Ruapekapeka

Ruapekapeka is a pā 14 kilometres southeast of Kawakawa in the Northland Region of New Zealand. It is one of the largest and most complex pā in New Zealand, that was designed specifically to counter the cannons of the British forces.^[1][2][3] The earthworks can still be seen.

A shattered Maori cannon in the central pā points towards the British advanced position, (the grassed area in mid distance)

Ruapekapeka was the site of the last battle in the Flagstaff War, between Colonial forces and the Ngāpuhi lead by Hone Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti, which was the first major armed conflict between the Colonial government and the Māori.

Design of Ruapekapeka Pā

This war pā was named ruapekapeka (bats' nests) because the pihareinga, or dugouts with narrow circular entrances at top, which gave access to shelters that protected the warriors from cannon fire. These ruas or caves looked like a calabash buried underground, the narrow end uppermost and could accommodate 15 to 20 warriors.^[4]

Te Ruki Kawiti and his allies, including Mataroria and Motiti,^[4] designed Ruapekapeka Pā as a further development of what is now called the "gunfighter pā"^[5] design that was used at the Battle of Ohaeawai. It was constructed during 1845, in a good defensive position, in area of no strategic value, well away from civilians, as a challenge to British rule. Ruapekapeka Pā improved on the plan of the pā at Ohaeawai, the site of a battle in the Flagstaff War.

The outer walls of the pā had trenches (parepare) in front of and behind palisades that were 3 metres (9.8 ft) high, built using puriri logs.^[6] Since the introduction of muskets the Māori had learnt to cover the outside of the palisades with layers of flax (Phormium tenax) leaves, making them effectively bulletproof as the velocity of musket balls was dissipated by the flax leaves.^[7] On some of the sides of the pā there were three rows of palisades and on other side there were two rows of palisades.^[8] There were passages between the front and back trenches (parepare),^[4] so that warriors could move forward to fire and return to shelter to reload. On the high ground an observation tower was erected. At the rear of the pā a well, some 5 metres (16 ft) deep, was dug into a sandstone formation to provide a water-supply during the expected siege of the pā.^[4]

Battle of Ruapekapeka Pā

Surviving earthworks at Ruapekapeka

When the new British Governor, Sir George Grey, failed to end the Flagstaff War by negotiation, he assembled a British force in the Bay of Islands to deal with Hone Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti. In early December 1845 the Colonial forces, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Despard, moved by water towards Ruapekapeka and began a two-week advance over 20 km to bring artillery up to the pā. Bombardment and an incomplete siege commenced on 27 December 1845 (the British lacking the manpower to completely surround the pā). Several weeks of siege punctuated by skirmishing followed.

The Māori had a deck-cannon (designed for use on a ship) and a field gun.^[4] A marine-gunner scored a direct hit on the deck-cannon after three shots, rendering it useless. In any event the Māori had limited supplies of gunpowder so that the possession of these guns did not assist the Māori in the defence of Ruapekapeka.^[4] The Māori were armed with Snider-Enfields, double-barrel muzzle-loading muskets (Tupara), flintlock muskets (Ngutuparera, so called because the hammer holding the flint looked like a duck's beak) as well as some pistols.^[4]

Several weeks of siege punctuated by skirmishing followed, until early on the morning of Sunday 11 January 1846 a British foraging party noted the defenders were unusually quiet. The small group of British troops pushed over the palisade and entered the pā, finding it almost empty. They were reinforced, while Māori tried to re-enter the pā from the back. After a four-hour gun fight the remaining Māori withdrew, abandoning the pā. Lieutenant Colonel Despard claimed the outcome as a "brilliant success".^[9] The Royal Marines and sailors from HMS Hazard, HMS North Star and HMS Calliope saw action in the battle.^[10] The "Official Despatches" on 17 January 1846 stated that casualties in the British forces were 3 soldiers killed and 11 wounded; 2 marines killed and 10 wounded; and 9 seamen killed and 12 wounded.^[9] However other published sources give different casualty figures: Reverend Richard Davis noted in his diary of 14 January 1846, that 12 were killed and 30 wounded;^[11][12][13] Māori casualties are unknown, (Heke and Kawiti later said they had lost around 60 dead during the whole of the campaign).

Plans of the pā, in front of its remains

Later examination of the pā showed that it had been very well designed and very strongly built. In different circumstances it could have withstood a long and costly siege.^[14] Lieutenant Balneavis,^[15] who took part in the siege, commented in his journal (dated 11 January):^[16]

Pa burnt. Ruapekapeka found a most extraordinary place,--a model of engineering, with a treble stockade, and huts inside, these also fortified. A large embankment in rear of it, full of under-ground holes for the men to live in; communications with subterranean passages enfilading the ditch. Two guns were taken,--a small one, and an 18-pounder, the latter dismantled by our fire. It appeared that they were in want of food and water. It was the strongest pa ever built in New Zealand.

The reason why the defenders appeared to have abandoned but then re-entered the pā is the subject of continuing debate. It was later suggested that most of the Māori had been at church (many of them were devout Christians).^[4][17] Knowing that their opponents, the British, were also Christians they had not expected an attack on a Sunday. Reverend Richard Davis noted in his diary of 14 January 1846:^[11]

Yesterday the news came that the Pa was taken on Sunday by the sailors, and that twelve Europeans were killed and thirty wounded. The native loss uncertain. It appears the natives did not expect fighting on the Sabbath, and were, the great part of them, out of the Pa, smoking and playing. It is also reported that the troops were assembling for service. The tars, having made a tolerable breach with their cannon on Saturday, took the opportunity of the careless position of the natives, and went into the Pa, but did not get possession without much hard fighting, hand to hand.

However, later commentators have cast doubt on this explanation of the events of Sunday 11 January, as fighting had continued on a Sunday at the Battle of Ohaeawai in July 1845. Yet other later commentators suggested that Heke deliberately abandoned the pā to lay a trap in the surrounding bush, as this would provide cover and give Heke a considerable advantage.^[18] In this scenario, Heke's ambush succeeded only partially, as Kawiti's men, fearing their chief had fallen, returned towards the pā and the British forces engaged in battle with the Māori rebels immediately behind the pā.^[19]

Aftermath of the battle of Ruapekapeka

It was Māori custom that the place of a battle where blood was spilt became tapu so that the Ngāpuhi left Ruapekapeka Pā.^[4][20] After the battle Kawiti and his warriors, carrying their dead, travelled some 4 miles (6.4 km) north-west to Waiomio, the ancestral home of Ngāti Hine.^[21]

After the battle of Ruapekapeka Kawiti expressed the will to continue to fight,^[22] however Kawiti and Heke made it known that they would end the rebellion if the Colonial forces would leave the Ngāpuhi land.

Tāmati Wāka Nene acted as an intermediary in the negotiations with Governor Grey. At this time Governor Grey faced new threats of rebellion in the south and would have had logistical difficulties in a lengthy campaign against Heke and Kawiti; although Governor Grey may have underestimated the difficulties the essentially part-time Māori force would experience in continuing to fight against the Colonial forces. Governor Grey accepted Tāmati Wāka Nene's argument that clemency was the best way to ensure peace in the North. Heke and Kawiti were pardoned and no land was confiscated.^[12]

References

External links

• Department of Conservation – Ruapekapeka Pa
• Carleton, Hugh (1874). Vol II, The Life of Henry Williams. Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. p. 112. 
• Cowan, James (1922). "Volume I: 1845–1864". The New Zealand Wars: a history of the Maori campaigns and the pioneering period. Wellington: R.E. Owen. pp. 73–144. 
• Kawiti, Tawai (October 1956). Hekes War in the North. No. 16 Ao Hou, Te / The New World, National Library of New Zealand Library. pp. 38–46. 

Coordinates: 35°27′23″S 174°08′37″E / 35.4563°S 174.1436°E / -35.4563; 174.1436