S-125 Neva/Pechora

S-125 Neva/Pechora NATO reporting name: SA-3 Goa
Peruvian Air Force Pechora
Type	Strategic SAM system
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1961[1]–present
Used by	See list of present and former operators
Wars	Yom Kippur War, Kosovo War, Iran–Iraq War, Gulf War, Angolan Civil War
Production history
Designer	Almaz Central Design Bureau
Designed	1960s
Manufacturer	JSC Defense Systems (Pechora-M)
Produced	1961–present
Variants	Neva, Pechora, Volna, Neva-M, Neva-M1, Volna-M, Volna-N, Volna-P, Pechora 2, Pechora 2M, Newa SC, Pechora-M

The S-125 Neva/Pechora (Russian: С-125 "Нева"/"Печора", NATO reporting name SA-3 Goa) Soviet surface-to-air missile system was designed by Aleksei Mihailovich Isaev to complement the S-25 and S-75. It has a shorter effective range and lower engagement altitude than either of its predecessors and also flies slower, but due to its two-stage design it is more effective against more maneuverable targets. It is also able to engage lower flying targets than the previous systems, and being more modern it is much more resistant to ECM than the S-75. The 5V24 (V-600) missiles reach around Mach 3 to 3.5 in flight, both stages powered by solid fuel rocket motors. The S-125, like the S-75, uses radio command guidance. The naval version of this system has the NATO reporting name SA-N-1 Goa and original designation M-1 Volna (Russian Волна – wave).

Operational history

Soviet Union

A pair of S-125 missiles in transit.

Abandoned Soviet S-125 missile near Saare, Saaremaa, Estonia.

The S-125 was first deployed between 1961 and 1964 around Moscow, augmenting the S-25 and S-75 sites already ringing the city, as well as in other parts of the USSR. In 1964, an upgraded version of the system, the S-125M "Neva-M" and later S-125M1 "Neva-M1" was developed. The original version was designated SA-3A by the US DoD and the new Neva-M named SA-3B and (naval) SA-N-1B. The Neva-M introduced a redesigned booster and an improved guidance system. The SA-3 was not used against U.S. forces in Vietnam, because the Soviets feared that China (after the souring of Sino-Soviet relations in 1960), through which most, if not all of the equipment meant for North Vietnam had to travel, would try to copy the missile.

Angola

The FAPA-DAA acquired a significant number of SA-3s, and these were encountered during the first strike flown by SAAF Mirage F.1s against targets in Angola ever - in June 1980. While the SAAF reported two aircraft were damaged by SAMs during this action, Angola claimed to have shot down four.^[2]

On 7 June 1980, while attacking SWAPO's Tobias Haneko Training Camp during Operation Sceptic (Smokeshell), SAAF Major Frans Pretorius and Captain IC du Plessis, both flying Mirage F.1s, were hit by SA-3s. Pretorius's aircraft was hit in a fuel line and he had to perform a deadstick landing at AFB Ondangwa. Du Plessis's aircraft sustained heavier damage and had to divert to Ruacana forward airstrip, where he landed with only the main undercarriage extended. Both aircraft were repaired and returned to service.^[3]

Middle East

S-125 on on ZIL-131 transporter vehicle (9T911), Batey Ha-Osef Museum

The Soviets supplied several SA-3s to the Arab states in the late 1960s and 1970s, most notably Egypt and Syria. The SA-3 saw extensive action during the War of Attrition and the Yom Kippur War. During the latter, the SA-3, along with the SA-2 and SA-6, formed the backbone of the Egyptian air defence network. In Egypt, March–July 1970 Soviet battalions of S-125 17 Shooting (35 missiles) were shot down 9 Israeli and Egyptian planes 1.^[4][5][6][7] Israel recognized the 5 in 1970 and in 1973 another 6^[7]

Syria deployed it for the first time during the 1973 Yom Kippur War and also during the 1982 Lebanon war. In fighting over the Beqaa Valley, however, the IAF managed to neutralize the SAM threat by launching Operation Mole Cricket 19, in which several SA-3 batteries, along with SA-2s and SA-6s, were destroyed in a single day.

Iraq

Remains of F-16C 87-257 as found by US ground forces in Iraq during Desert Storm. The canopy was recovered by US forces in the 2003 invasion.

Still photograph from a videotape of an Iraqi surface-to-air missile, believed to be an SA-3, launched at a coalition aircraft in July 2001.

A USAF F-16 (serial 87-257) was shot down on January 19, 1991, during Operation Desert Storm. The aircraft was struck by an SA-3 just south of Baghdad. The pilot, Major Jeffrey Scott Tice, ejected safely but became a POW as the ejection took place over Iraq. It was the 8th combat loss and the first daylight raid over Baghdad.^[8]

Two days before, a B-52G was damaged by a SAM which could have been an SA-3 or an SA-6.

FR Yugoslavia

A Yugoslav Army 250th Air Defense Missile Brigade 3rd battery equipped with S-125 system managed to shoot down an F-117 Nighthawk stealth bomber on March 27, 1999 during the Kosovo War (the only recorded downing of a stealth aircraft) near village Budjanovci, about 45 km from Belgrade. It was also used to shoot down a NATO F-16 fighter on May 2 (its pilot; Lt. Col David Goldfein, the commander of 555th Fighter Squadron, managed to eject and was later rescued by a combat search-and-rescue (CSAR) mission).^[9][10]

During the war, different Yugoslav SAM sites and possibly the SA-3 also shot down some NATO UAVs.

"The war (in Kosovo) proved that a competent opponent can improvise ways to overcome superior weaponry because every technology has weaknesses that can be identified and exploited," the jury is still out even on real damage to Serbian military infrastructure, the fact remains that SAM sites forced NATO planes to fly higher and be less effective than they would have been without these defences.^[11]

Description

The S-125 is somewhat mobile, an improvement over the S-75 system. The missiles are typically deployed on fixed turrets containing two or four but can be carried ready-to-fire on ZIL trucks in pairs. Reloading the fixed launchers takes a few minutes.

Missile

V-600
V-600 missiles on the S-125 quadruple launcher.
Type	Surface-to-air missile
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Production history
Variants	V-600, V-601
Specifications (V-601[12])
Weight	953 kg
Length	6.09 m
Diameter	375 mm
Warhead	Frag-HE
Warhead weight	60 kg
Detonation mechanism	Command
Wingspan	2.2 m
Propellant	Solid propellant rocket motor
Operational range	35 kilometres (22 mi)
Flight altitude	18,000 metres (59,000 ft)
Guidance system	RF CLOS

The S-125 system uses 2 different missiles versions. The V-600 (or 5V24) had the smallest warhead with only 60 kg of High-Explosive. It had a range of about 15 km.

The later version is named V-601 (or 5V27). It has a length of 6.09 m, a wing span of 2.2 m and a body diameter of 0.375 m. This missile weighs 953 kg at launch, and has a 70 kg warhead containing 33 kg of HE and 4,500 fragments. The minimum range is 3.5 km, and the maximum is 35 km (with the Pechora 2A). The intercept altitudes are between 100 m and 18 km.^[12]

The S-125M (1970) system uses 5V27. The intercept altitudes are between 20 m and 14 km. The minimum range is 2.5 km, and the maximum is 22 km^[6][7] The S-125M1 (1978) system uses 5V27D. In the early 1980s established for each system 1-2 radar simulator (against antiradar missiles assigned)^[7]

Radars

The launchers are accompanied by a command building or truck and three primary radar systems:

• P-15 "Flat Face" or P-15M(2) "Squat Eye" 380 kW C-band target acquisition radar (also used by the SA-6 and SA-8, range 250 km/155 miles)
• SNR-125 "Low Blow" 250 kW I/D-band tracking, fire control and guidance radar (range 40 km/25 miles, second mode 80 km/50 miles)
• PRV-11 "Side Net" E-band height finder (also used by SA-2, SA-4 and SA-5, range 28 km/17 miles, max height 32 km/105,000 ft)

"Flat Face"/"Squat Eye" is mounted on a van ("Squat Eye" on a taller mast for better performance against low-altitude targets also an IFF [Identifies Friend or Foe]), "Low Blow" on a trailer and "Side Net" on a box-bodied trailer.

Variants and upgrades

Naval version

ZIF-101 launcher of Volna system on the Kashin class destroyer Strogiy.

Work on a naval version M-1 Volna (SA-N-1) started in 1956, along with work on a land version. It was first mounted on a rebuilt Kotlin class destroyer (Project 56K) Bravyi and tested in 1962. In the same year, the system was accepted. The basic missile was a V-600 (or 4K90) (range: from 4 to 15 km, altitude: from 0.1 to 10 km). Fire control and guidance is carried out by 4R90 Yatagan radar, with five parabolic antennas on a common head. Only one target can be engaged at a time (or two, for ships fitted with two Volna systems). In case of emergency, Volna could be also used against naval targets, due to short response time.

The first launcher type was the two-missile ZIF-101, with a magazine for 16 missiles. In 1963 an improved two-missile launcher, ZIF-102, with a magazine for 32 missiles, was introduced to new ship classes. In 1967 Volna systems were upgraded to Volna-M (SA-N-1B) with V-601 (4K91) missiles (range: 4–22 km, altitude: 0.1–14 km).

In 1974 - 1976 some systems were modernized to Volna-P standard, with an additional TV target tracking channel and better resistance to jamming. Later, improved V-601M missiles were introduced, with lower minimal attack altitude against aerial targets (system Volna-N).

Some Indian frigates also carry the M-1 Volna system.

Modern upgrades

Two S-125 dual missile launcher trailers.

Newa SC

Since Russia replaced all of its S-125 sites with SA-10 and SA-12 systems, they decided to upgrade the S-125 systems being removed from service to make them more attractive to export customers.

• Released in 2000, the Pechora-2 version features better range, multiple target engagement ability and a higher probability of kill (PK). The launcher is moved onto a truck allowing much shorter relocation times.
• It is also possible to fire the Pechora-2M system against cruise missiles. Deployment time 25 minutes, protected from the active interference, and anti-radiation missiles (total in practical shooting)^[13][14]

Early warning radar is replaced by anti-stealth^[15][16] radar Caste 2e2, defeat the purpose of by range 2.5–32 km, defeat the purpose of in height - 0.02–20 km, distance rocket launchers from the control center 10 kilometers.^[17] Speed up to 1000 m/s (target), Used rocket 5V27DE,^[18] by weight the warhead + 50% range of flight splinters + 350%.^[19] Probability of hitting the target 1st rocket: at a distance up to 25 km - 0,72-0,99, detection range with EPR = 2 m. sq about 100 km, with the objectives of the EPR = 0.15 m. sq about 50 km, with no interference. When using a of active jamming - 40 km.^[20] ADMS "Pechora-2M" has the ability to interfacing with higher level command post and radar remote using telecode channels. Is equally effective at any time during the day and at night (optical location, daytime and nighttime, and also thermal imager(up to 30 km of night and 60 km of day^[6])),^[21][22] for such a system, the detection range of an aircraft such as F-16 is 30 km away.^[23] Is possible to use two radar pointing missiles, it allows the client to simultaneously work on two goals.^[20] For the purpose with a height of 350 meters detection range of 40 km.^[6]

In 1999, a Russian-Belarusian financial-industrial consortium called Oboronitelnye Sistemy (Defense Systems) was awarded a contract to overhaul Egypt's S-125 SAM system. These refurbished weapons have been reintroduced as the S-125 Pechora 2M.^[24]

• In 2001, Poland began offering an upgrade to the S-125 known as the Newa SC. This replaced many analogue components with digital ones for improved reliability and accuracy. This upgrade also involves mounting the missile launcher on a WZT-1 tank chassis (a TEL), greatly improving mobility and also adds IFF capability and data links. Radar is mounted on an 8-wheeled heavy truck chassis (formerly used for Scud launchers).

Serbian modifications include terminal/camera homing from radar base.

Cuba also developed a similar upgrade to the Polish one, which was displayed in La Habana in 2006.^[25]

• Later the same year, the Russian version was upgraded again to the Pechora-M which upgraded almost all aspects of the system - the rocket motor, radar, guidance, warhead, fuse and electronics. There is an added laser/infra-red tracking device to allow launching of missiles without the use of the radar.

There is also a version of the S-125 available from Russia with the warhead replaced with telemetry instrumentation, for use as target drones.

• In October, 2010, Ukrainian Aerotechnica announced a modernized version of S-125 named S-125-2D Pechora.^[26]

Operators

Map of S-125 operators in blue with former operators in red

Simulated S-125 site at Nellis AFB

Current operators

•  Algeria ^[27]
•  Angola
•  Armenia +
•  Azerbaijan +
•  Bulgaria
•  Burma ^[28]
•  Cuba
•  Egypt ^[28] No less than 50^[29][30] Pechora 2M in 2012^[31][32] + ≈120^[29]
•  Ethiopia+^[29]
•  Georgia
•  India
•  Libya ^[28]
•  Moldova
•  Mongolia Pechora-2M^[29][33]
•  Mozambique
•  North Korea 140^[34] batteries
•  Peru
•  Poland 12 Newa SC^[35]
•  Serbia 12 surface-to-air missile systems, with 32 rocket launchers (being modernized with IR camera - Range finder)
•  Syria ^[28] 148 Pechora^[36] + 12Pechora-2M^[37]
•  South Sudan^[38]
•  Tanzania
•  Turkmenistan ^[28]
•  Kazakhstan Pechora-2TM^[39]
•  Ukraine^[40]
•  Venezuela Pechora-2M 11.^[41][42] Ordered 11^[42] new systems, delivered 1 system in 2011(up to 8 launchers)^[43]
•  Vietnam ^[28][44] Pechora-2TM version^[45]
•  Yemen
•  Uganda
•  Zambia

Former operators

•  Afghanistan
•  Cambodia (scrapped in 2005) ^[46]
•  Czechoslovakia
•  East Germany
•  Finland (retired in 1990s)
•  Hungary (in service 1978-1995) ^[47]
•  Iraq (destroyed 2003)
•  Romania (in service 1986-1998)
•  Russia (retired in 1990s)
  • Missiles used as targets for training. RM-5V27 Pishal(in service as of 2011)
•  Somalia (inoperational by 1992) ^[48]
•  Slovakia (retired in 2001)
•  South Yemen
•  Soviet Union
•  Yugoslavia 14 S-125 batteries with a total of about 60 launchers

Radar photos

• 

  P-15 "Flat Face" radar.]]

• 

  S-125 Neva (Pechora)(SA-3 Goa)"Low Blow" radar.]]

• 

  PRV-11 "Side Net" radar.]]

References

• Description of C-125 on the producer site in Russian
• MissileThreat.com page
• Federation of American Scientists page
• Wonderland.org[dead link]

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to S-125.

• Jane's Defence news on Egyptian S-125 upgrade, April 2006
• Defencetalk on Egyptian S-125 upgrade, October 2006
• S-125 Missile Pictures
• S-125M1 Neva (SA-3b Goa) SAM Simulator