SDHA
Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein variant is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHA gene.[1] This gene encodes a major catalytic subunit of succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, a complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The complex is composed of four nuclear-encoded subunits and is localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. SDHA contains the FAD binding site where succinate is deprotonated and converted to fumarate. Mutations in this gene have been associated with a form of mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency known as Leigh Syndrome. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 3q29. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[2]
Structure
The SDHA gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 5 at locus 15 and is composed of 16 exons.[2] The SDHA protein encoded by this gene is 664 amino acids long and weighs 72.7 kDA.[3][4]
Function
The SDH complex is located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria and participates in both the citric acid cycle and the respiratory chain. The succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) protein complex catalyzes the oxidation of succinate (succinate + ubiquinone => fumarate + ubiquinol). Electrons removed from succinate transfer to SDHA, transfer across SDHB through iron sulphur clusters to the SDHC/SDHD subunits on the hydrophobic end of the complex anchored in the mitochondrial membrane.
Initially, SDHA oxidizes succinate via deprotonation at the FAD binding site, forming FADH2 and leaving fumarate, loosely bound to the active site, free to exit the protein. The electrons derived from succinate tunnel along the [Fe-S] relay in the SDHB subunit until they reach the [3Fe-4S] iron sulfur cluster. The electrons are then transferred to an awaiting ubiquinone molecule at the Q pool active site in the SDHC/SDHD dimer. The O1 carbonyl oxygen of ubiquinone is oriented at the active site (image 4) by hydrogen bond interactions with Tyr83 of SDHD. The presence of electrons in the [3Fe-4S] iron sulphur cluster induces the movement of ubiquinone into a second orientation. This facilitates a second hydrogen bond interaction between the O4 carbonyl group of ubiquinone and Ser27 of SDHC. Following the first single electron reduction step, a semiquinone radical species is formed. The second electron arrives from the [3Fe-4S] cluster to provide full reduction of the ubiquinone to ubiquinol.[5]
SDHA acts as an intermediate in the basic SDH enzyme action:
- SDHA converts succinate to fumarate as part of the Citric Acid Cycle. This reaction also converts FAD to FADH2.
- Electrons from the FADH2 are transferred to the SDHB subunit iron clusters [2Fe-2S],[4Fe-4S],[3Fe-4S]. This function is part of the Respiratory chain
- Finally the electrons are transferred to the Ubiquinone (Q) pool via the SDHC/SDHD subunits.
Clinical significance
Bi-allelic mutations (i.e. both copies of the gene are mutated) have been described in Leigh syndrome, a progressive brain disorder that typically appears in infancy or early childhood. Affected children may experience vomiting, seizures, delayed development, muscle weakness, and problems with movement. Heart disease, kidney problems, and difficulty breathing can also occur in people with this disorder. The SDHA gene mutations responsible for Leigh syndrome change single amino acids in the SDHA protein or result in an abnormally short protein. These genetic changes disrupt the activity of the SDH enzyme, impairing the ability of mitochondria to produce energy. It is not known, however, how mutations in the SDHA gene are related to the specific features of Leigh syndrome.
Mutations in the SDHA subunit have a distinct pathology from mutations in the SDHB/SDHC/SDHD subunits; it is the only subunit to never have shown tumor suppressor behavior. Heterozygous carriers of an SDHA mutation do not develop paragangliomas as has been seen for mutations in the other subunits. This appears to be due to the expression of two similar SDHA genes (Types I and II) in the paraganglia system. This would require the improbable event of inactivation of all four alleles to trigger a paraganglioma.[6]
Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. [§ 1]
TCA Cycle edit
- ↑ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "TCACycle_WP78".
References
- ↑ Hirawake H, Wang H, Kuramochi T, Kojima S, Kita K (Jul 1994). "Human complex II (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase): cDNA cloning of the flavoprotein (Fp) subunit of liver mitochondria". Journal of Biochemistry 116 (1): 221–7. PMID 7798181.
- 1 2 "Entrez Gene: succinate dehydrogenase complex".
- ↑ Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P (Oct 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475. PMID 23965338.
- ↑ "SDHA - Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB).
- ↑ Horsefield, R; Yankovskaya, V; Sexton, G; Whittingham, W; Shiomi, K; Omura, S; Byrne, B; Cecchini, G; Iwata, S (17 March 2006). "Structural and computational analysis of the quinone-binding site of complex II (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase): a mechanism of electron transfer and proton conduction during ubiquinone reduction.". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 281 (11): 7309–16. doi:10.1074/jbc.m508173200. PMID 16407191.
- ↑ Brière JJ, Favier J, Bénit P, El Ghouzzi V, Lorenzato A, Rabier D, Di Renzo MF, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Rustin P (Nov 2005). "Mitochondrial succinate is instrumental for HIF1alpha nuclear translocation in SDHA-mutant fibroblasts under normoxic conditions". Human Molecular Genetics 14 (21): 3263–9. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi359. PMID 16195397.
Further reading
- Aboulaich N, Vainonen JP, Strålfors P, Vener AV (Oct 2004). "Vectorial proteomics reveal targeting, phosphorylation and specific fragmentation of polymerase I and transcript release factor (PTRF) at the surface of caveolae in human adipocytes". The Biochemical Journal 383 (Pt 2): 237–48. doi:10.1042/BJ20040647. PMC 1134064. PMID 15242332.
- Bonache S, Martínez J, Fernández M, Bassas L, Larriba S (Jun 2007). "Single nucleotide polymorphisms in succinate dehydrogenase subunits and citrate synthase genes: association results for impaired spermatogenesis". International Journal of Andrology 30 (3): 144–52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2006.00730.x. PMID 17298551.
- Horváth R, Abicht A, Holinski-Feder E, Laner A, Gempel K, Prokisch H, Lochmüller H, Klopstock T, Jaksch M (Jan 2006). "Leigh syndrome caused by mutations in the flavoprotein (Fp) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDHA)". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 77 (1): 74–6. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.067041. PMC 2117401. PMID 16361598.
- Kullberg M, Nilsson MA, Arnason U, Harley EH, Janke A (Aug 2006). "Housekeeping genes for phylogenetic analysis of eutherian relationships". Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (8): 1493–503. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl027. PMID 16751257.
- Tomitsuka E, Kita K, Esumi H (2009). "Regulation of succinate-ubiquinone reductase and fumarate reductase activities in human complex II by phosphorylation of its flavoprotein subunit". Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences 85 (7): 258–65. doi:10.2183/pjab.85.258. PMID 19644226.
- Hao HX, Khalimonchuk O, Schraders M, Dephoure N, Bayley JP, Kunst H, Devilee P, Cremers CW, Schiffman JD, Bentz BG, Gygi SP, Winge DR, Kremer H, Rutter J (Aug 2009). "SDH5, a gene required for flavination of succinate dehydrogenase, is mutated in paraganglioma". Science 325 (5944): 1139–42. doi:10.1126/science.1175689. PMC 3881419. PMID 19628817.
- Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Yamashita R, Yamamoto J, Sekine M, Tsuritani K, Wakaguri H, Ishii S, Sugiyama T, Saito K, Isono Y, Irie R, Kushida N, Yoneyama T, Otsuka R, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Kondo H, Wagatsuma M, Murakawa K, Ishida S, Ishibashi T, Takahashi-Fujii A, Tanase T, Nagai K, Kikuchi H, Nakai K, Isogai T, Sugano S (Jan 2006). "Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes". Genome Research 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560.
- González-Cabo P, Vázquez-Manrique RP, García-Gimeno MA, Sanz P, Palau F (Aug 2005). "Frataxin interacts functionally with mitochondrial electron transport chain proteins". Human Molecular Genetics 14 (15): 2091–8. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi214. PMID 15961414.
- Baysal BE, Lawrence EC, Ferrell RE (2007). "Sequence variation in human succinate dehydrogenase genes: evidence for long-term balancing selection on SDHA". BMC Biology 5: 12. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-12. PMC 1852088. PMID 17376234.
- Eng C, Kiuru M, Fernandez MJ, Aaltonen LA (Mar 2003). "A role for mitochondrial enzymes in inherited neoplasia and beyond". Nature Reviews. Cancer 3 (3): 193–202. doi:10.1038/nrc1013. PMID 12612654.
- Brière JJ, Favier J, El Ghouzzi V, Djouadi F, Bénit P, Gimenez AP, Rustin P (Oct 2005). "Succinate dehydrogenase deficiency in human". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS 62 (19-20): 2317–24. doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5237-6. PMID 16143825.
- Korsten A, de Coo IF, Spruijt L, de Wit LE, Smeets HJ, Sluiter W (Feb 2010). "Patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy fail to compensate impaired oxidative phosphorylation". Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 1797 (2): 197–203. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.10.003. PMID 19836344.
- Hendrickson SL, Lautenberger JA, Chinn LW, Malasky M, Sezgin E, Kingsley LA, Goedert JJ, Kirk GD, Gomperts ED, Buchbinder SP, Troyer JL, O'Brien SJ (2010). "Genetic variants in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes influence AIDS progression". PLOS ONE 5 (9): e12862. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012862. PMC 2943476. PMID 20877624.
- Van Coster R, Seneca S, Smet J, Van Hecke R, Gerlo E, Devreese B, Van Beeumen J, Leroy JG, De Meirleir L, Lissens W (Jul 2003). "Homozygous Gly555Glu mutation in the nuclear-encoded 70 kDa flavoprotein gene causes instability of the respiratory chain complex II". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A 120A (1): 13–8. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.10202. PMID 12794685.
- Wang L, McDonnell SK, Hebbring SJ, Cunningham JM, St Sauver J, Cerhan JR, Isaya G, Schaid DJ, Thibodeau SN (Dec 2008). "Polymorphisms in mitochondrial genes and prostate cancer risk". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 17 (12): 3558–66. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0434. PMC 2750891. PMID 19064571.
- Huang G, Chen Y, Lu H, Cao X (Feb 2007). "Coupling mitochondrial respiratory chain to cell death: an essential role of mitochondrial complex I in the interferon-beta and retinoic acid-induced cancer cell death". Cell Death and Differentiation 14 (2): 327–37. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4402004. PMID 16826196.
- Sifroni KG, Damiani CR, Stoffel C, Cardoso MR, Ferreira GK, Jeremias IC, Rezin GT, Scaini G, Schuck PF, Dal-Pizzol F, Streck EL (Sep 2010). "Mitochondrial respiratory chain in the colonic mucosal of patients with ulcerative colitis". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 342 (1-2): 111–5. doi:10.1007/s11010-010-0474-x. PMID 20440543.
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