SAML 2.0

Security Assertion Markup Language 2.0 (SAML 2.0) is a version of the SAML standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between security domains. SAML 2.0 is an XML-based protocol that uses security tokens containing assertions to pass information about a principal (usually an end user) between a SAML authority, that is, an identity provider, and a SAML consumer, that is, a service provider. SAML 2.0 enables web-based authentication and authorization scenarios including cross-domain single sign-on (SSO), which helps reduce the administrative overhead of distributing multiple authentication tokens to the user.[1]

SAML 2.0 was ratified as an OASIS Standard in March 2005, replacing SAML 1.1. The critical aspects of SAML 2.0 are covered in detail in the official documents SAMLConform,[2] SAMLCore,[3] SAMLBind,[4] and SAMLProf.[5]

Some 30 individuals from more than two dozen companies and organizations were involved in the creation of SAML 2.0. In particular, and of special note, Liberty Alliance donated its Identity Federation Framework (ID-FF) specification to OASIS, which became the basis of the SAML 2.0 specification. Thus SAML 2.0 represents the convergence of SAML 1.1, Liberty ID-FF 1.2, and Shibboleth 1.3.

SAML 2.0 Assertions

An assertion is a package of information that supplies zero or more statements made by a SAML authority. SAML assertions are usually made about a subject, represented by the <Subject> element. The SAML 2.0 specification defines three different kinds of assertion statements that can be created by a SAML authority. All SAML-defined statements are associated with a subject. The three kinds of statements defined are as follows:

An important type of SAML assertion is the so-called "bearer" assertion used to facilitate Web Browser SSO. Here is an example of a short-lived bearer assertion issued by an identity provider (https://idp.example.org/SAML2) to a service provider (https://sp.example.com/SAML2). The assertion includes both an Authentication Assertion <saml:AuthnStatement> and an Attribute Assertion <saml:AttributeStatement>, which presumably the service provider uses to make an access control decision. The prefix saml: represents the SAML V2.0 assertion namespace.

<saml:Assertion
   xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
   xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
   ID="b07b804c-7c29-ea16-7300-4f3d6f7928ac"
   Version="2.0"
   IssueInstant="2004-12-05T09:22:05">
   <saml:Issuer>https://idp.example.org/SAML2</saml:Issuer>
   <ds:Signature
     xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">...</ds:Signature>
   <saml:Subject>
     <saml:NameID
       Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:transient">
       3f7b3dcf-1674-4ecd-92c8-1544f346baf8
     </saml:NameID>
     <saml:SubjectConfirmation
       Method="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:cm:bearer">
       <saml:SubjectConfirmationData
         InResponseTo="aaf23196-1773-2113-474a-fe114412ab72"
         Recipient="https://sp.example.com/SAML2/SSO/POST"
         NotOnOrAfter="2004-12-05T09:27:05"/>
     </saml:SubjectConfirmation>
   </saml:Subject>
   <saml:Conditions
     NotBefore="2004-12-05T09:17:05"
     NotOnOrAfter="2004-12-05T09:27:05">
     <saml:AudienceRestriction>
       <saml:Audience>https://sp.example.com/SAML2</saml:Audience>
     </saml:AudienceRestriction>
   </saml:Conditions>
   <saml:AuthnStatement
     AuthnInstant="2004-12-05T09:22:00"
     SessionIndex="b07b804c-7c29-ea16-7300-4f3d6f7928ac">
     <saml:AuthnContext>
       <saml:AuthnContextClassRef>
         urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:PasswordProtectedTransport
      </saml:AuthnContextClassRef>
     </saml:AuthnContext>
   </saml:AuthnStatement>
   <saml:AttributeStatement>
     <saml:Attribute
       xmlns:x500="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:profiles:attribute:X500"
       x500:Encoding="LDAP"
       NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri"
       Name="urn:oid:1.3.6.1.4.1.5923.1.1.1.1"
       FriendlyName="eduPersonAffiliation">
       <saml:AttributeValue
         xsi:type="xs:string">member</saml:AttributeValue>
       <saml:AttributeValue
         xsi:type="xs:string">staff</saml:AttributeValue>
     </saml:Attribute>
   </saml:AttributeStatement>
 </saml:Assertion>

Note that in the above example the <saml:Assertion> element contains the following child elements:

In words, the assertion encodes the following information:

The assertion ("b07b804c-7c29-ea16-7300-4f3d6f7928ac") was issued at time "2004-12-05T09:22:05Z" by identity provider (https://idp.example.org/SAML2) regarding subject (3f7b3dcf-1674-4ecd-92c8-1544f346baf8) exclusively for service provider (https://sp.example.com/SAML2).

The authentication statement, in particular, asserts the following:

The principal identified in the <saml:Subject> element was authenticated at time "2004-12-05T09:22:00" by means of a password sent over a protected channel.

Likewise the attribute statement asserts that:

The principal identified in the <saml:Subject> element is a staff member at this institution.

SAML 2.0 Protocols

The following protocols are specified in SAMLCore:[3]

The most important of these protocols—the Authentication Request Protocol—is discussed in detail below.

Authentication Request Protocol

In SAML 1.1 Web Browser SSO Profiles are IdP-initiated, that is, an unsolicited <samlp:Response> element is transmitted from the identity provider to the service provider (via the browser). (The prefix samlp: denotes the SAML protocol namespace.) In SAML 2.0, however, the flow begins at the service provider who issues an explicit authentication request to the identity provider. The resulting Authentication Request Protocol is a significant new feature of SAML 2.0.

When a principal (or an entity acting on the principal's behalf) wishes to obtain an assertion containing an authentication statement, a <samlp:AuthnRequest> element is transmitted to the identity provider:

  <samlp:AuthnRequest
    xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol"
    xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
    ID="aaf23196-1773-2113-474a-fe114412ab72"
    Version="2.0"
    IssueInstant="2004-12-05T09:21:59"
    AssertionConsumerServiceIndex="0"
    AttributeConsumingServiceIndex="0">
    <saml:Issuer>https://sp.example.com/SAML2</saml:Issuer>
    <samlp:NameIDPolicy
      AllowCreate="true"
      Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:transient"/>
  </samlp:AuthnRequest>

The above <samlp:AuthnRequest> element, which implicitly requests an assertion containing an authentication statement, was evidently issued by a service provider (https://sp.example.com/SAML2) and subsequently presented to the identity provider (via the browser). The identity provider authenticates the principal (if necessary) and issues an authentication response, which is transmitted back to the service provider (again via the browser).

Artifact Resolution Protocol

A SAML message is transmitted from one entity to another either by value or by reference. A reference to a SAML message is called an artifact. The receiver of an artifact resolves the reference by sending a <samlp:ArtifactResolve> request directly to the issuer of the artifact, who then responds with the actual message referenced by the artifact.

Suppose, for example, that an identity provider sends the following <samlp:ArtifactResolve> request directly to a service provider (via a back channel):

  <samlp:ArtifactResolve
    xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol"
    xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
    ID="_cce4ee769ed970b501d680f697989d14"
    Version="2.0"
    IssueInstant="2004-12-05T09:21:58">
    <saml:Issuer>https://idp.example.org/SAML2</saml:Issuer>
    <!-- an ArtifactResolve message SHOULD be signed -->
    <ds:Signature
      xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">...</ds:Signature>
    <samlp:Artifact>AAQAAMh48/1oXIM+sDo7Dh2qMp1HM4IF5DaRNmDj6RdUmllwn9jJHyEgIi8=</samlp:Artifact>
  </samlp:ArtifactResolve>

In response, the service provider returns the SAML element referenced by the enclosed artifact. This protocol forms the basis of the HTTP Artifact Binding.

SAML 2.0 Bindings

The bindings supported by SAML 2.0 are outlined in the Bindings specification (SAMLBind[4]):

For Web Browser SSO, the HTTP Redirect Binding and the HTTP POST Binding are commonly used. For example, the service provider may use HTTP Redirect to send a request while the identity provider uses HTTP POST to transmit the response. This example illustrates that an entity's choice of binding is independent of its partner's choice of binding.

HTTP Redirect Binding

SAML protocol messages are often carried directly in the URL query string of an HTTP GET request. Since the length of URLs is limited in practice, the HTTP Redirect binding is suitable for short messages, such as the <samlp:AuthnRequest> message. Longer messages (e.g., those containing signed SAML assertions) should be transmitted via other bindings such as the HTTP POST Binding.

SAML requests or responses transmitted via HTTP Redirect have a SAMLRequest or SAMLResponse query string parameter, respectively. Before it’s sent, the message is deflated (sans header and checksum), base64-encoded, and URL-encoded, in that order. Upon receipt, the process is reversed to recover the original message.

For example, encoding the <samlp:AuthnRequest> message above yields:

 https://idp.example.org/SAML2/SSO/Redirect?SAMLRequest=fZFfa8IwFMXfBb9DyXvaJtZ1BqsURRC2
 Mabbw95ivc5Am3TJrXPffmmLY3%2FA15Pzuyf33On8XJXBCaxTRmeEhTEJQBdmr%2FRbRp63K3pL5rPhYOpkVdY
 ib%2FCon%2BC9AYfDQRB4WDvRvWWksVoY6ZQTWlbgBBZik9%2FfCR7GorYGTWFK8pu6DknnwKL%2FWEetlxmR8s
 BHbHJDWZqOKGdsRJM0kfQAjCUJ43KX8s78ctnIz%2Blp5xpYa4dSo1fjOKGM03i8jSeCMzGevHa2%2FBK5MNo1F
 dgN2JMqPLmHc0b6WTmiVbsGoTf5qv66Zq2t60x0wXZ2RKydiCJXh3CWVV1CWJgqanfl0%2Bin8xutxYOvZL18NK
 UqPlvZR5el%2BVhYkAgZQdsA6fWVsZXE63W2itrTQ2cVaKV2CjSSqL1v9P%2FAXv4C

The above message (formatted for readability) may be signed for additional security. In practice the <samlp:AuthnRequest> message is unsigned, leaving the identity provider to identify the sender via SAML metadata.

HTTP POST Binding

In the following example, both the service provider and the identity provider use an HTTP POST Binding. Initially, the service provider responds to a request from the user agent with a document containing an XHTML form:

  <form method="post" action="https://idp.example.org/SAML2/SSO/POST" ...>
    <input type="hidden" name="SAMLRequest" value="''request''" />
    ... other input parameter....
  </form>

The value of the SAMLRequest parameter is the base64-encoding of a <samlp:AuthnRequest> element, which is transmitted to the identity provider via the browser. The SSO service at the identity provider validates the request and responds with a document containing another XHTML form:

  <form method="post" action="https://sp.example.com/SAML2/SSO/POST" ...>
    <input type="hidden" name="SAMLResponse" value="''response''" />
    ...
  </form>

The value of the SAMLResponse parameter is the base64 encoding of a <samlp:Response> element, which likewise is transmitted to the service provider via the browser.

To automate the submission of the form, the following line of JavaScript may appear anywhere on the XHTML page:

  window.onload = function () { document.forms[0].submit(); }

This assumes, of course, that the first form element in the page contains the above SAMLResponse containing form element (forms[0]).

HTTP Artifact Binding

The HTTP Artifact Binding uses the Artifact Resolution Protocol and the SAML SOAP Binding (over HTTP) to resolve a SAML message by reference. Consider the following specific example. Suppose a service provider wants to send a <samlp:AuthnRequest> message to an identity provider. Initially, the service provider transmits an artifact to the identity provider via an HTTP redirect:

 https://idp.example.org/SAML2/SSO/Artifact?SAMLart=artifact

Next the identity provider sends a <samlp:ArtifactResolve> request (such as the ArtifactResolveRequest shown earlier) directly to the service provider via a back channel. Finally, the service provider returns a <samlp:ArtifactResponse> element containing the referenced <samlp:AuthnRequest> message:

  <samlp:ArtifactResponse
    xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol"
    ID="_d84a49e5958803dedcff4c984c2b0d95"
    InResponseTo="_cce4ee769ed970b501d680f697989d14"
    Version="2.0"
    IssueInstant="2004-12-05T09:21:59">
    <!-- an ArtifactResponse message SHOULD be signed -->
    <ds:Signature
      xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">...</ds:Signature>
    <samlp:Status>
      <samlp:StatusCode
        Value="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:status:Success"/>
    </samlp:Status>
    <samlp:AuthnRequest
      xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol"
      xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
      ID="_306f8ec5b618f361c70b6ffb1480eade"
      Version="2.0"
      IssueInstant="2004-12-05T09:21:59"
      Destination="https://idp.example.org/SAML2/SSO/Artifact"
      ProtocolBinding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-Artifact"
      AssertionConsumerServiceURL="https://sp.example.com/SAML2/SSO/Artifact">
      <saml:Issuer>https://sp.example.com/SAML2</saml:Issuer>
      <samlp:NameIDPolicy
        AllowCreate="false"
        Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:emailAddress"/>
    </samlp:AuthnRequest>
  </samlp:ArtifactResponse>

Of course the flow can go in the other direction as well, that is, the identity provider may issue an artifact, and in fact this is more common. See, for example, the "double artifact" profile example later in this topic.

Artifact Format

In general, a SAML 2.0 artifact is defined as follows (SAMLBind[4]):

 SAML_artifact := B64 (TypeCode EndpointIndex RemainingArtifact)
 TypeCode      := Byte1Byte2
 EndpointIndex := Byte1Byte2

Thus a SAML 2.0 artifact consists of three components: a two-byte TypeCode, a two-byte EndpointIndex, and an arbitrary sequence of bytes called the RemainingArtifact. These three pieces of information are concatenated and base64-encoded to yield the complete artifact.

The TypeCode uniquely identifies the artifact format. SAML 2.0 predefines just one such artifact, of type 0x0004. The EndpointIndex is a reference to a particular artifact resolution endpoint managed by the artifact issuer (which may be either the IdP or the SP, as mentioned earlier). The RemainingArtifact, which is determined by the type definition, is the "meat" of the artifact.

The format of a type 0x0004 artifact is further defined as follows:

 TypeCode            := 0x0004
 RemainingArtifact   := SourceId MessageHandle
 SourceId            := 20-byte_sequence
 MessageHandle       := 20-byte_sequence

Thus a type 0x0004 artifact is of size 44 bytes (unencoded). The SourceId is an arbitrary sequence of bytes, although in practice, the SourceId is the SHA-1 hash of the issuer's entityID. The MessageHandle is a random sequence of bytes that references a SAML message that the artifact issuer is willing to produce on-demand.

For example, consider this hex-encoded type 0x0004 artifact:

 00040000c878f3fd685c833eb03a3b0e1daa329d47338205e436913660e3e917549a59709fd8c91f2120222f

If you look closely, you can see the TypeCode (0x0004) and the EndpointIndex (0x0000) at the front of the artifact. The next 20 bytes are the SHA-1 hash of the issuer's entityID (https://idp.example.org/SAML2) followed by 20 random bytes. The base64-encoding of these 44 bytes is what you see in the ArtifactResolveRequest example above.

SAML 2.0 Profiles

In SAML 2.0, as in SAML 1.1, the primary use case is still Web Browser SSO, but the scope of SAML 2.0 is broader than previous versions of SAML, as suggested in the following exhaustive list of profiles:

Although the number of supported profiles is quite large, the Profiles specification (SAMLProf[5]) is simplified since the binding aspects of each profile have been factored out into a separate Bindings specification (SAMLBind[4]).

Web Browser SSO Profile

SAML 2.0 specifies a Web Browser SSO Profile involving an identity provider (IdP), a service provider (SP), and a principal wielding an HTTP user agent. The SP has four bindings from which to choose while the IdP has three, which leads to twelve (12) possible deployment scenarios. We outline two such deployment scenarios below.

SP POST Request; IdP POST Response

This is a relatively simple deployment of the SAML 2.0 Web Browser SSO Profile where both the service provider (SP) and the identity provider (IdP) use the HTTP POST binding.

The message flow begins with a request for a secured resource at the SP.

1. Request the target resource at the SP

The principal (via an HTTP user agent) requests a target resource at the service provider:

 https://sp.example.com/myresource

The service provider performs a security check on behalf of the target resource. If a valid security context at the service provider already exists, skip steps 2–7.

2. Respond with an XHTML form

The service provider responds with a document containing an XHTML form:

  <form method="post" action="https://idp.example.org/SAML2/SSO/POST" ...>
    <input type="hidden" name="SAMLRequest" value="''request''" />
    <input type="hidden" name="RelayState" value="''token''" />
    ...
    <input type="submit" value="Submit" />
  </form>

The RelayState token is an opaque reference to state information maintained at the service provider. The value of the SAMLRequest parameter is the base64 encoding of the following <samlp:AuthnRequest> element:

  <samlp:AuthnRequest
    xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol"
    xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
    ID="identifier_1"
    Version="2.0"
    IssueInstant="2004-12-05T09:21:59"
    AssertionConsumerServiceIndex="0">
    <saml:Issuer>https://sp.example.com/SAML2</saml:Issuer>
    <samlp:NameIDPolicy
      AllowCreate="true"
      Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:transient"/>
  </samlp:AuthnRequest>

Before the <samlp:AuthnRequest> element is inserted into the XHTML form, it is first base64-encoded.

3. Request the SSO Service at the IdP

The user agent issues a POST request to the SSO service at the identity provider:

 POST /SAML2/SSO/POST HTTP/1.1
 Host: idp.example.org
 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
 Content-Length: nnn

 
 SAMLRequest=request&RelayState=token

where the values of the SAMLRequest and RelayState parameters are taken from the XHTML form at step 2. The SSO service processes the <samlp:AuthnRequest> element (by URL-decoding, base64-decoding and inflating the request, in that order) and performs a security check. If the user does not have a valid security context, the identity provider identifies the user (details omitted).

4. Respond with an XHTML form

The SSO service validates the request and responds with a document containing an XHTML form:

  <form method="post" action="https://sp.example.com/SAML2/SSO/POST" ...>
    <input type="hidden" name="SAMLResponse" value="''response''" />
    <input type="hidden" name="RelayState" value="''token''" />
    ...
    <input type="submit" value="Submit" />
  </form>

The value of the RelayState parameter has been preserved from step 3. The value of the SAMLResponse parameter is the base64 encoding of the following <samlp:Response> element:

  <samlp:Response
    xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol"
    xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
    ID="identifier_2"
    InResponseTo="identifier_1"
    Version="2.0"
    IssueInstant="2004-12-05T09:22:05"
    Destination="https://sp.example.com/SAML2/SSO/POST">
    <saml:Issuer>https://idp.example.org/SAML2</saml:Issuer>
    <samlp:Status>
      <samlp:StatusCode
        Value="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:status:Success"/>
    </samlp:Status>
    <saml:Assertion
      xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
      ID="identifier_3"
      Version="2.0"
      IssueInstant="2004-12-05T09:22:05">
      <saml:Issuer>https://idp.example.org/SAML2</saml:Issuer>
      <!-- a POSTed assertion MUST be signed -->
      <ds:Signature
        xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">...</ds:Signature>
      <saml:Subject>
        <saml:NameID
          Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:transient">
          3f7b3dcf-1674-4ecd-92c8-1544f346baf8
        </saml:NameID>
        <saml:SubjectConfirmation
          Method="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:cm:bearer">
          <saml:SubjectConfirmationData
            InResponseTo="identifier_1"
            Recipient="https://sp.example.com/SAML2/SSO/POST"
            NotOnOrAfter="2004-12-05T09:27:05"/>
        </saml:SubjectConfirmation>
      </saml:Subject>
      <saml:Conditions
        NotBefore="2004-12-05T09:17:05"
        NotOnOrAfter="2004-12-05T09:27:05">
        <saml:AudienceRestriction>
          <saml:Audience>https://sp.example.com/SAML2</saml:Audience>
        </saml:AudienceRestriction>
      </saml:Conditions>
      <saml:AuthnStatement
        AuthnInstant="2004-12-05T09:22:00"
        SessionIndex="identifier_3">
        <saml:AuthnContext>
          <saml:AuthnContextClassRef>
            urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:PasswordProtectedTransport
         </saml:AuthnContextClassRef>
        </saml:AuthnContext>
      </saml:AuthnStatement>
    </saml:Assertion>
  </samlp:Response>

5. Request the Assertion Consumer Service at the SP

The user agent issues a POST request to the assertion consumer service at the service provider:

 POST /SAML2/SSO/POST HTTP/1.1
 Host: sp.example.com
 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
 Content-Length: nnn


 SAMLResponse=response&RelayState=token

where the values of the SAMLResponse and RelayState parameters are taken from the XHTML form at step 4.

6. Redirect to the target resource

The assertion consumer service processes the response, creates a security context at the service provider and redirects the user agent to the target resource.

7. Request the target resource at the SP again

The user agent requests the target resource at the service provider (again):

 https://sp.example.com/myresource

8. Respond with requested resource

Since a security context exists, the service provider returns the resource to the user agent.

SP Redirect Artifact; IdP Redirect Artifact

This is a complex deployment of the SAML 2.0 Web Browser SSO Profile where both the service provider (SP) and the identity provider (IdP) use the HTTP Artifact binding. Both artifacts are delivered to their respective endpoints via HTTP GET.

The message flow begins with a request for a secured resource at the SP:

1. Request the target resource at the SP

The principal (via an HTTP user agent) requests a target resource at the service provider:

 https://sp.example.com/myresource

The service provider performs a security check on behalf of the target resource. If a valid security context at the service provider already exists, skip steps 2–11.

2. Redirect to the Single Sign-on (SSO) Service at the IdP

The service provider redirects the user agent to the single sign-on (SSO) service at the identity provider. A RelayState parameter and a SAMLart parameter are appended to the redirect URL.

3. Request the SSO Service at the IdP

The user agent requests the SSO service at the identity provider:

 https://idp.example.org/SAML2/SSO/Artifact?SAMLart=artifact_1&RelayState=token

where token is an opaque reference to state information maintained at the service provider and artifact_1 is a SAML artifact, both issued at step 2.

4. Request the Artifact Resolution Service at the SP

The SSO service dereferences the artifact by sending a <samlp:ArtifactResolve> element bound to a SAML SOAP message to the artifact resolution service at the service provider:

  <samlp:ArtifactResolve
    xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol"
    xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
    ID="identifier_1"
    Version="2.0"
    IssueInstant="2004-12-05T09:21:58"
    Destination="https://sp.example.com/SAML2/ArtifactResolution">
    <saml:Issuer>https://idp.example.org/SAML2</saml:Issuer>
    <!-- an ArtifactResolve message SHOULD be signed -->
    <ds:Signature
      xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">...</ds:Signature>
    <samlp:Artifact>''artifact_1''</samlp:Artifact>
  </samlp:ArtifactResolve>

where the value of the <samlp:Artifact> element is the SAML artifact transmitted at step 3.

5. Respond with a SAML AuthnRequest

The artifact resolution service at the service provider returns a <samlp:ArtifactResponse> element (containing an <samlp:AuthnRequest> element) bound to a SAML SOAP message to the SSO service at the identity provider:

  <samlp:ArtifactResponse
    xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol"
    ID="identifier_2"
    InResponseTo="identifier_1"
    Version="2.0"
    IssueInstant="2004-12-05T09:21:59">
    <!-- an ArtifactResponse message SHOULD be signed -->
    <ds:Signature
      xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">...</ds:Signature>
    <samlp:Status>
      <samlp:StatusCode
        Value="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:status:Success"/>
    </samlp:Status>
    <samlp:AuthnRequest
      xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol"
      xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
      ID="identifier_3"
      Version="2.0"
      IssueInstant="2004-12-05T09:21:59"
      Destination="https://idp.example.org/SAML2/SSO/Artifact"
      ProtocolBinding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-Artifact"
      AssertionConsumerServiceURL="https://sp.example.com/SAML2/SSO/Artifact">
      <saml:Issuer>https://sp.example.com/SAML2</saml:Issuer>
      <samlp:NameIDPolicy
        AllowCreate="false"
        Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:emailAddress"/>
    </samlp:AuthnRequest>
  </samlp:ArtifactResponse>

The SSO service processes the <samlp:AuthnRequest> element and performs a security check. If the user does not have a valid security context, the identity provider identifies the user (details omitted).

6. Redirect to the Assertion Consumer Service

The SSO service at the identity provider redirects the user agent to the assertion consumer service at the service provider. The previous RelayState parameter and a new SAMLart parameter are appended to the redirect URL.

7. Request the Assertion Consumer Service at the SP

The user agent requests the assertion consumer service at the service provider:

 https://sp.example.com/SAML2/SSO/Artifact?SAMLart=artifact_2&RelayState=token

where token is the token value from step 3 and artifact_2 is the SAML artifact issued at step 6.

8. Request the Artifact Resolution Service at the IdP

The assertion consumer service dereferences the artifact by sending a <samlp:ArtifactResolve> element bound to a SAML SOAP message to the artifact resolution service at the identity provider:

  <samlp:ArtifactResolve
    xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol"
    xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
    ID="identifier_4"
    Version="2.0"
    IssueInstant="2004-12-05T09:22:04"
    Destination="https://idp.example.org/SAML2/ArtifactResolution">
    <saml:Issuer>https://sp.example.com/SAML2</saml:Issuer>
    <!-- an ArtifactResolve message SHOULD be signed -->
    <ds:Signature
      xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">...</ds:Signature>
    <samlp:Artifact>''artifact_2''</samlp:Artifact>
  </samlp:ArtifactResolve>

where the value of the <samlp:Artifact> element is the SAML artifact transmitted at step 7.

9. Respond with a SAML Assertion

The artifact resolution service at the identity provider returns a <samlp:ArtifactResponse> element (containing an <samlp:Response> element) bound to a SAML SOAP message to the assertion consumer service at the service provider:

  <samlp:ArtifactResponse
    xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol"
    ID="identifier_5"
    InResponseTo="identifier_4"
    Version="2.0"
    IssueInstant="2004-12-05T09:22:05">
    <!-- an ArtifactResponse message SHOULD be signed -->
    <ds:Signature
      xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">...</ds:Signature>
    <samlp:Status>
      <samlp:StatusCode
        Value="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:status:Success"/>
    </samlp:Status>
    <samlp:Response
      xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol"
      xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
      ID="identifier_6"
      InResponseTo="identifier_3"
      Version="2.0"
      IssueInstant="2004-12-05T09:22:05"
      Destination="https://sp.example.com/SAML2/SSO/Artifact">
      <saml:Issuer>https://idp.example.org/SAML2</saml:Issuer>
      <ds:Signature
        xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">...</ds:Signature>
      <samlp:Status>
        <samlp:StatusCode
          Value="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:status:Success"/>
      </samlp:Status>
      <saml:Assertion
        xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
        ID="identifier_7"
        Version="2.0"
        IssueInstant="2004-12-05T09:22:05">
        <saml:Issuer>https://idp.example.org/SAML2</saml:Issuer>
        <!-- a Subject element is required -->
        <saml:Subject>
          <saml:NameID
            Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:emailAddress">
            user@mail.example.org
          </saml:NameID>
          <saml:SubjectConfirmation
            Method="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:cm:bearer">
            <saml:SubjectConfirmationData
              InResponseTo="identifier_3"
              Recipient="https://sp.example.com/SAML2/SSO/Artifact"
              NotOnOrAfter="2004-12-05T09:27:05"/>
          </saml:SubjectConfirmation>
        </saml:Subject>
        <saml:Conditions
          NotBefore="2004-12-05T09:17:05"
          NotOnOrAfter="2004-12-05T09:27:05">
          <saml:AudienceRestriction>
            <saml:Audience>https://sp.example.com/SAML2</saml:Audience>
          </saml:AudienceRestriction>
        </saml:Conditions>
        <saml:AuthnStatement
          AuthnInstant="2004-12-05T09:22:00"
          SessionIndex="identifier_7">
          <saml:AuthnContext>
            <saml:AuthnContextClassRef>
              urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:PasswordProtectedTransport
           </saml:AuthnContextClassRef>
          </saml:AuthnContext>
        </saml:AuthnStatement>
      </saml:Assertion>
    </samlp:Response>
  </samlp:ArtifactResponse>

10. Redirect to the target resource

The assertion consumer service processes the response, creates a security context at the service provider and redirects the user agent to the target resource.

11. Request the target resource at the SP again

The user agent requests the target resource at the service provider (again):

 https://sp.example.com/myresource

12. Respond with the requested resource

Since a security context exists, the service provider returns the resource to the user agent.

Identity Provider Discovery Profile

The SAML 2.0 Identity Provider Discovery Profile introduces the following concepts:

As a hypothetical example of a Common Domain, let's suppose Example UK (example.co.uk) and Example Deutschland (example.de) belong to the virtual organization Example Global Alliance (example.com). In this example, the domain example.com is the common domain. Both Example UK and Example Deutschland have a presence in this domain (uk.example.com and de.example.com, resp.).

The Common Domain Cookie is a secure browser cookie scoped to the common domain. For each browser user, this cookie stores a history list of recently visited IdPs. The name and value of the cookie are specified in the IdP Discovery Profile (SAMLProf[5]).

After a successful act of authentication, the IdP requests the Common Domain Cookie Writing Service. This service appends the IdP's unique identifier to the common domain cookie. The SP, when it receives an unauthenticated request for a protected resource, requests the Common Domain Cookie Reading Service to discover the browser user's most recently used IdP.

Assertion Query/Request Profile

The Assertion Query/Request Profile is a general profile that accommodates numerous types of so-called queries using the following SAML 2.0 elements:

The SAML SOAP binding is often used in conjunction with queries.

SAML Attribute Query

The Attribute Query is perhaps the most important type of SAML query. Often a requester, acting on behalf of the principal, queries an identity provider for attributes. Below we give an example of a query issued by a principal directly:

  <samlp:AttributeQuery
    xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
    xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol"
    ID="aaf23196-1773-2113-474a-fe114412ab72"
    Version="2.0"
    IssueInstant="2006-07-17T20:31:40">
    <saml:Issuer
      Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:X509SubjectName">
      CN=trscavo@uiuc.edu,OU=User,O=NCSA-TEST,C=US
    </saml:Issuer>
    <saml:Subject>
      <saml:NameID
        Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:X509SubjectName">
        CN=trscavo@uiuc.edu,OU=User,O=NCSA-TEST,C=US
      </saml:NameID>
    </saml:Subject>
    <saml:Attribute
      NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri"
      Name="urn:oid:2.5.4.42"
      FriendlyName="givenName">
    </saml:Attribute>
    <saml:Attribute
      NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri"
      Name="urn:oid:1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26"
      FriendlyName="mail">
    </saml:Attribute>
  </samlp:AttributeQuery>

Note that the Issuer is the Subject in this case. This is sometimes called an attribute self-query. An identity provider might return the following assertion, wrapped in a <samlp:Response> element (not shown):

  <saml:Assertion
    xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
    xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"
    ID="_33776a319493ad607b7ab3e689482e45"
    Version="2.0"
    IssueInstant="2006-07-17T20:31:41">
    <saml:Issuer>https://idp.example.org/SAML2</saml:Issuer>
    <ds:Signature>...</ds:Signature>
    <saml:Subject>
      <saml:NameID
        Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:X509SubjectName">
        CN=trscavo@uiuc.edu,OU=User,O=NCSA-TEST,C=US
      </saml:NameID>
      <saml:SubjectConfirmation
        Method="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:cm:holder-of-key">
        <saml:SubjectConfirmationData>
          <ds:KeyInfo>
            <ds:X509Data>
              <!-- principal's X.509 cert -->
              <ds:X509Certificate>
  MIICiDCCAXACCQDE+9eiWrm62jANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQQFADBFMQswCQYDVQQGEwJV
  UzESMBAGA1UEChMJTkNTQS1URVNUMQ0wCwYDVQQLEwRVc2VyMRMwEQYDVQQDEwpT
  UC1TZXJ2aWNlMB4XDTA2MDcxNzIwMjE0MVoXDTA2MDcxODIwMjE0MVowSzELMAkG
  A1UEBhMCVVMxEjAQBgNVBAoTCU5DU0EtVEVTVDENMAsGA1UECxMEVXNlcjEZMBcG
  A1UEAwwQdHJzY2F2b0B1aXVjLmVkdTCBnzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOBjQAwgYkC
  gYEAv9QMe4lRl3XbWPcflbCjGK9gty6zBJmp+tsaJINM0VaBaZ3t+tSXknelYife
  nCc2O3yaX76aq53QMXy+5wKQYe8Rzdw28Nv3a73wfjXJXoUhGkvERcscs9EfIWcC
  g2bHOg8uSh+Fbv3lHih4lBJ5MCS2buJfsR7dlr/xsadU2RcCAwEAATANBgkqhkiG
  9w0BAQQFAAOCAQEAdyIcMTob7TVkelfJ7+I1j0LO24UlKvbLzd2OPvcFTCv6fVHx
  Ejk0QxaZXJhreZ6+rIdiMXrEzlRdJEsNMxtDW8++sVp6avoB5EX1y3ez+CEAIL4g
  cjvKZUR4dMryWshWIBHKFFul+r7urUgvWI12KbMeE9KP+kiiiiTskLcKgFzngw1J
  selmHhTcTCrcDocn5yO2+d3dog52vSOtVFDBsBuvDixO2hv679JR6Hlqjtk4GExp
  E9iVI0wdPE038uQIJJTXlhsMMLvUGVh/c0ReJBn92Vj4dI/yy6PtY/8ncYLYNkjg
  oVN0J/ymOktn9lTlFyTiuY4OuJsZRO1+zWLy9g==
              </ds:X509Certificate>
            </ds:X509Data>
          </ds:KeyInfo>
        </saml:SubjectConfirmationData>
      </saml:SubjectConfirmation>
    </saml:Subject>
    <!-- assertion lifetime constrained by principal's X.509 cert -->
    <saml:Conditions
      NotBefore="2006-07-17T20:31:41"
      NotOnOrAfter="2006-07-18T20:21:41">
    </saml:Conditions>
    <saml:AuthnStatement
      AuthnInstant="2006-07-17T20:31:41">
      <saml:AuthnContext>
        <saml:AuthnContextClassRef>
            urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:TLSClient
        </saml:AuthnContextClassRef>
      </saml:AuthnContext>
    </saml:AuthnStatement>
    <saml:AttributeStatement>
      <saml:Attribute
        xmlns:x500="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:profiles:attribute:X500"
        x500:Encoding="LDAP"
        NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri"
        Name="urn:oid:2.5.4.42"
        FriendlyName="givenName">
        <saml:AttributeValue
          xsi:type="xs:string">Tom</saml:AttributeValue>
      </saml:Attribute>
      <saml:Attribute
        xmlns:x500="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:profiles:attribute:X500"
        x500:Encoding="LDAP"
        NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri"
        Name="urn:oid:1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26"
        FriendlyName="mail">
        <saml:AttributeValue
          xsi:type="xs:string">trscavo@gmail.com</saml:AttributeValue>
      </saml:Attribute>
    </saml:AttributeStatement>
  </saml:Assertion>

In contrast to the BearerAssertion shown earlier, this assertion has a longer lifetime corresponding to the lifetime of the X.509 certificate that the principal used to authenticate to the identity provider. Moreover, since the assertion is signed, the user can push this assertion to a relying party, and as long as the user can prove possession of the corresponding private key (hence the name "holder-of-key"), the relying party can be assured that the assertion is authentic.

SAML 2.0 Metadata

Quite literally, metadata is what makes SAML work (or work well). Let's look at some important uses of metadata:

Metadata ensures a secure transaction between an identity provider and a service provider. Before metadata, trust information was encoded into the implementation in a proprietary manner. Now the sharing of trust information is facilitated by standard metadata. SAML 2.0 provides a well-defined, interoperable metadata format that entities can leverage to bootstrap the trust process.

Identity Provider Metadata

An identity provider publishes data about itself in an <md:EntityDescriptor> element:

  <md:EntityDescriptor
    xmlns:md="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:metadata"
    xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
    xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"
    entityID="https://idp.example.org/SAML2">
    <!-- insert ds:Signature element -->
    <!-- insert md:IDPSSODescriptor element (below) -->
    <!-- insert md:AttributeAuthorityDescriptor element (not shown) -->
    <md:Organization>
      <md:OrganizationName xml:lang="en">
        SAML Identity Provider 
      </md:OrganizationName>
      <md:OrganizationDisplayName xml:lang="en">
        SAML Identity Provider @ Some Location
      </md:OrganizationDisplayName>
      <md:OrganizationURL xml:lang="en">
        http://www.idp.example.org/
      </md:OrganizationURL>
    </md:Organization>
    <md:ContactPerson contactType="technical">
      <md:SurName>SAML IdP Support</md:SurName>
      <md:EmailAddress>mailto:saml-support@idp.example.org</md:EmailAddress>
    </md:ContactPerson>
  </md:EntityDescriptor>

The entityID attribute is the unique identifier of the identity provider. Note that the details of the digital signature (in the <ds:Signature> element) have been omitted from this example.

The identity provider manages an SSO service and an attribute authority, each having its own descriptor. We describe SSO service metadata below while the <md:AttributeAuthorityDescriptor> element is not shown.

SSO Service Metadata

The SSO service at the identity provider is described in an <md:IDPSSODescriptor> element:

  <md:IDPSSODescriptor
    protocolSupportEnumeration="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol">
    <md:KeyDescriptor use="signing">
      <ds:KeyInfo>
        <ds:KeyName>IdP SSO Key</ds:KeyName>
      </ds:KeyInfo>
    </md:KeyDescriptor>
    <md:ArtifactResolutionService isDefault="true" index="0"
      Binding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:SOAP"
      Location="https://idp.example.org/SAML2/ArtifactResolution"/>
    <md:NameIDFormat>
      urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:emailAddress
    </md:NameIDFormat>
    <md:NameIDFormat>
      urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:transient
    </md:NameIDFormat>
    <md:SingleSignOnService
      Binding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-POST"
      Location="https://idp.example.org/SAML2/SSO/POST"/>
    <md:SingleSignOnService
      Binding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-Artifact"
      Location="https://idp.example.org/SAML2/Artifact"/>
    <saml:Attribute
      NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri"
      Name="urn:oid:1.3.6.1.4.1.5923.1.1.1.1"
      FriendlyName="eduPersonAffiliation">
      <saml:AttributeValue>member</saml:AttributeValue>
      <saml:AttributeValue>student</saml:AttributeValue>
      <saml:AttributeValue>faculty</saml:AttributeValue>
      <saml:AttributeValue>employee</saml:AttributeValue>
      <saml:AttributeValue>staff</saml:AttributeValue>
    </saml:Attribute>
  </md:IDPSSODescriptor>

The previous metadata element describes the SSO service at the identity provider. Note the following details about this element:

Service Provider Metadata

A service provider also publishes data about itself in an <md:EntityDescriptor> element:

  <md:EntityDescriptor
    xmlns:md="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:metadata"
    xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
    xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"
    entityID="https://sp.example.com/SAML2">
    <!-- insert ds:Signature element -->
    <!-- insert md:SPSSODescriptor element (see below) -->
    <md:Organization>
      <md:OrganizationName xml:lang="en">
        SAML Service Provider 
      </md:OrganizationName>
      <md:OrganizationDisplayName xml:lang="en">
        SAML Service Provider @ Some Location
      </md:OrganizationDisplayName>
      <md:OrganizationURL xml:lang="en">
        http://www.sp.example.com/
      </md:OrganizationURL>
    </md:Organization>
    <md:ContactPerson contactType="technical">
      <md:SurName>SAML SP Support</md:SurName>
      <md:EmailAddress>mailto:saml-support@sp.example.com</md:EmailAddress>
    </md:ContactPerson>
  </md:EntityDescriptor>

The primary component managed by the service provider is the assertion consumer service, which is discussed below.

Assertion Consumer Service Metadata

The assertion consumer service is contained in an <md:SPSSODescriptor> element:

  <md:SPSSODescriptor
    protocolSupportEnumeration="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol">
    <md:KeyDescriptor use="signing">
      <ds:KeyInfo>
        <ds:KeyName>SP SSO Key</ds:KeyName>
      </ds:KeyInfo>
    </md:KeyDescriptor>
    <md:ArtifactResolutionService isDefault="true" index="0"
      Binding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:SOAP"
      Location="https://sp.example.com/SAML2/ArtifactResolution"/>
    <md:NameIDFormat>
      urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:emailAddress
    </md:NameIDFormat>
    <md:NameIDFormat>
      urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:transient
    </md:NameIDFormat>
    <md:AssertionConsumerService isDefault="true" index="0"
      Binding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-POST"
      Location="https://sp.example.com/SAML2/SSO/POST"/>
    <md:AssertionConsumerService index="1"
      Binding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-Artifact"
      Location="https://sp.example.com/SAML2/Artifact"/>
    <md:AttributeConsumingService isDefault="true" index="1">
      <md:ServiceName xml:lang="en">
        Service Provider Portal
      </md:ServiceName>
      <md:RequestedAttribute
        NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:uri"
        Name="urn:oid:1.3.6.1.4.1.5923.1.1.1.1"
        FriendlyName="eduPersonAffiliation">
      </md:RequestedAttribute>
    </md:AttributeConsumingService>
  </md:SPSSODescriptor>

Note the following details about the <md:SPSSODescriptor> metadata element:

As noted earlier, the values of the Location attributes are used by an identity provider to route SAML messages, which minimizes the possibility of a rogue service provider orchestrating a man-in-the-middle attack.

Metadata Aggregates

In the previous examples, each <md:EntityDescriptor> element is shown to be digitally signed. In practice, however, multiple <md:EntityDescriptor> elements are grouped together under an <md:EntitiesDescriptor> element with a single digital signature over the entire aggregate:

  <md:EntitiesDescriptor
    xmlns:md="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:metadata"
    xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
    xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"
    validUntil="2013-03-22T23:00:00Z">
    <!-- insert ds:Signature element -->
    <md:EntityDescriptor
      entityID="https://idp.example.org/SAML2">
      ...
    </md:EntityDescriptor>
    <md:EntityDescriptor
      entityID="https://sp.example.com/SAML2">
      ...
    </md:EntityDescriptor>
  </md:EntitiesDescriptor>

Typically metadata aggregates such as this are published by trusted third parties called federations who vouch for the integrity of all the metadata in the aggregate. These metadata aggregates can be very large, sometimes on the order of hundreds of entities per aggregate.

See also

References

  1. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=50ogFCF56qE
  2. ↑ P. Mishra et al. Conformance Requirements for the OASIS Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) V2.0. OASIS Standard, March 2005. Document ID saml-conformance-2.0-os http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-conformance-2.0-os.pdf
  3. 1 2 3 S. Cantor et al. Assertions and Protocols for the OASIS Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) V2.0. OASIS Standard, March 2005. Document ID saml-core-2.0-os http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-core-2.0-os.pdf
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S. Cantor et al. Bindings for the OASIS Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) V2.0. OASIS Standard, March 2005. Document ID saml-bindings-2.0-os http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-bindings-2.0-os.pdf
  5. 1 2 3 S. Cantor et al. Profiles for the OASIS Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) V2.0. OASIS Standard, March 2005. Document ID saml-profiles-2.0-os http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-profiles-2.0-os.pdf


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