Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–39)
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Russo–Turkish War of 1735–1739 between Russia and the Ottoman Empire was caused by the Ottoman Empire's war with Persia and continuing raids by the Crimean Tatars.[1] The war also represented Russia's continuing struggle for the access to the Black Sea. In 1737, Austria joined the war on Russia's side, known in historiography as the Austro–Turkish War of 1737–1739.
Russian diplomacy before the war
By the outbreak of the Russo–Turkish war, Russia had managed to secure a favorable international situation by signing treaties with the Persian Empire in 1732–1735 (which was at war with Turkey in 1730–1736) and supporting the accession to the Polish throne of Augustus III in 1735 instead of the French protégé Stanislaw I Leszczynski, nominated by pro-Turkish France. Austria had been Russia's ally since 1726.
The course of the war in 1735–1738
The casus belli were the raids of the Crimean Tatars on Cossack Hetmanate (Ukraine) in the end of 1735 and the Crimean khan's military campaign in the Caucasus. In 1736, the Russian commanders envisioned the seizure of Azov and the Crimea.
In 1735, on the eve of the war, the Russians made peace with Persia, giving back all the remaining territory conquered during the Russo–Persian War (Treaty of Ganja).[2]
On May 20, 1736, the Russian Dnieper Army (62,000 men) under the command of Field Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Munnich took by storm the Turkish fortifications at Perekop and occupied Bakhchisaray on June 17.[3] However, lack of supplies coupled with the outbreak of an epidemic forced Münnich to retreat to Ukraine. On June 19, the Russian Don Army (28,000 men) under the command of General Peter Lacy with the support from the Don Flotilla under the command of Vice Admiral Peter Bredahl seized the fortress of Azov.[3] In July 1737, Münnich's army took by storm the Turkish fortress of Ochakov. Lacy's army (already 40,000 men strong) marched into the Crimea the same month and captured Karasubazar. However, Lacy and his troops had to leave the Crimea due to lack of supplies. The Crimean campaign of 1736 ended in Russian withdrawal into Ukraine, after an estimated 30,000 deaths; only 2,000 died in battle and the rest of hunger, famine and disease.[4]
In July 1737, Austria entered the war against Ottoman Empire, but was defeated a number of times, among others in the Battle of Banja Luka on August 4, 1737,[5] Battle of Grocka at 18, 21–22 July 1739,[6] and then lost Belgrade after an Ottoman siege from July 18 to September 1739. In August, Russia, Austria and Ottoman Empire began negotiations in Nemirov, which would turn out to be fruitless. There were no significant military operations in 1738. The Russian Army had to leave Ochakov and Kinburn due to the plague outbreak.
The final stage of the war
In 1739, the Russian army, commanded by Field Marshal Münnich, crossed the Dnieper, defeated the Turks at Stavuchany and occupied the fortress of Khotin (August 19) and Iaşi. However, Austria was defeated by the Turks at Grocka and signed a separate treaty in Belgrade with the Ottoman Empire on August 21.[7] This, coupled with the imminent threat of a Swedish invasion, forced Russia to sign the Treaty of Niš with Turkey on September 29, which ended the war.[8]
For Austria, the war proved a stunning defeat, and revealed the decay of its long-successful army. The Russian forces were more successful on the field, but they suffered huge losses (about 100,000 men, mainly of disease[9]) for limited gains.
Notes
- ↑ Stone 2006, p. 64.
- ↑ Mikaberidze 2011, p. 329.
- 1 2 Tucker 2010, p. 732.
- ↑ Aksan 2007, p. 103.
- ↑ Ingrao, Samardžić, Pesalj 2011, p. 136-137.
- ↑ Ingrao, Samardžić, Pesalj 2011, p. 29.
- ↑ Mikaberidze 2011, p. 210.
- ↑ Mikaberidze 2011, p. 647.
- ↑ Riasanovsky, Steinberg 2010, p. ?.
References
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.
- Stone, David R. (2006). A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya. Greenwood Publishing Group.
- Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II. ABC-CLIO.
- Ingrao, Charles W.; Samardžić, Nikola; Pesalj, Jovan (2011). The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718. Purdue University Press.
- Aksan, Virginia H. (2007). Ottoman Wars 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged. Routledge.
- Riasanovsky, Nicholas; Steinberg, Mark (2010). The History of Russia. Oxford University Press.