Rob Nanninga

Rob Nanninga
Born Roelof Hendrik Nanninga
(1955-08-06)6 August 1955
Groningen
Died 30 May 2014(2014-05-30) (aged 58)
Groningen
Occupation Writer, editor
Language Dutch
Nationality Dutch
Genre non-fiction
Subject Scientific skepticism
Notable works Parariteiten (1988)
Years active 1987–2014
Partner Jolanda Hennekam

Roelof Hendrik "Rob" Nanninga[1] (6 August 1955 – 30 May 2014) was a Dutch skeptic, writer, board member of Stichting Skepsis and editor of its magazine Skepter.[2] He became known for his critical writings about sects, alternative healers and therapists, paranormal claims and pseudoscientific trainings and courses.

Early career

Nanninga completed his Ubbo Emmius teacher education in the summer of 1980 as a high school teacher in Dutch and English. After only a month in military service he was discharged.[1] Nanninga was a teacher for only a short time, being unable to keep order in class; his East Groningen pupils wanted no part of his Skinnerian ideas about rewarding and not punishing.[3] He concluded educating rebellious teenagers was not for him.[4]

First skeptical activities

In 1976, Nanninga got involved in a skeptics discussion group in Groningen via a school project of the college. He told them he knew how Uri Geller bent spoons. In the same year, the American skeptical organisation Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) was founded; its magazine Skeptical Inquirer also attracted several subscribers in the Netherlands.[5] Around 1979 Nanninga's interest in sects grew, and he visited several of them with his working group "Opkomende religies" ("Emerging religions"). It was in this club that he met his girlfriend Jolanda Hennekam.[3]

In the early 1980s, Nanninga performed an experiment with a Transcendental Meditation follower, who claimed to be able to make a floating jump of over a metre, starting from a meditation position and without pushing off the ground. Nanninga requested him to jump from a plywood plate that was lying on marbles onto a mattress half a metre away. The test subject, who beforehand claimed that the meditation gave him a "flying feeling", was confronted with the hard truth that one cannot push oneself off of a rolling plate.[3][6]

At the end of 1987, Rob Nanninga was among 25 Dutch Skeptical Inquirer subscribers who convened at the Humanistisch Verbond in Utrecht, with Paul Kurtz present, to found a CSICOP-like organisation in the Netherlands, which led to Stichting Skepsis. Nanninga got involved in its formation because he was writing his book Parariteiten at the time, which was published the next year.[7] At that convention he met many of his later colleagues such as mathematician Jan Willem Nienhuys and astronomer Cornelis de Jager, who became chairman. Nanninga himself became secretary from the end of 1988 until 2003.[3] On 1 March 1988, the first issue of Skepsis' magazine Skepter came out, of which Nanninga became an editor, becoming its editor-in-chief in 2002 until his death.[3]

Skepsis and Skepter

Moget case

In December 1994, Nanninga was tipped off by an ex-employee of the Groningen-based Instituut voor Video-Gestalttherapie (Institute for Video Gestalt therapy, IVG), where victims of incest were referred to by the Municipal Health Service (GGD) and Social service (that subsidised the IVG for thousands of guilders). The IVG was allegedly being run like a sect. Nanninga then spoke to several former clients, students and therapists of the IVG, after which he sent a report with his findings to the director of the social service and the chief inspector of Healthcare in January 1995. After coming up against a brick wall with them, he decided to seek publicity to the press.[8]

On 3 March 1995[9] Nanninga wrote a piece full of fierce accusations against the institute in Intermediair. The core of his charge against the IVG was its leader Wies Moget, whom he described as a 'paranoid and ruthless woman', who claimed to help victims, as long as they did exactly what she told them. Nanninga exposed how Moget told them all kinds of fantastic stories that were highly questionable. According to Moget, she and her daughters had undergone horrible mistreatment at the hands of an obscure cabal that she referred to as "The Group" ("De Groep"). This allegedly consisted of so-called 'satanic' figures, including her ex-husband that supposedly were after them. Through her therapy, they armed themselves against them. From 1991 on, Moget recruited students from among her own clients for her expensive training to become therapists. With her 'sect' in the city centre of Groningen she 'terrorised the neighbourhood', on the one hand by manipulating her own coworkers with threats and drumming into their minds that they had been the victims of various "repressed" crimes in the past, including sexual and ritual abuse. On the other hand she identified certain people, sometimes among her own students, as members of "The Group". With her stories, Moget managed to have her adepts break their ties with friends and relatives, and become dependent upon herself. Participants who protested were subjected to hypnosis sessions by Moget, or expelled when they became too dangerous for the IVG's stability.[10]

After the publication of Nanninga's piece, the GGD and social service decided not to refer new clients to the IVG for the time being, and several more ex-students came out with complaints.[11] In a new article in the newspaper Trouw of 18 March, Nanninga provided new evidence from a series of former clients and employees.[12] Because of the commotion, the IVG decided to set up a self-appointed commission to investigate potential abuses (the Inspection for Healthcare refused to investigate the matter because it did not recognise the institute), but Moget's new boyfriend and spokesman Vincent Schochron declared beforehand in the very same statement that the institute, having dozens of clients at the time, did 'nothing wrong'. Moreover, Moget sued Nanninga for defamation and slander, demanding financial compensation for causing "material and immaterial damage" to the institute.[13] The court in Groningen rejected the demand on 15 December 1995, because it concluded Skepsis had not been unnecessarily offensive or grievous, and Nanninga had backed up all of his claims well. Moget had to pay for the legal costs. After that it became quiet surrounding the IVG; the authorities did not undertake any action, despite attempts by ex-students to have it shut down.[8][14]

Crop circles, UFOs and aliens

Around the turn of the millennium, a wave of pseudoscientific interest for extraterrestrial life and its supposed connection to crop circles and UFOs kept Nanninga and his colleagues (especially Marcel Hulspas) busy.[15][16] Several times Nanninga explained in Skepter and to the press that the evidence provided by ufologists for their claims was slight and inconsistent. "Some interpret the circles as a cry of distress from Mother Earth, while others connect them to aliens that radiate the crop fields from their UFOs. According to dowsers, they have something to do with paranormal powerlines that lie across the landscape. Haselhoff has not yet made a choice out of these confused theories."[15] The standard argument went that crop circles would be "too complex" to be man-made and thus had to be of alien manufacture, even when people stepped forward confessing they had created them, including video footage of them doing so.[15]

Nanninga also found it 'a ridiculous theory' that some women claimed to be impregnated by aliens to produce children: "Wouldn't those beings be better off raiding a sperm bank?" He emphasised that he thought that people who believe such things are not crazy, but simply possess a richer imagination that they sometimes confuse with reality.[17] He pointed out that in the case of crop circles it turned out to be man-made jokers looking for sensation every time. Skepsis published a manual on its website on how to make crop circles yourself.[18][19] In the summer of 1999, Nanninga concluded that crop circles had been shown to be hoaxes so many times and that their popularity was clearly waning, and that further serious investigation had become unnecessarily, although he could see a future for it in art.[20]

In April 1997, Nanninga investigated and described the rise and fall of the American Christian-ufological Heaven's Gate sect, and what had driven its members to commit cult suicide.[21]

Parapsychology

In 2001 Nanninga said that parapsychological research should be taken seriously, because a meta-analysis of ganzfeld experiments showed a positive result that could not be explained by chance alone, although he did not conclude anything yet.[22] Later he said he had become "a bit more reflective" when it turned out that statistical errors were often being made, the results were not well repeatable, and "the whole narrative is shaky". He remained open-minded for parapsychology and would accept facts if they were convincing, but ascertained that researchers in this field were mainly interested in persuading their following, and not the outside world.[23]

In 1994, Nanninga wrote an exposé about hypnotist Rasti Rostelli –who amongst other things claimed to master telekinesis–, and during a 2001 episode of the television show Het zwarte schaap ("The Black Sheep"), Nanninga demonstrated that Rostelli was actually using well-known (and sometimes dangerous) magic tricks without openly admitting to it, thus misleading his audience. On behalf of Skepsis, Nanninga offered him 10,000 guilders to prove without tricks he had paranormal powers, but Rostelli refused.[24][25]

Homeopathic challenge

After the remarks of the Dutch Minister of Health Hans Hoogervorst on 18 February 2004 that homeopathy is 'just water', and that following the KNMG report on the death of Sylvia Millecam, he intended to henceforth legally prohibit anyone but physicians from medically diagnosing patients,[26] homeopaths reacted furiously.[27][28] In de Volkskrant of 21 February 2004, spokesman Michiel van Gemert of the Dutch Association of Classical Homeopaths (NVKH) challenged the Minister and the chief inspector of Healthcare Herre Kingma (also a member of the Vereniging tegen de Kwakzalverij) to take an overdose of homeopathically prepared sulphur (three weeks of C200 drops), but they refused.[29] Thereupon Nanninga offered on behalf of Skepsis to take up the challenge and perform the experiment together with Van Gemert, who claimed it would lead to 'unbearable itching and heating'. The response of the NVKH was positive, and on 25 February they jointly declared that they would perform an experiment with forty people in favour of and forty people against homeopathy. Van Gemert was so enthusiastic that he promised to quit his practice if he turned out to be wrong.[30] Two weeks later however, Van Gemert reported that, after consulting his supporters, they would abandon the test, because it was supposedly not designed well statistically, and one should not test a medicine if one knows in advance what effects are to expected. Nanninga again repeated the rules that had been mutually agreed upon, and clarified the conditions that should indicate that the test results would be reliable, and remained open for the challenge, but warned the NVKH that it should retract its claims against Minister Hoogervorst if it pulled out definitively. It appeared that Van Gemert was personally in favour of the test, but met with resistance from the association. In the end the test was not carried out, nor did the NVKH retract its statements.[31][32][33]

Exposing Van den Broeke

In 2005, Nanninga exposed the self-proclaimed psychic Robbert van den Broeke, who in the RTL 4 programme Er is zoveel meer ("There is so much more") claimed to be able to paranormally contact the ancestors of people present, but had actually drawn his information directly from a genealogy website, including a linguistic error that he had copied (genverbrander instead of geneverbrander, an old-fashioned spelling of jeneverbrander, meaning "gin burner").[4][34][35][36][37] In the episode of 18 December (seen by about 800,000 people[38]), Van den Broeke talked to a woman, Corrie, whose husband Arno had unexpectedly committed suicide. The psychic sought contact with Arno and ended his story with the text:

"There is something very important I have yet to tell. Arno and you also know each other from a previous life. You are very closely connected to each other. Maybe you have felt it yourself already, but it is true. And I need to say something about that. It is important, also to cope with this, to let go of this. There is a date coming through. 1793 and 1823. You have lived during the time in between. In that life you didn't get very old. 30 years or something. I'm getting a story right now. It was in the Netherlands. I'm reading Coevorden. Your name was Hillegien. You were called Hillegien. Hellegien. Hillegien, I hear. Hillegien. I'm getting a surname through about you. Possibly something like Rozenboom or Rozeboom. You were called Rozeboom back then. And you already lived together with, there is a name clearly coming through, something like Luwert, Luwert, that's the name I hear. And there is something with 7 March. And there is something about 7 August in that life. So I've got a feeling that you have actually lived with this partner in that life. Shortly after the wedding in that life, you died. In the same year. You married then, and in fact in the same year, I've got a hunch in August, you passed away. Your husband was then doing, or something with... I'm getting a profession. Trapper or trap... I don't know what that means. Trapper or genverbrander or genverbranden. I don't know exactly what that means."

However, Nanninga noticed that most of this information could be found precisely on the Internet. A Google search took him to a website that contained the family tree of this Hillegien Rozeboom.[39] Especially the word genverbrander caught his attention, because this should have been geneverbrander (=jeneverbrander), but was misspelled. The same spelling error could be found on the genealogy website, where the rest of the information he recited ("got through") on the show was as well. Van den Broeke made several more mistakes during the "reading": for example, he "got through" the wrong birthdate: 7 instead of 17 August, and he spoke of the name "Luwert" instead of "Lubbert".[40] On 29 December, RTL said it still believed in the self-proclaimed medium,[41] while Van den Broeke stood up for himself, claiming that he "had gotten through from above" that Er is zoveel meer would be continued with a new series of episodes. However, RTL boss Fons van Westerloo decided differently: RTL 4 spokeswoman Karin Bouwknegt declared in February 2006 that they were "finished with Robbert" because of all the commotion, because they did "not want any more negative publicity".[38][42] Journalist Albert Verlinde mockingly commented that Van den Broeke, who was "not a goochelaar ("magician") but a googlelaar ("googler")", could not even predict his own future; moreover, Verlinde supported Nanninga's allegation that RTL 4 found viewer ratings more important than honesty.[43]

Facilitated Communication

Back in 2006, Nanninga had written an article that was critical about Facilitated Communication (FC), with which handicapped people could allegedly speak by pointing out letters on a board, guided by a helping hand. According to him, these 'helping hands' were in fact doing all the work, even though they did not realise this themselves.[44] When the heavily handicapped girl Thiandi Grooff caught media attention in 2010, allegedly because she could go to college thanks to FC, Nanninga was skeptical, and was the first[45] to raise doubts about the uncritical stories going around praising Facilitated Communication for 'helping' Thiandi.[46][47][48]

Other interests

Nanninga was also critical of astrology,[49][50] acupuncture,[51] deprogramming,[52] the "occult" personality course Human Dynamics,[53][54] The Next Uri Geller,[55] Het Zesde Zintuig,[56] endtime predictions because of the supposed Maya calendar's end in 2012[57] and pseudoscientific HRM methods such as the enneagram.[58] For a brief period of time, Nanninga was also an editor at the magazine Religie Nu ("Religion Now") (October 1997 – September 1998[59]), meant as the continuation of the semi-annual magazine Religieuze bewegingen in Nederland ("Religious movements in the Netherlands"). However it only reached a circulation of 300, and was soon discontinued.[1]

Personal life

His friend Jan Willem Nienhuys called Nanninga "a true loner", who disliked crowds, and there are few pictures of him. Although Nanninga took little pleasure in publicity, he did participate in several radio and television programmes such as 747Live, Hoe?Zo! Radio,[51] Het zwarte schaap, De week van... and Gebeurtenissen.[60] From 2004 on, he no longer attended congresses and lectures, and instead preferred to read books, articulating his thoughts through his writing.[3][61] He was found dead sitting behind his computer on 30 May 2014; the diagnosis was cardiac arrest.[1][3][62]

Work

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Nienhuys, Jan Willem (September 2014). "In Memoriam: Rob Nanninga, Skeptic Leader and Editor". Skeptical Inquirer 38 (5): 11–12.
  2. ↑ Farley, Tim (23 December 2014). "Classic: The Trouble With Christmas". Skepticality. Episode 245. Skeptic Magazine/The Skeptics Society. Retrieved 30 January 2015.(5:13)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jan Willem Nienhuys (10 June 2014). "In Memoriam Rob Nanninga". Skepsis Blog (in Dutch). Stichting Skepsis. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  4. 1 2 Marco in 't Veldt (2 June 2014). "Hoofdredacteur en scepticus Rob Nanninga van de Skepter overleden". Groninger Gezinsbode (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  5. ↑ Somewhere between 1977 and 1987, Nanninga subscribed to Skeptical Inquirer.
  6. ↑ Nanninga, Rob (1988). Parariteiten – een kritische blik op het paranormale (in Dutch). Utrecht: Het Spectrum. p. 15. ISBN 9027419957.
  7. ↑ Gert Jan van 't Land (11 June 2014). "In memoriam Rob Nanninga". KloptDatWel.nl (in Dutch). Stichting Skepsis. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  8. 1 2 Nanninga, Rob (March 1996). "Een therapeutische rechtszaak". Skepter (in Dutch) 9 (1).
  9. ↑ Rob Nanninga (vert. Benjamin Rossen). "The dark side of a psychotherapeutic cult: Video Gestalt in Holland". Stichting Skepsis. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  10. ↑ Nanninga, Rob (3 March 1995). "De sekte en de sociale dienst". Intermediair (in Dutch) 28 (9).
    Nanninga, Rob (March 1995). "De sekte en de sociale dienst". Skepter (in Dutch) (Website Skepsis) 8 (1).
  11. ↑ "GGD stuurt geen clienten meer naar omstreden therapie". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). 3 March 1995. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  12. ↑ Rob Nanninga (18 March 1995). "DE DONKERE KANT VAN EEN THERAPIE". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  13. ↑ "Instituut laat omstreden therapie onderzoeken". Trouw (in Dutch). 24 March 1995. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  14. ↑ Theo Klein (15 November 1996). "Sektarisme in de psychotherapie". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 Nanninga, Rob (September 1996). "Grappenmakers in het graan". Skepter 9 (3).
  16. ↑ Nanninga, Rob (1999). "Het raadsel van de graancirkels". Skepter (in Dutch) 9 (4).
  17. ↑ "St Scepsis over verhaal Koolen buitenaardse wezens". De Gelderlander (in Dutch). 20 February 1998.
  18. ↑ Jan Koesen (2 August 1997). "Beschouwing over graancirkels". De Gelderlander.
  19. ↑ Delfgaauw, Remko (1999). "Uit je dak in het graan". Skepter (in Dutch) 12 (4).
  20. ↑ Martijn van der Kooij (30 July 1999). "Graancirkels zijn hun geheimzinnigheid kwijt". Leeuwarder Courant (in Dutch).
  21. ↑ Rob Nanninga (16 April 1997). "Jezus in een ufo". De Groene Amsterdammer (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  22. ↑ Koert van der Velde (19 February 2001). "Parapsycholoog zoekt verlichting in boeddhisme". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  23. ↑ Elma Drayer (1 May 2003). "Toch feest voor een vak in de lappenmand". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  24. ↑ Rob Nanninga (1994). "Doe wat ik zeg! Rostelli ontmaskerd". Skepter (in Dutch). Stichting Skepsis. Retrieved 23 October 2015.}
  25. ↑ Pepijn van Erp (23 October 2015). "Nanninga versus Rostelli in het Zwarte Schaap". KloptDatWel.nl (in Dutch). Stichting Skepsis. Retrieved 23 October 2015.}
  26. ↑ ANP (18 February 2004). "Hoogervorst: alleen arts mag diagnose stellen". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  27. ↑ "Homeopaten laaiend over uitspraken Hoogervorst". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). 19 February 2004. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  28. ↑ "Hoogervorst krenkt homeopathische artsen diep". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). 20 February 2004. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  29. ↑ "'Hoogervorst moet eens driemaal daags druppelen'". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). 21 February 2004. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  30. ↑ "Skepsis neemt uitdaging van homeopaten aan". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). 25 February 2004. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  31. ↑ Rob Nanninga. "Homeopathische uitdaging". Website Skepsis (in Dutch). Stichting Skepsis. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  32. ↑ Sander Becker (19 March 2004). "De kracht van de menselijke geest". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  33. ↑ Nienhuys, Jan Willem (2004). "Nekslag voor homeopaten: Een geneesmiddelproef die niet doorging". Skepter (in Dutch) 17 (1).
  34. ↑ Rob Nanninga (December 2005). "Er is zoveel meer. Googlen met Robbert van den Broeke". Website Skepsis (in Dutch). Stichting Skepsis. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  35. ↑ Nanninga, Rob (2005). "Van zorgenkind tot wonderman. De avonturen van Robbert van den Broeke". Skepter (in Dutch) 18 (4): 24–29.
  36. ↑ Michael Persson (28 December 2005). "Bovennatuurlijke waarneming met zelfde fout als op internet". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  37. ↑ "Stichting Skepsis: RTL-medium is een fantast". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). 28 December 2005. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  38. 1 2 Jan Martens (11 February 2006). "Medium Robbert gaat niet op herhaling bij RTL4". BN DeStem (in Dutch). Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  39. ↑ "Parenteel van Jan Wessels". (Family tree of Hillegien Rozeboom) (in Dutch). 16 December 2005. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  40. ↑ James Randi (6 January 2006). "Netherlands News". Randi.org. James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved 25 January 2015..
  41. ↑ "RTL blijft geloven in medium". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). 29 December 2005. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  42. ↑ "RTL 4 niet met vervolg op 'Er is zoveel meer'". Mediacourant (in Dutch). 12 February 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  43. ↑ Albert Verlinde (18 February 2006). "Er is zoveel meer". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  44. ↑ Nanninga, Rob (2006). "Willoze handelingen. Hypnose en Facilitated Communication". Skepter (in Dutch) 19 (4): 12–17.
  45. ↑ Maud Effting (14 July 2012). "'Amsterdamse academie faalt met gehandicapte vrouw'". de Volkskrant (in Dutch) (De Persgroep Nederland). Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  46. ↑ Nanninga, Rob (2010). "Met een hulphand naar de universiteit: gefaciliteerde (ondersteunde) communicatie". Skepter (in Dutch) 23 (2).
  47. ↑ Maud Effting (14 July 2012). "Het wonder van Thiandi". de Volkskrant (in Dutch) (De Persgroep Nederland). Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  48. ↑ Steven de Jong (15 July 2012). "Studeren met hersenbeschadiging. Universiteit onder vuur wegens omstreden hulpmiddel". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch) (NRC Media). Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  49. ↑ Rob Nanninga (17 May 1995). "De sterren zwijgen". De Groene Amsterdammer (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  50. ↑ Rob Nanninga (February 2007). "Astrologie – discussie over de waarde van horoscopen". Website Skepis (in Dutch). Stichting Skepsis. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  51. 1 2 Jeroen Dirks (14 July 2010). "Discussie over acupunctuur". Hoe?Zo! Radio (in Dutch). Wetenschap24. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  52. ↑ Nanninga, Rob (1995). "Hulpverleners of hersenspoelers? Een deprogrammering op video". Skepter 8 (3).
  53. ↑ Nanninga, Rob (2009). "Human Dynamics. Occulte psychologie op school". Skepter (in Dutch) 22 (1).
  54. ↑ "Skepsis bekritiseert 'occulte' schooltraining". Nederlands Dagblad (in Dutch). 10 November 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  55. ↑ Frank Gevers (24 January 2008). "Op zoek naar de nieuwe Uri Geller". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  56. ↑ Rob Nanninga (8 November 2006). "Het Zesde Zintuig: een misleidend KRO-programma". Website Skepsis (in Dutch). Stichting Skepsis. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  57. ↑ Nanninga, Rob (2008). "21-12-2012 /13.0.0.0.0. Het einde van de Mayakalender". Skepter (in Dutch) 21 (1).
  58. ↑ Hester Haarsma (20 February 2001). "Enneagram – vriendschap sluiten met die negatieve kant". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  59. ↑ "Religie nu / red.: R. Kranenborg ... [et al.]". KB-catalogus (in Dutch). National Library of the Netherlands. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  60. ↑ "Rob Nanninga on beeldengeluid.nl". Archive Beeld en Geluid (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  61. ↑ Bert Brussen (2 June 2014). "I.M. Rob Nanninga (1955–2014)". The Post Online (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  62. ↑ Peter de Waard (24 June 2014). "Rob Nanninga 1955–2014". de Volkskrant. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
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