Governor-General of the Philippines

The Governor-General of the Philippines (Spanish: Gobernador-General de Filipinas; Filipino: Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas) was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, governed mainly by Spain (1565–1898) and the United States (1898–1946), and briefly by Great Britain (1762–1764) and Japan (1942–1945). They were also the representative of the executive of the ruling power.

On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence from the American control. The governor-general was replaced by an elected Filipino "President of the Philippine Commonwealth", as the chief executive of the Philippines, taking over many of the duties of the Governor-General. The former American Governor-General then became known as the High Commissioner to the Philippines.

Under New Spain (1565–1761)

From 1565 to 1898, the Philippines was under Spanish rule. From 1565–1821, The governor and captain-general was appointed by the Viceroy of New Spain upon recommendation of the Spanish Cortes and governed on behalf of the Monarch of Spain. When there was a vacancy (e.g. death, or during the transitional period between governors), the Royal Audiencia in Manila appoints a temporary governor from among its members.

After 1821, the country was no longer under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico) and administrative affairs formerly handled by New Spain were transferred to Madrid and placed directly under the Spanish Crown.

  Ad interim   Real Audiencia

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	Monarch
1		Miguel López de Legazpi	April 27, 1565	August 20, 1572	Philip II (25 July 1554 – 13 September 1598)
2		Guido de Lavezaris	August 20, 1572	August 25, 1575
3		Francisco de Sande	August 25, 1575	April 1580
4		Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa	April 1580	March 10, 1583
5		Diego Ronquillo	March 10, 1583	May 16, 1584
6		Santiago de Vera	May 16, 1584	May 1590
7		Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas	June 1, 1590	October 25, 1593
8		Pedro de Rojas	October 1593	December 3, 1593
9		Luís Pérez Dasmariñas	December 3, 1593	July 14, 1596
10		Francisco de Tello de Guzmán	July 14, 1596	May 1602
					Philip III (13 September 1598 – 31 March 1621)
11		Pedro Bravo de Acuña	May 1602	June 24, 1606
12		Cristóbal Téllez de Almanza (Real Audiencia)	June 24, 1606	June 15, 1608
13		Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia	June 15, 1608	April 1609
14		Juan de Silva	April 1609	April 19, 1616
15		Andrés Alcaraz (Real Audiencia)	April 19, 1616	July 3, 1618
16		Alonso Fajardo de Entenza	July 3, 1618	July 1624
					Philip IV (31 March 1621 – 17 September 1665)
17		Jeronimo de Silva (Real Audiencia)	July 1624	June 1625
18		Fernándo de Silva	July 1624	June 29, 1626
19		Juan Niño de Tabora	June 29, 1626	July 22, 1632
20		Lorenzo de Olaza (Real Audiencia)	July 22, 1632	1633
21		Juan Cerezo de Salamanca	August 29, 1633	June 25, 1635
22		Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera	June 25, 1635	August 11, 1644
23		Diego Fajardo Chacón	August 11, 1644	July 25, 1653
24		Sabiniano Manrique de Lara	July 25, 1653	September 8, 1663
25		Diego de Salcedo	September 8, 1663	September 28, 1668
					Charles II (17 September 1665 – 1 November 1700)
26		Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz	September 28, 1668	September 24, 1669
27		Manuel de León	September 24, 1669	September 21, 1677
28		Francisco Coloma (Real Audiencia)	September 21, 1677	September 21, 1677
29		Francisco Sotomayor y Mansilla (Real Audiencia)	September 21, 1677	September 28, 1678
30		Juan de Vargas y Hurtado	September 28, 1678	August 24, 1684
31		Gabriel de Curuzealegui y Arriola	August 24, 1684	April 1689
32		Alonso de Avila Fuertes (Real Audiencia)	April 1689	July 1690
33		Fausto Cruzat y Gongora	July 25, 1690	December 8, 1701
					Philip V1 November 1700 – 15 January 1724
34		Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri	December 8, 1701	August 25, 1709
35		Martín de Urzúa y Arizmendi, count of Lizárraga	August 25, 1709	February 4, 1715
36		José Torralba (Real Audiencia)	February 4, 1715	August 9, 1717
37		Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda	August 9, 1717	October 11, 1719
38		Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta (acting)	October 11, 1719	August 6, 1721
39		Toribio José Cosio y Campo	August 6, 1721	August 14, 1729
					Louis I (15 January – 31 August 1724)
					Philip V (6 September 1724 – 9 July 1746)
40		Fernándo Valdés y Tamon	August 14, 1729	July 1739
41		Gaspar de la Torre	July 1739	September 21, 1745
42		Archbishop Juan Arrechederra (acting)	September 21, 1745	July 20, 1750
					(9 July 1746 – 10 August 1759)
43		Francisco José de Ovando, 1st Marquis of Brindisi	July 20, 1750	July 26, 1754
44		Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban	July 26, 1754	May 31, 1759
45		Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta (acting)	June 1759	May 31, 1761
					Charles III (10 August 1759 – 14 December 1788)
46		Archbishop Manuel Rojo del Río y Vieyra (acting)	July 1761	October 6, 1762	Charles III

British Occupation of Manila (1761–1764)

Great Britain occupied Manila and the naval port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years' War.

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	Monarch
47		Simón de Anda y Salazar (Provisional Government in Bacolor, Pampanga)	October 6, 1762	February 10, 1764	Charles III
48		Dawsonne Drake	November 2, 1762	May 31, 1764	George III

Under New Spain (1764–1821)

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	Monarch
49		Francisco Javier de la Torre	March 17, 1764	July 6, 1765	Charles III
50		José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez	July 6, 1765	July 1770
51		Simón de Anda y Salazar	July 1770	October 30, 1776
52		Pedro de Sarrio	October 30, 1776	July 1778
53		José Basco y Vargas	July 1778	September 22, 1787
54		Pedro de Sarrio	September 22, 1787	July 1, 1788
55		Félix Berenguer de Marquina	July 1, 1788	September 1, 1793
					Charles IV
56		Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León	September 1, 1793	August 7, 1806
57		Mariano Fernández de Folgueras	August 7, 1806	March 4, 1810
					Ferdinand VII
					Joseph Bonaparte
58	|	Manuel Gonzalez de Aguilar	March 4, 1810	September 4, 1813
59		José Gardoqui Jaraveitia	September 4, 1813	December 10, 1816
					Ferdinand VII
60		Mariano Fernández de Folgueras	December 10, 1816	September 15, 1821

Direct Spanish control (1821–1898)

After the 1821 Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid, under the Crown.

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	Monarch
60		Mariano Fernández de Folgueras	September 16, 1821	October 30, 1822	Ferdinand VII
61		Juan Antonio Martínez	October 30, 1822	October 14, 1825
62		Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca	October 14, 1825	December 23, 1830
63		Pasqual Enrile y Alcedo	December 23, 1830	March 1, 1835
					Isabella II
64		Gabriel de Torres	March 1, 1835	April 23, 1835
65		Joaquín de Crámer	April 23, 1835	September 9, 1835
66		Pedro Antonio Salazar Castillo y Varona	September 9, 1835	August 27, 1837
67		Andrés García Camba	August 27, 1837	December 29, 1838
68		Luis Lardizábal	December 29, 1838	February 14, 1841
69		Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri	February 14, 1841	June 17, 1843
70		Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre	June 17, 1843	July 16, 1844
71		Narciso Clavería, 1st Count of Manila	July 16, 1844	December 26, 1849
72		Antonio María Blanco	December 26, 1849	July 29, 1850
73		Antonio de Urbistondo y Eguía	July 29, 1850	December 20, 1853
74		Ramón Montero y Blandino	December 20, 1853	February 2, 1854
75		Manuel Pavía, 1st Marquis of Novaliches	February 2, 1854	October 28, 1854
76		Ramón Montero y Blandino	October 28, 1854	November 20, 1854
77		Manuel Crespo y Cebrían	November 20, 1854	December 5, 1856
78		Ramón Montero y Blandino	December 5, 1856	March 9, 1857
79		Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero	March 9, 1857	January 12, 1860
80		Ramón María Solano y Llanderal	January 12, 1860	August 29, 1860
81		Juan Herrera Dávila	August 29, 1860	February 2, 1861
82		José Lemery e Ibarrola Ney y González	February 2, 1861	July 7, 1862
83		Salvador Valdés	July 7, 1862	July 9, 1862
84		Rafaél de Echagüe y Bermingham	July 9, 1862	March 24, 1865
85		Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez	March 24, 1865	April 25, 1865
86		Juan de Lara e Irigoyen	April 25, 1865	July 13, 1866
88		José Laureano de Sanz y Posse	July 13, 1866	September 21, 1866
89		Juan Antonio Osorio	September 21, 1866	September 27, 1866
90		Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez	September 27, 1866	October 26, 1866
91		José de la Gándara y Navarro	October 26, 1866	June 7, 1869
					No Monarch
92		Manuel Maldonado	June 7, 1869	June 23, 1869
93		Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada	June 23, 1869	April 4, 1871
					Amadeo I
94		Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutíerrez	April 4, 1871	January 8, 1873
95		Manuel MacCrohon	January 8, 1873	January 24, 1873
96		Juan Alaminos y Vivar	January 24, 1873	March 17, 1874
					No Monarch
97		Manuel Blanco Valderrama (acting)	March 17, 1874	June 18, 1874
98		José Malcampo y Monje	June 18, 1874	February 28, 1877
					Alfonso XII (December 29, 1874 – November 25, 1885)
99		Domingo Moriones y Murillo	February 28, 1877	March 20, 1880
100		Rafael Rodríguez Arias	March 20, 1880	April 15, 1880
101		Fernando Primo de Rivera, 1st Marquis of Estella	April 15, 1880	March 10, 1883
102		Emilio Molíns 1st term, (acting)	March 10, 1883	April 7, 1883
103		Joaquín Jovellar	April 7, 1883	April 1, 1885
104		Emilio Molíns 2nd term, (acting)	April 1, 1885	April 4, 1885
105		Emilio Terrero y Perinat	April 4, 1885	April 25, 1888
					Alfonso XIII (May 17, 1886)
106		Antonio Moltó (acting)	April 25, 1888	June 4, 1888
107		Federico Lobatón (acting)	June 4, 1888	June 5, 1888
108		Valeriano Wéyler	June 5, 1888	November 17, 1891
109		Eulogio Despujol	November 17, 1891	March 1, 1893
110		Federico Ochando (acting)	March 1, 1893	May 4, 1893
111		Ramón Blanco, 1st Marquis of Peña Plata	May 4, 1893	December 13, 1896
112		Camilo de Polavieja, 1st Marquis of Polavieja (acting)	December 13, 1896	April 15, 1897
113		José de Lachambre (acting)	April 15, 1897	April 23, 1897
114		Fernando Primo de Rivera, 1st Marquis of Estella	April 23, 1897	April 11, 1898
115		Basilio Augustín[1]	April 11, 1898	July 24, 1898
116		Fermín Jáudenes[1] (acting)	July 24, 1898	August 13, 1898
117		Francisco Rizzo[1] (acting)	August 13, 1898	September 1898
118		Diego de los Ríos[1] (acting)	September 1898	June 3, 1899

United States Military Government (1898–1901)

The American military government was established following the defeat of Spain in the Spanish–American War. During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor.

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	President
1		Wesley Merritt	August 14, 1898[2]	August 30, 1898[3]	William McKinley
2		Elwell S. Otis	August 28, 1898	May 5, 1900
3		Arthur MacArthur, Jr.	May 5, 1900	July 4, 1901
4		Adna Chaffee [4]	July 4, 1901	July 4, 1902

Insular Government (1901–1935)

On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the Second Philippine Commission who had the title of Civil Governor, a position appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate. For the first year, a Military Governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with civil governor, William Howard Taft.^[5] Disagreements between the two were not uncommon.^[6] The following year, on July 4, 1902, Taft became the sole executive authority.^[4] Chaffee remained as commander of Philippine Division until September 30, 1902.^[7]

The title was changed to Governor General in 1905 by an act of Congress (Public 43 - February 6, 1905).^[4] The term "insular" (from insulam, the Latin word for island)^[8] refers to U.S. island territories that are not incorporated into either a state or a federal district. All insular areas was under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division of the US War Department.^[9][10]

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	President
1		William Howard Taft	July 4, 1901	February 1, 1904	William McKinley To September 1901 Theodore Roosevelt From September 1901
2		Luke Edward Wright	February 1, 1904	November 3, 1905	Theodore Roosevelt
3		Henry Clay Ide	November 3, 1905	September 19, 1906
4		James Francis Smith	September 20, 1906	November 11, 1909
5		William Cameron Forbes	November 11, 1909	September 1, 1913	William Howard Taft
-		Newton W. Gilbert (Acting Governor-General)	September 1, 1913	October 6, 1913	Woodrow Wilson
6		Francis Burton Harrison	October 6, 1913	March 5, 1921
-		Charles Yeater (Acting Governor-General)	March 5, 1921	October 14, 1921	Warren G. Harding To September 1923 Calvin Coolidge
7		Leonard Wood	October 14, 1921	August 7, 1927
-		Eugene Allen Gilmore (Acting Governor-General)	August 7, 1927	December 27, 1927	Calvin Coolidge
8		Henry L. Stimson	December 27, 1927	February 23, 1929
-		Eugene Allen Gilmore (Acting Governor-General)	February 23, 1929	July 8, 1929	Herbert Hoover
9		Dwight F. Davis	July 8, 1929	January 9, 1932
-		George C. Butte (Acting Governor-General)	January 9, 1932	February 29, 1932
10		Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.	February 29, 1932	July 15, 1933
11		Frank Murphy	July 15, 1933	November 14, 1935 Became High Commissioner to the Philippines	Franklin D. Roosevelt

High Commissioner to the Philippines (1935–42 and 1945–46)

On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence. The office of President of the Philippine Commonwealth replaced the Governor-General as the country's chief executive. The Governor-General became the High Commissioner of the Philippines with Frank Murphy, the last governor-general, as the first high commissioner. The High Commissioner exercised no executive power but rather represented the colonial power, the United States Government, in the Philippines. The high commissioner moved from Malacañang Palace to the newly built High Commissioner's Residence, now the Embassy of the United States in Manila.

After the Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, the last High Commissioner, Paul McNutt, became the first United States Ambassador to the Philippines.

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	President
1		Frank Murphy	November 14, 1935	1937	Franklin D. Roosevelt
2		Paul V. McNutt	1937	1939
3		Francis Bowes Sayre, Sr.	1939	1942
4		Paul V. McNutt	1945	1946 Following Philippine independence became 1st U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines	Harry S Truman

Japanese military governors (1942–1945)

In December 1941, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded by Japan as part of World War II. The next year, the Empire of Japan sent a military governor to control the country during wartime, followed by the formal establishment of the puppet second republic.^[11]

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	Emperor
1		Masaharu Homma	January 3, 1942	June 8, 1942	Emperor Hirohito
2		Shizuichi Tanaka	June 8, 1942	May 28, 1943
3		Shigenori Kuroda	May 28, 1943	September 26, 1944
4		Tomoyuki Yamashita	September 26, 1944	September 2, 1945

Timelines

1750–1800

1800–1850

1850–1900

1900–1945

See also

• Audiencia
• List of Viceroys of New Spain
• Spanish Empire
• History of the Philippines
• Military History of the Philippines
• United States Territory
• Governor-General
• Lists of office-holders

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors-General of the Philippines.

References

• Governors of the Philippines
• Cahoon, Ben (2000). "Philippines". World's Statesmen.
• Don Peterson (2007-2nd Qtr), 1898: Five Philippine Governors-General Serve Rapid Fire Terms, Philippine Philatelic Journal.
• Tanner, Dr. J.M. (1901-11). Improvement Era Vol.5 No. 1. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.
• Elliott, Charles Burke (1917). The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy. The Bobbs-Merrill Company.

Governors-General of the Philippines Spanish Governors-General of the Philippines 1565–1898 Under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (1565–1821) Miguel López de Legazpi Guido de Lavezaris Francisco de Sande Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa Diego Ronquillo Santiago de Vera Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas Pedro de Rojas Luis Pérez Dasmariñas Francisco Tello de Guzmán Pedro Bravo de Acuña Cristóbal Téllez de Almanza Count of Valle de Orizaba Juan de Silva Andrés Alcaraz Alonso Fajardo Jeronimo de Silva Fernándo de Silva Juan Niño de Tabora Lorenzo de Olaza Juan Cerezo de Salamanca Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera Diego Fajardo Sabiniano Manrique de Lara Diego de Salcedo Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz Manuel de León Francisco Coloma Francisco Sotomayor Juan de Vargas Gabriel de Curuzealegui Alonso de Ávila Fuertes Fausto Cruzat y Góngora Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri Martín de Urzua y Arismendi José Torralba Fernando Bustamante Francisco de la Cuesta Toribio José Cosio Fernándo Valdés Gaspar de la Torre Juan de Arechederra Marquis of Brindisi and Ovando Pedro Manuel de Arandía Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta Manuel Rojo Simón de Anda Francisco Javier de la Torre José Antonio Raón Simón de Anda Pedro de Sarrio The Count of the Conquest of Batanes Islands Pedro de Sarrio Félix Berenguer de Marquina Rafael María de Aguilar Mariano Fernández de Folgueras Manuel Gonzalez de Aguilar José Gardoqui Jaraveitia Mariano Fernández de Folgueras Under Spain (1821–1898) Mariano Fernández de Folgueras Juan Antonio Martínez Mariano Ricafort Palacin Pasqual Enrile Gabriel de Torres Joaquín de Crámer Pedro Antonio Salazar Andrés García Camba Luis Lardizábal Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre Narciso Clavería Antonio María Blanco Marquis of La Solana Ramón Montero Manuel Pavía Ramón Montero Manuel Crespo Ramón Montero Fernándo Norzagaray Ramón María Solano Juan Herrera Dávila José Lemery Salvador Valdés Rafael de Echague Joaquín del Solar Juan de Lara José Laureano de Sanz Juan Antonio Osorio Joaquín del Solar José de la Gándara Manuel Maldonado Cárlos María de la Torre Rafael de Izquierdo Manuel MacCrohon Juan Alaminos Manuel Blanco Valderrama Marquis of San Rafael Marquis of Oroquieta Rafael Rodríguez Arias Fernando Primo de Rivera Emilio Molíns Joaquín Jovellar Emilio Molíns Emilio Terrero Antonio Molto Federico Lobaton Marquis of Tenerife Eulogio Despujol Federico Ochando Marquis of Peña Plata Camilo de Polavieja José de Lachambre Fernando Primo de Rivera Basilio Augustín Fermín Jáudenes Francisco Rizzo Diego de los Ríos Italics indicates a member of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. Smallcaps indicates an oidor of the Real Audiencia of Manila. American Governors-General of the Philippines 1898–1935 Military Government (1898–1902) Merritt Otis MacArthur Chaffee Insular Government (1901–1935) Taft Wright Ide Smith Forbes Gilbert Harrison Yeater Wood Gilmore Stimson Gilmore Davis Butte Roosevelt Murphy Smallcaps indicate military governors Italics indicate acting governors Japanese Military Governors of the Philippines 1942–1945 Masaharu Homma Shizuichi Tanaka Shigenori Kuroda Tomoyuki Yamashita See also Heads of state and government of the Philippines