity probes, respectively, from guinea pig liver, cloned and expressed.[10] The receptor is an integral membrane protein with 223 amino acids. It shows no homology to other mammalian proteins but strikingly shares 30% sequence identity and 69% similarity with the ERG2 gene product of yeast, which is a C 8-C7 sterol isomerase in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway. Hydropathy analysis of the σ1 receptor indicates three hydrophobic regions.[11] A crystal structure of the σ1 receptor is unavailable.

Functions

A variety of specific physiological functions have been attributed to the σ1 receptor. Chief among these are modulation of Ca2+ release, modulation of cardiac myocyte contractility, and inhibition of voltage gated K+ channels.[12] The reasons for these effects are not well understood, even though σ1 receptors have been linked circumstantially to a wide variety of signal transduction pathways. Links between σ1 receptors and G-proteins have been suggested such as σ1 receptor antagonists showing GTP-sensitive high affinity binding,[13] there is also, however, some evidence against a G-protein coupled hypothesis.[14] The σ1 receptor has been shown to appear in a complex with voltage gated K+ channels (Kv1.4 and Kv1.5), leading to the idea that σ1 receptors are auxiliary subunits.[15] σ1 receptors apparently co-localize with IP3 receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum.[16] Also, σ1 receptors have been shown to appear in galactoceramide enriched domains at the endoplasmic reticulum of mature oligodendrocytes.[17] The wide scope and effect of ligand binding on σ1 receptors has led some to believe that σ1 receptors are intracellular signal transduction amplifiers.[9]

Knockout mice

σ1 receptor knockout mice were created in 2009 to study the effects of endogenous DMT. Strangely, the mice demonstrated no overt phenotype.[18] As expected, however, they did lack locomotor response to the σ ligand (+)-SKF-10,047 and displayed reduced response to formalin induced pain. Speculation has focused on the ability of other receptors in the σ family (e.g., σ2, with similar binding properties) to compensate for the lack of σ1 receptor.[18]

Clinical significance

Mutations in sigma-1 receptor have been associated with distal spinal muscular atrophy type 2.[19]

Ligands

The following ligands have high affinity for the σ1 receptor and possess high binding selectivity over the subtype σ2:

Agonists:

Antagonists:

  • 1-benzyl-6′-methoxy-6′,7′-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,4′-thieno[3.2-c]pyran]: putative antagonist, selective against 5-HT1A, 5-HT6, 5-HT7, α1A and α2 adrenergic, and NMDA receptors[20]

Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs):

Uncategorized:

  • 4-IPBS
  • NE-100
  • L-687,384
  • PD 144418
  • SA-4503
  • spipethiane
  • RHL-033
  • S1RA
  • 3-[[1-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4-piperidyl]methyl]-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one: very high affinity and subtype selectivity[22]
  • 1'-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,4'-piperidine][23]
  • 1'-benzyl-6-methoxy-1-phenyl-spiro[6H-furo[3,4-c]pyrazole-4,4'-piperidine][24]
  • (−)-(S)-4-methyl-1-[2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-methylethyl]piperidine[25]

Agents exist that have high σ1 affinity but either lack subtype selectivity or have high affinity at other binding sites, thus being more or less dirty/multifunctional, like haloperidol. Furthermore, there is a wide range of agents with an at least moderate σ1 involvement in their binding profile.[26][27]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hayashi T, Su TP (Nov 2007). "Sigma-1 receptor chaperones at the ER-mitochondrion interface regulate Ca(2+) signaling and cell survival". Cell 131 (3): 596–610. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.036. PMID 17981125.
  2. ↑ Kekuda R, Prasad PD, Fei YJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V (Dec 1996). "Cloning and functional expression of the human type 1 sigma receptor (hSigmaR1)". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 229 (2): 553–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1842. PMID 8954936.
  3. ↑ Prasad PD, Li HW, Fei YJ, Ganapathy ME, Fujita T, Plumley LH, Yang-Feng TL, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V (Feb 1998). "Exon-intron structure, analysis of promoter region, and chromosomal localization of the human type 1 sigma receptor gene". Journal of Neurochemistry 70 (2): 443–51. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70020443.x. PMID 9453537.
  4. ↑ Weissman AD, Su TP, Hedreen JC, London ED (Oct 1988). "Sigma receptors in post-mortem human brains". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 247 (1): 29–33. PMID 2845055.
  5. ↑ Guitart X, Codony X, Monroy X (Jul 2004). "Sigma receptors: biology and therapeutic potential". Psychopharmacology 174 (3): 301–19. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1920-9. PMID 15197533.
  6. ↑ Zhang H, Cuevas J (Jun 2005). "sigma Receptor activation blocks potassium channels and depresses neuroexcitability in rat intracardiac neurons". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 313 (3): 1387–96. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.084152. PMID 15764734.
  7. ↑ Fontanilla D, Johannessen M, Hajipour AR, Cozzi NV, Jackson MB, Ruoho AE (Feb 2009). "The hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an endogenous sigma-1 receptor regulator". Science 323 (5916): 934–7. doi:10.1126/science.1166127. PMC 2947205. PMID 19213917.
  8. ↑ Martin WR, Eades CG, Thompson JA, Huppler RE, Gilbert PE (Jun 1976). "The effects of morphine- and nalorphine- like drugs in the nondependent and morphine-dependent chronic spinal dog". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 197 (3): 517–32. PMID 945347.
  9. 1 2 Su TP, Hayashi T (Oct 2003). "Understanding the molecular mechanism of sigma-1 receptors: towards a hypothesis that sigma-1 receptors are intracellular amplifiers for signal transduction". Current Medicinal Chemistry 10 (20): 2073–80. doi:10.2174/0929867033456783. PMID 12871086.
  10. ↑ Hanner M, Moebius FF, Flandorfer A, Knaus HG, Striessnig J, Kempner E, Glossmann H (Jul 1996). "Purification, molecular cloning, and expression of the mammalian sigma1-binding site". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 (15): 8072–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.15.8072. PMC 38877. PMID 8755605.
  11. ↑ Moebius FF, Striessnig J, Glossmann H (Mar 1997). "The mysteries of sigma receptors: new family members reveal a role in cholesterol synthesis". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 18 (3): 67–70. doi:10.1016/s0165-6147(96)01037-1. PMID 9133773.
  12. ↑ Monassier L, Bousquet P (Feb 2002). "Sigma receptors: from discovery to highlights of their implications in the cardiovascular system". Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 16 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1046/j.1472-8206.2002.00063.x. PMID 11903506.
  13. ↑ Brimson JM, Brown CA, Safrany ST (Sep 2011). "Antagonists show GTP-sensitive high-affinity binding to the sigma-1 receptor". British Journal of Pharmacology 164 (2b): 772–80. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01417.x. PMC 3188898. PMID 21486275.
  14. ↑ Hong W, Werling LL (Nov 2000). "Evidence that the sigma(1) receptor is not directly coupled to G proteins". European Journal of Pharmacology 408 (2): 117–25. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(00)00774-3. PMID 11080517.
  15. ↑ Lupardus PJ, Wilke RA, Aydar E, Palmer CP, Chen Y, Ruoho AE, Jackson MB (Aug 2000). "Membrane-delimited coupling between sigma receptors and K+ channels in rat neurohypophysial terminals requires neither G-protein nor ATP". The Journal of Physiology 526 (3): 527–39. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00527.x. PMC 2270035. PMID 10922005.
  16. ↑ Hayashi T, Su TP (Jan 2001). "Regulating ankyrin dynamics: Roles of sigma-1 receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 (2): 491–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.021413698. PMC 14614. PMID 11149946.
  17. ↑ Hayashi T, Su TP (Oct 2004). "Sigma-1 receptors at galactosylceramide-enriched lipid microdomains regulate oligodendrocyte differentiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (41): 14949–54. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402890101. PMC 522002. PMID 15466698.
  18. 1 2 Langa F, Codony X, Tovar V, Lavado A, Giménez E, Cozar P, Cantero M, Dordal A, Hernández E, Pérez R, Monroy X, Zamanillo D, Guitart X, Montoliu L (Oct 2003). "Generation and phenotypic analysis of sigma receptor type I (sigma 1) knockout mice". The European Journal of Neuroscience 18 (8): 2188–96. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02950.x. PMID 14622179.
  19. ↑ Li, X; Hu, Z; Liu, L; Xie, Y; Zhan, Y; Zi, X; Wang, J; Wu, L; Xia, K; Tang, B; Zhang, R (2015). "A SIGMAR1 splice-site mutation causes distal hereditary motor neuropathy". Neurology 84 (24): 2430–7. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001680. PMID 26078401.
  20. ↑ Oberdorf C, Schepmann D, Vela JM, Diaz JL, Holenz J, Wünsch B (Oct 2008). "Thiophene bioisosteres of spirocyclic sigma receptor ligands. 1. N-substituted spiro[piperidine-4,4'-thieno[3,2-c]pyrans]". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 51 (20): 6531–7. doi:10.1021/jm8007739. PMID 18816044.
  21. ↑ Vavers E, Zvejniece L, Veinberg G, Svalbe B, Domracheva I, Vilskersts R, Dambrova M (2015). "Novel positive allosteric modulators of sigma-1 receptor". doi:10.1186/2193-1801-4-S1-P51. The R-configuration enantiomers of methylphenylpiracetam are more active positive allosteric modulators of Sigma-1 receptor than S-configuration enantiomers.
  22. ↑ Zampieri D, Grazia Mamolo M, Laurini E, Zanette C, Florio C, Collina S, Rossi D, Azzolina O, Vio L (Jan 2009). "Substituted benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one derivatives with preference for the sigma1 binding site". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 44 (1): 124–30. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.03.011. PMID 18440098.
  23. ↑ Grosse Maestrup E, Wiese C, Schepmann D, Hiller A, Fischer S, Scheunemann M, Brust P, Wünsch B (May 2009). "Synthesis of spirocyclic sigma1 receptor ligands as potential PET radiotracers, structure-affinity relationships and in vitro metabolic stability". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 17 (10): 3630–41. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.060. PMID 19394833.
  24. ↑ Schläger T, Schepmann D, Würthwein EU, Wünsch B (Mar 2008). "Synthesis and structure-affinity relationships of novel spirocyclic sigma receptor ligands with furopyrazole structure". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 16 (6): 2992–3001. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2007.12.045. PMID 18221879.
  25. ↑ Berardi F, Loiodice F, Fracchiolla G, Colabufo NA, Perrone R, Tortorella V (May 2003). "Synthesis of chiral 1-[omega-(4-chlorophenoxy)alkyl]-4-methylpiperidines and their biological evaluation at sigma1, sigma2, and sterol delta8-delta7 isomerase sites". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 46 (11): 2117–24. doi:10.1021/jm021014d. PMID 12747784.
  26. ↑ EP1787679
  27. ↑ Lee IT, Chen S, Schetz JA (Jan 2008). "An unambiguous assay for the cloned human sigma1 receptor reveals high affinity interactions with dopamine D4 receptor selective compounds and a distinct structure-affinity relationship for butyrophenones". European Journal of Pharmacology 578 (2–3): 123–36. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.09.020. PMC 2963108. PMID 17961544.

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