Rukn al-Din Khurshah
Rukn-ud-Dīn Khurshāh (or Khwarshāh) (Persian: رکنالدین خورشاه) (?-1256) was the son of ‘Alā’ ad-Dīn Muḥammad III and the 27th Imām of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī Shia community. He was also the 5th and final Imam who ruled at Alamut. The Imam was the eldest son of Imam ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad and succeeded his murdered father to the Imamate in 1255. Imam Rukn al-Din engaged in a long series of negotiations with the invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut Castle was surrendered to the Mongol Empire.[1]
Surrender of Ismaili citadels
In 1256, Rukn al-Din commenced a series of gestures demonstrating his submission to the Mongols. In a show of his compliance and at the demand of Hulagu Khan, Rukn al-Din began the dismantling process at Alamut Castle, Maymundiz and Lambsar Castle, removing towers and battlements.[2] However, as winter approached, Hulagu took these gestures to be a means of delaying his seizure of the castles and on 8 November 1256 the Mongol troops quickly encircled the Maymundiz fortress and residence of the Imam. After four days of preliminary bombardment with significant casualties for both sides, the Mongols assembled their mangonels around the castle in preparation for a direct siege. There was still no snow on the ground and the attacks proceeded, forcing Rukn al-Din to declare his surrender in exchange for his and his family's safe passage.[3] After another bombardment, Rukn al-Din descended from Maymundiz on 19 November.
In the hands of Hulagu, Rukn al-Din was forced to send the message of surrender to all the castles in the Alamut valley. At the Alamut fortress, the Mongol prince Balaghai led his troops to the base of the castle, calling for the surrender of the commander of Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din. It was decreed that should he surrender and pledge his allegiance to the Great Khan within one day, the lives of those at Alamut would be spared. Muqaddam al-Din was reluctant and wondered if the Imam's message of surrender was actually an act of duress.[3] In obedience to the Imam, Muqaddam and his men descended from the fortress, and the Mongol army entered Alamut and began its demolition.[3] Many of the other fortresses had already complied, therefore not only would Muqaddam's resistance have resulted in a direct battle for the castle, but the explicit violation of the instructions of the Imam, which would impact significantly on the Ismaili commander's oath of total obedience to the Imam.[4]
When Rukn al-Din arrived in Mongolia with promises to persuade the prevailing Ismaili fortresses to surrender, the Great Khan Möngke Khan no longer believed the Imam to be of use. En route back to his homeland, Rukn al-Din was put to death and died in 1256.[5] He was succeeded by Shamsu-d-Dīn Muḥammad.
References
- ↑ Daftary, Farhad. Mediaeval Isma’ili history and thought. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 323.
- ↑ Hodgson, Marshall G.S. The Secret Order of Assassins: The Struggle of the Early Nizari Ismailis Against the Islamic World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005, p.267.
- 1 2 3 Willey, Peter. Eagle's Nest - Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2005), 79
- ↑ Willey, Peter. Eagle's Nest - Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2005), 80
- ↑ Willey, Peter. Eagle's Nest - Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2005), 83
External links
Succession
| Clan of the Banu Quraish Born: ? C.E Died: 1256 C.E. | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by ‘Alā’ ad-Dīn Muḥammad III |
The Last Ruler of Nizārī Ismā'īlī state and Commander of Alamut Castle 1255–1256 |
Succeeded by The state lost independence |
| Shia Islam titles | ||
| Preceded by ‘Alā’ ad-Dīn Muḥammad III |
27th Imam of Nizari Ismailism 1255–1256 |
Succeeded by Shamsu-d-Dīn Muḥammad |