Rubber bridge
Rubber bridge is a form of contract bridge, played by two competing teams of two players each. A rubber is a best-of-three competition[1] which is completed when one team is first to win two games. A team wins a game when it is first to score 100 or more contract points; a new game ensues until one team has won two games to conclude the rubber. Owing to the availability of various additional bonus and penalty points in the scoring, it is possible though less common to win the rubber by amassing more total points despite losing two games out of three. Rubber bridge involves a high degree of skill but there is also a fair amount of luck involved in who gets the best cards.
Playing rubber bridge
Rubber bridge is usually played with a standard deck of 52 cards (though two decks are often supplied in bridge sets, only one is used in the game).
From high to low, the cards are ranked A, K, Q, J, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, and 2. Suits are ranked Spades (♠), Hearts (♥), Diamonds (♦), Clubs (♣). Four players play in partnerships, with partners sitting opposite each other. Gameplay rotates clockwise around the table.[2]
At the beginning of a rubber the players cut to decide partnerships and who deals the first hand. A deck is spread face down on the table and each player takes a card (but not one from the ends). The player with the highest card deals the first hand. The player who drew the second highest card plays with the dealer against the other two players.
Starting with the player to his left, the dealer deals 13 cards to each player, one at a time. The deal rotates clockwise after each hand.
The contract to be played is determined by an auction in which the players bid for the number of tricks they will make and the trump suit or no trumps. A bid consists of the number of tricks above six one needs to make and the denomination; e.g. "1♣" is seven tricks with clubs as trumps, "3NT" is nine tricks with no trump suit. The dealer bids first. At their turn players may either: pass, bid to make a higher contract, "double" an opponent's contract (which increases the penalties for failing to make the contract or the points for making the contract) or "redouble" their side's doubled contract which doubles the points again. A player may bid again after an initial pass. The auction ends when any bid is followed by three consecutive passes. If all four players pass the hand is passed in and the deal rotates.[2]
Once the contract has been decided, the player of the winning pair who first mentioned the denomination of the contract becomes declarer. The opening lead is made by the player to the declarer's left. Declarer’s partner then lays down their hand face up on the table as dummy, with the trump suit on their right. Declarer plays both his and dummy's cards. Each player, in turn, plays a card to the trick and they must play a card of the suit led if they have one. A player who has no cards of the suit led may play any card either discarding or trumping. A trick is won by the highest card of the suit led unless trumps are played, when the highest trump wins. The winner of the trick leads to the next trick.[2]
Scoring
The main article includes a detailed description of rubber bridge scoring with examples. Essentially, each winning bid's value is scored "below the line" (e.g., 3 Spades nets 90 points below the line) and overtricks, bonuses, etc. are scored "above the line", as are points for defeating contracts. Once a team reaches 100 points "below the line", the game ends and a new one begins, with a new line drawn underneath all previous points. The first team to win two games wins what is called the "rubber" and receives a large point bonus. Whoever has the highest point total after this bonus is assigned wins the match overall.
Tactics
At rubber the goal is to win the most points over a series of hands and it is important to make contracts to try and win the rubber and get the bonus. Overtricks do not matter, even less than at IMPs. Balancing over low level contracts is not as attractive, because unless one can make contract one has little to gain and may force the opponents into a higher scoring contract. Sacrificing can be expensive and only preserves the current state rubber as far as points below the line go and a 500 point penalty is possibly worth as much as winning the rubber.
At rubber every hand is affected by the context of the score and there are many different factors to consider and weigh up. One needs to be constantly aware of not just the vulnerability but what legs (part-games) both sides have as affects the meanings of bids. Game may only require 2♥ so it is worth stretching to bid it with a weak hand but not to go higher with a strong hand unless 6♥ is a reasonable chance. Part-scores like 40 and 60 are highly worthwhile as one can make game with two of major or 1NT respectively on a later hand.
This is very different from duplicate bridge where each part-score and game are worth fixed amounts and each hand is an individual battle over points.
History
Rubber bridge is the traditional form of contract bridge. It gained a lot of publicity after a celebrated match, referred to as "Bridge battle of the century", was held December 1931 to January 1932 between teams led by Ely Culbertson and Sidney Lenz. A total of 150 rubbers were played, and was ultimately won by the Culbertson team by a margin of 8,980 points. The match was a total success both for the game itself and the concepts of bidding as promoted by Culbertson.