Rita Hayworth

Rita Hayworth
Rita Hayworth in Down to Earth (1947)
Born	Margarita Carmen Cansino (1918-10-17)October 17, 1918 Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Died	May 14, 1987(1987-05-14) (aged 68) Manhattan, New York, U.S.
Cause of death	Alzheimer's disease
Resting place	Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City, California, U.S.
Occupation	Actress, dancer
Years active	1931–1972
Spouse(s)	Edward C. Judson (married 1937–1942) Orson Welles (married 1943–1947) Prince Aly Khan (married 1949–1953) Dick Haymes (married 1953–1955) James Hill (married 1958–1961)
Children	Rebecca Welles Manning (1944–2004) Yasmin Aga Khan (b. December 28, 1949)
Parent(s)	Eduardo Cansino, Sr. Volga Hayworth
Relatives	Eduardo Cansino, Jr. (brother) Richard Cansino (nephew)
Signature

Rita Hayworth (born Margarita Carmen Cansino; October 17, 1918 – May 14, 1987) was an American actress and dancer. She achieved fame during the 1940s as one of the era's top stars, appearing in a total of 61 films over 37 years. The press coined the term "love goddess" to describe Hayworth after she had become the most glamorous screen idol of the 1940s. She was the top pin-up girl for GIs during World War II.

Hayworth is perhaps best known for her performance in the 1946 film noir, Gilda, opposite Glenn Ford, in which she played the femme fatale in her first major dramatic role. Fred Astaire, with whom she made two films, called her his favorite dance partner. Her greatest success was in the Technicolor musical Cover Girl (1944), with Gene Kelly. She is listed as one of the top 25 female motion picture stars of all time in the American Film Institute's survey, AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars.

In 1980 Hayworth was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, which contributed to her death at age 68. The public disclosure and discussion of her illness drew international attention to Alzheimer's, then a little-known disease, and helped to greatly increase public and private funding for Alzheimer's research.

Early life

Hayworth was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1918 as Margarita Carmen Cansino, the oldest child of two dancers. Her father, Eduardo Cansino, Sr., was from Castilleja de la Cuesta, a little town near Seville, Spain.^[2] Her mother, Volga Hayworth, was an American of Irish-English descent who had performed with the Ziegfeld Follies.^[3]:281 The couple married in 1917. They also had two sons: Eduardo Cansino, Jr. and Vernon Cansino.^[3][4]

Margarita's father wanted her to become a professional dancer, while her mother hoped she would become an actress.^[5] Her paternal grandfather, Antonio Cansino, was renowned as a Spanish classical dancer. He popularized the bolero and his dancing school in Madrid was world famous.^[6] Hayworth later recalled, "From the time I was three and a half … as soon as I could stand on my own feet, I was given dance lessons."^[7]:67 She noted "I didn't like it very much … but I didn't have the courage to tell my father, so I began taking the lessons. Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse, that was my girlhood".^[8]:16

She attended dance classes every day for a few years in a Carnegie Hall complex, where she was taught by her uncle Angel Cansino. She performed publicly from the age of six.^[3] In 1926 at the age of eight, she was featured in La Fiesta, a short film for Warner Bros.^[3]

In 1927, her father took the family to Hollywood. He believed that dancing could be featured in the movies and that his family could be part of it. He established his own dance studio,^[3] where he taught such stars as James Cagney and Jean Harlow.^[9]:253 During the Great Depression, he lost all his investments as commercial interest in his dancing classes waned.

In 1931 Eduardo Cansino partnered with his 12-year-old daughter to form an act called the Dancing Cansinos.^[1]:14 Since under California law Margarita was too young to work in nightclubs and bars, her father took her with him to work across the border in Tijuana, Mexico. In the early 1930s, it was a popular tourist spot for people from Los Angeles.^[3] Because she was working, Cansino never graduated from high school, but she had completed ninth grade at Hamilton High in Los Angeles.

Cansino (Hayworth) took a bit part in the film Cruz Diablo (1934) at age 16, which led to another bit part in the film In Caliente (1935) with the Mexican actress, Dolores del Río.^[3] She danced with her father in such nightspots as the Foreign and the Caliente clubs. Winfield Sheehan, the head of the Fox Film Corporation, saw her dancing at the Caliente Club and quickly arranged for Hayworth to do a screen test a week later. Impressed by her screen persona, Sheehan signed her for a short-term six-month contract at Fox, under the name Rita Cansino, the first of two name changes during her film career.

Career

Early career

During her time at Fox, Hayworth was billed as Rita Cansino and appeared in unremarkable roles, often cast as the exotic foreigner. In late 1934 she performed a dance sequence in the Spencer Tracy film, Dante's Inferno (1935), and was put under contract in February 1935.^[1]:27 She had her first speaking role as an Argentinian girl in Under the Pampas Moon (1935).^[1]:28–30 She played an Egyptian girl in Charlie Chan in Egypt (1935), and a Russian dancer in Paddy O'Day (1935). Sheehan was grooming her for the lead in the 1936 Technicolor film, Ramona, hoping to establish her as Fox Film's new Dolores del Río.^[1]:29–31

By the end of her six-month contract, Fox had merged into 20th Century Fox, with Darryl F. Zanuck serving as the executive producer. Dismissing Sheehan's interest in Hayworth and giving Loretta Young the lead in Ramona, Zanuck did not renew Hayworth's contract.^[1]:32–33

Feeling that Hayworth had screen potential, salesman and promoter Edward C. Judson, with whom she would elope in 1937,^[1]:36 got her freelance work in several small-studio films and a part in the Columbia Pictures feature, Meet Nero Wolfe (1936). Studio head Harry Cohn signed her to a seven-year contract and tried her out in small roles.^[1]:34–35

Cohn argued that Hayworth's image was too Mediterranean, which reduced her opportunities to being cast in "exotic" roles that were fewer in number. He was heard to say her last name sounded too Spanish. Judson acted on Cohn's advice: Rita Cansino became Rita Hayworth when she adopted her mother's maiden name, to the consternation of her father.^[1]:36 With a name that emphasized her British-American ancestry, people were more likely to regard her as a classic "American".^[3]

With Cohn and Judson's encouragement, Hayworth changed her hair color to dark red and had electrolysis to raise her hairline and broaden the appearance of her forehead.^[3]

Hayworth appeared in five minor Columbia pictures and three minor independent movies in 1937. The following year, she appeared in five Columbia B movies. In 1939, Cohn pressured director Howard Hawks to use Hayworth for a small but important role as a man-trap in the aviation drama Only Angels Have Wings, in which she played opposite Cary Grant and Jean Arthur.^[3] With this film's box-office success, fan mail for Hayworth began pouring into Columbia's publicity department. Cohn began to see Hayworth as his first and official new star. The studio never officially had stars under contract, except for Jean Arthur, who was trying to break with it.

Cohn began to build up Hayworth in 1940 in features such as Music in My Heart, The Lady in Question, and Angels Over Broadway. That year, she was first featured in a Life magazine cover story.^[10] Cohn loaned Hayworth to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to appear in Susan and God opposite Joan Crawford. While on loan to Warner Bros., Hayworth appeared as the second female lead in The Strawberry Blonde (1941), opposite James Cagney.^[3] Because the film was a big box-office success, Hayworth's popularity rose and she immediately became one of Hollywood's hottest actresses. So impressed was Warner Bros., they tried to buy Hayworth's contract from Columbia, but Cohn refused to release her.

Her success led to a supporting role in Blood and Sand (1941) opposite Tyrone Power and Linda Darnell with Fox, the studio that had dropped her six years before. In one of her most notable screen roles, Hayworth played Doña Sol des Muire, the first of many screen sirens.

She returned in triumph to Columbia Pictures and was cast in the musical You'll Never Get Rich (1941) opposite Fred Astaire in one of the highest-budgeted films Columbia had ever made.^[3] The picture was so successful, the studio produced and released another Astaire-Hayworth picture the following year, You Were Never Lovelier.^[3] Astaire's biographer, Peter Levinson, writes that the dancing combination of Astaire and Hayworth was "absolute magnetism on the screen."^[11] Although Astaire made ten films with Ginger Rogers, his other main dancing partner, Hayworth's Latin sensuality surpassed the erotic quality of Rogers. "Rita's youthful exuberance meshed perfectly with Fred's maturity and elegance," says Levinson.^[11]

When Astaire was asked who his favorite dance partner was, he tried not answering the question, but later admitted it was Hayworth: "All right, I'll give you a name," he said. "But if you ever let it out, I'll swear I lied. It was Rita Hayworth."^[11] Astaire commented that "Rita danced with trained perfection and individuality … She was better when she was 'on' than at rehearsal." Biographer Charlie Reinhart describes the effect she had on Astaire's style:

There was a kind of reserve about Fred. It was charming. It carried over to his dancing. With Hayworth there was no reserve. She was very explosive. And that's why I think they really complemented each other.^[11][12]

In August 1941, Hayworth was featured in an iconic Life magazine photo in which she posed in a negligee with a black lace bodice.^[13][14] Bob Landry's photo made Hayworth one of the top two pin-up girls of the World War II years; the other was Betty Grable, in a 1943 photograph. For two years Hayworth's photograph was the most requested pin-up photograph in circulation.^[15][16] In 2002, the satin nightgown Hayworth wore for the photo sold for $26,888.^[17]

In March 1942, Hayworth visited Brazil as a cultural ambassador for the Roosevelt administration's Good Neighbor policy, under the auspices of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs.^[18]

Peak years at Columbia

Hayworth had top billing in one of her best-known films, the Technicolor musical Cover Girl, released in 1944.^[19] The film established her as Columbia's top star of the 1940s, and it gave her the distinction of being the first of only six women to dance on screen with both Gene Kelly and Fred Astaire.^[20] "I guess the only jewels of my life," Hayworth said in 1970, "were the pictures I made with Fred Astaire. … And Cover Girl, too."^[21]

For three consecutive years, starting in 1944, Hayworth was named one of the top movie box-office attractions in the world. She was adept in ballet, tap, ballroom, and Spanish routines.

Cohn continued to showcase Hayworth's dance talents. Columbia featured her in the Technicolor films: Tonight and Every Night (1945) with Lee Bowman; and Down to Earth (1947) with Larry Parks.

Her sexy, glamorous appeal, was most noted in Charles Vidor's film noir Gilda (1946) with Glenn Ford, which caused censors some consternation. The role, in which Hayworth wore black satin and performed a legendary one-glove striptease, "Put The Blame On Mame", made her into a cultural icon as a femme fatale.^[3]

While Gilda was in release, it was widely reported that an atomic bomb which was scheduled to be tested at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean's Marshall Islands would bear an image of Hayworth, a reference to her bombshell status. Although the gesture was undoubtedly meant as a compliment,^[22] Hayworth was deeply offended. Orson Welles, then married to Hayworth, recalled her anger in an interview with biographer Barbara Leaming: "Rita used to fly into terrible rages all the time but the angriest was when she found out that they'd put her on the atom bomb. Rita almost went insane, she was so angry. … She wanted to go to Washington to hold a press conference, but Harry Cohn wouldn't let her because it would be unpatriotic." Welles tried to persuade Hayworth that the whole business was not a publicity stunt on Cohn's part, that it was simply homage to her from the flight crew.^{[1]:129–130}

On the June 30, 1946, broadcast of Orson Welles Commentaries, Welles said of the imminent test, "I want my daughter to be able to tell her daughter that grandmother's picture was on the last atom bomb ever to explode."^[23]

The fourth atomic bomb ever to be detonated was decorated with a photograph of Hayworth cut from the June 1946 issue of Esquire magazine. Above it was stenciled the device's nickname, "Gilda", in two-inch black letters.^[24]

Hayworth's performance in Welles's 1947 film, The Lady from Shanghai, was critically acclaimed.^[3] The film's failure at the box office was attributed in part to Hayworth's famous red hair being cut short and bleached platinum blonde for the role. Cohn had not been consulted and was furious that Hayworth's image was changed.

Also in 1947, Hayworth was featured in a Life cover story by Winthrop Sargeant that resulted in her being nicknamed "The Love Goddess".^[25] The term was adopted and used later as the title of a biopic and of a biography about her. In a 1980s interview Hayworth said, "Everybody else does nude scenes, but I don't. I never made nude movies. I didn't have to do that. I danced. I was provocative, I guess, in some things. But I was not completely exposed."^[8]:234

Her next film, The Loves of Carmen (1948) with Glenn Ford, was the first film co-produced by Columbia and Hayworth's production company, The Beckworth Corporation (named for Rebecca, her daughter with Welles). It was Columbia's biggest moneymaker that year. She received a percentage of the profits from this and all her subsequent films until 1954, when she dissolved Beckworth to pay off debts.^[26]:130

The Hollywood princess

In 1948, at the height of her fame, Hayworth traveled to Cannes and was introduced to Prince Aly Khan. They began a year-long courtship, and were married on May 27, 1949. Hayworth left Hollywood and sailed for France, breaking her contract with Columbia.

Because Hayworth was already one of the most well-known celebrities in the world, the courtship and the wedding received enormous press coverage around the world. Because she was still legally married to second husband Orson Welles, Hayworth also received some negative backlash for her courtship with the prince, causing some American fans to boycott her pictures. The wedding marked the first time a Hollywood actress became a princess. On December 28, 1949, Hayworth gave birth to the couple's only daughter, Princess Yasmin Aga Khan.

Though Hayworth was anxious to start a new life abroad, away from Hollywood, Aly Khan's flamboyant lifestyle and duties proved too difficult for Hayworth. She struggled to fit in with his friends, and found it difficult to learn French. Aly Khan was also known in circles as a playboy, and it was suspected that he had been unfaithful to Hayworth during the marriage.

In 1951, Hayworth set sail with her two daughters for New York. Although the couple did reconcile for a short time, they officially divorced by 1953.

Returning to Columbia

After the collapse of her marriage to Khan, Rita Hayworth was forced to return to Hollywood to star in her "comeback" picture, Affair in Trinidad (1952) which again paired her with Glenn Ford. Director Vincent Sherman recalled that Hayworth seemed "rather frightened at the approach of doing another picture". She continued to clash with Columbia boss Harry Cohn, and was placed on suspension during filming. Nevertheless, the picture was highly publicized. The picture ended up grossing $1 million more than her previous blockbuster, Gilda (1946).

She continued to star in a string of successful pictures. In 1953, she had two films released: Salome with Charles Laughton and Stewart Granger; and Miss Sadie Thompson with José Ferrer and Aldo Ray. Her performance in the latter film won critical acclaim.

She was off the big screen for another four years, mainly because of a tumultuous marriage to the singer Dick Haymes. During her marriage to Haymes, she was involved in much negative publicity, which significantly lessened her appeal. By the time she returned to the screen for Fire Down Below (1957) with Robert Mitchum and Jack Lemmon, Kim Novak had become Columbia's top female star. Her last musical was Pal Joey (1957) with Frank Sinatra and Kim Novak. After this film, Hayworth left Columbia for good.

She received good reviews for her performance in Separate Tables (1958), with Burt Lancaster and David Niven, and The Story on Page One (1960) with Anthony Franciosa. She continued working throughout the 1960s. In 1962, her planned Broadway debut in Step on a Crack was cancelled for undisclosed health reasons.^[27] The Money Trap (1964) paired her, for the last time, with good friend Glenn Ford. She continued to act in films until the early 1970s. She made a well-publicized 1971 television appearance on The Carol Burnett Show. Her last film was The Wrath of God (1972).

Struggles with Columbia Pictures

Hayworth had a strained relationship with Columbia Pictures for many years. In 1943, she was suspended without pay for nine weeks because she refused to appear in Once Upon a Time.^[28] During this period in Hollywood, contract players could not choose their films; they were on salary rather than receiving a fixed amount per picture.

In 1947, Hayworth's new contract with Columbia provided a salary of $250,000 plus 50 percent of film profits.^[29] In 1951 Columbia alleged it had $800,000 invested in properties for her, including the film she walked out on that year. Hayworth left Hollywood to marry Prince Aly Khan and was suspended for failing to report to work on the film, Affair in Trinidad.

In 1952 Hayworth refused to report for work because she objected to the script.^[30] In 1955, she sued Columbia Pictures in order to be released from her contract, but asked for her $150,000 salary, alleging that the filming failed to start when agreed.^[31] She said, "I was in Switzerland when they sent me the script for Affair in Trinidad and I threw it across the room. But I did the picture, and Pal Joey too. I came back to Columbia because I wanted to work and first, see, I had to finish that goddam contract, which is how Harry Cohn owned me!"^[21]

"Harry Cohn thought of me as one of the people he could exploit, and make a lot of money," Hayworth said in 1972. "And I did make a lot of money for him, but not much for me."^[32]

Years after her film career had ended and long after Cohn had died, Hayworth still resented her treatment by both him and Columbia.

"I used to have to punch a time clock at Columbia," Hayworth said in a 1968 interview. "Every day of my life. That's what it was like. I was under exclusive contract, like they owned me … I think he had my dressing room bugged … He was very possessive of me as a person, he didn't want me to go out with anybody, have any friends. No one can live that way. So I fought him … You want to know what I think of Harry Cohn? He was a monster."^[33]

Hayworth resented the fact that the studio had failed to train her to sing or even to encourage her to learn how to sing.^[34]:103 Although she appeared to sing in many of her films, she was usually dubbed. Because the public did not know her secret, she was embarrassed to be asked to sing by troops at USO shows.^[34]:124

"I wanted to study singing," Hayworth complained, "but Harry Cohn kept saying, 'Who needs it?' and the studio wouldn't pay for it. They had me so intimidated that I couldn't have done it anyway. They always said, 'Oh, no, we can't let you do it. There's no time for that; it has to be done right now!' I was under contract, and that was it."^[34]:104

Hayworth did sing the acoustic guitar version of "Put the Blame on Mame" in Gilda. The other songs in the picture were dubbed by Anita Ellis.^[35]

Cohn had a reputation as a taskmaster, but he had his own criticisms of Hayworth. He had invested heavily in her before she began a reckless affair with the married Aly Khan, and it could have caused a backlash against her career and Columbia's success. For instance, an article in the British periodical The People called for a boycott of Hayworth's films: "Hollywood must be told its already tarnished reputation will sink to rock bottom if it restores this reckless woman to a place among its stars."^[36]

Cohn expressed his frustration in a 1957 interview with Time magazine: "Hayworth might be worth ten million dollars today easily! She owned 25% of the profits with her own company and had hit after hit and she had to get married and had to get out of the business and took a suspension because she fell in love again! In five years, at two pictures a year, at 25%! Think of what she could have made! But she didn't make pictures! She took two or three suspensions! She got mixed up with different characters! Unpredictable!"^[34]:163

Public image

Hayworth was a top glamour girl in the 1940s, a pin-up girl for military servicemen and a beauty icon for women. At 5'6" (168 cm) and 120 lb (55 kg),^[37] she was tall enough to be a concern for dancing partners such as Fred Astaire. She reportedly changed her hair color eight times in eight movies.^[38]

In 1949, Hayworth's lips were voted best in the world by the Artists League of America.^[39] She had a modeling contract with Max Factor to promote its Tru-Color lipsticks and Pan-Stik make-up.

Personal life

Marriages and family

In 1941, Hayworth said she was the antithesis of the characters she played. "I naturally am very shy … and I suffer from an inferiority complex."^[40] Her provocative role in Gilda, in particular, was responsible for people expecting her to be what she was not. Hayworth once said, with some bitterness, "Men go to bed with Gilda, but wake up with me."^[1]:122

Hayworth's two younger brothers, Vernon and Eduardo Cansino, Jr., both served in World War II. Vernon left the United States Army in 1946 with several medals,including the Purple Heart, and later married Susan Vail, a dancer. Eduardo Cansino, Jr. followed Hayworth into acting; he was also under contract with Columbia Pictures. In 1950, he made his screen debut in Magic Carpet.

Hayworth was married and divorced five times. She said, "Basically, I am a good, gentle person, but I am attracted to mean personalities."^[41]

Edward Charles Judson

In 1937, when Hayworth was 18, she married Edward Judson, an oilman turned promoter who was more than twice her age. They married in Las Vegas. He had played a major role in launching her acting career. A shrewd businessman, he was domineering and became her manager for months before he proposed. "He helped me with my career," Hayworth conceded after they divorced, "and helped himself to my money." She alleged that Judson compelled her to transfer a considerable amount of her property to him and she promised to pay him $12,000 under threats that he would do her "great bodily harm."^[42] She filed for divorce from him on February 24, 1942, with a complaint of cruelty. She noted to the press that his work took him to Oklahoma and Texas while she lived and worked in Hollywood. Judson was as old as her father, who was enraged by the marriage, which caused a rift between Hayworth and her parents until the divorce. Judson had failed to tell Hayworth before they married that he had previously been married twice.^[34]:62 When she left him, she literally had no money; she asked her friend Hermes Pan if she could eat at his home.

Orson Welles

Hayworth married Orson Welles on September 7, 1943, during the run of The Mercury Wonder Show.^[43] None of her colleagues knew about the planned wedding (before a judge) until she announced it the day before. For the civil ceremony, she wore a beige suit, a ruffled white blouse, and a veil. A few hours after they got married, they returned to work at the studio. They had a daughter, Rebecca, who was born on December 17, 1944, and died at the age of 59 on October 17, 2004. They struggled in their marriage. Hayworth said that Welles did not want to be tied down:

During the entire period of our marriage, he showed no interest in establishing a home. When I suggested purchasing a home, he told me he didn't want the responsibility. Mr. Welles told me he never should have married in the first place; that it interfered with his freedom in his way of life.^[44]

Hayworth called Welles the great love of her life. On November 10, 1947, she was granted a divorce that became final the following year.^[1]:142

Prince Aly Khan

In 1948, Hayworth left her film career to marry Prince Aly Khan, a son of Sultan Mahommed Shah, Aga Khan III, the leader of the Ismaili sect of Shia Islam. They were married on May 27, 1949. Her bridal trousseau had been influenced by Dior's "New Look", launched in 1947.

Aly Khan and his family were heavily involved in horse racing, owning and racing horses. Hayworth had no interest in the sport, but became a member of the Del Mar Thoroughbred Club anyway. Her filly, Double Rose, won several races in France and finished second in the 1949 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe.^[45]

In 1951, while still married to Hayworth, Khan was spotted dancing with the actress Joan Fontaine in the nightclub where he and his wife had met. Hayworth threatened to divorce him in Reno, Nevada. In early May, Hayworth moved to Nevada to establish legal residence to qualify for a divorce. She stayed at Lake Tahoe with their daughter, saying there was a threat the child would be kidnapped. Hayworth filed for divorce from Khan on September 2, 1951, on the grounds of "extreme cruelty, entirely mental in nature."^[46]

Hayworth once said she might convert to Islam, but did not. During the custody fight over their daughter, Princess Yasmin Aga Khan, born (1949-12-28)December 28, 1949, the Prince said he wanted her to be raised as a Muslim; Hayworth wanted the child to be raised as a Christian.^[47] Hayworth rejected his offer of $1 million if she would rear Yasmin as a Muslim from age seven and allow her to go to Europe to visit with him for two or three months each year, stating:

Nothing will make me give up Yasmin's chance to live here in America among our precious freedoms and habits. While I respect the Muslim faith, and all other faiths, it is my earnest wish that my daughter be raised as a normal, healthy American girl in the Christian faith. There isn't any amount of money in the entire world for which it is worth sacrificing this child's privilege of living as a normal Christian girl here in the United States. There just isn't anything else in the world that can compare with her sacred chance to do that. And I'm going to give it to Yasmin regardless of what it costs.^[48]

Dick Haymes

When Hayworth and Dick Haymes first met, he was still married and his singing career was waning. When she showed up at the clubs, he got a larger audience. Haymes was desperate for money, because two of his former wives were taking legal action against him for unpaid child support. His financial problems were so bad, he could not return to California without being arrested.^[49] On July 7, 1954, his ex-wife Nora Haymes got a bench warrant for his arrest, because he owed her $3,800 in alimony. Less than a week earlier, his other ex-wife, Joanne Dru, also got a bench warrant because she said he owed $4,800 in support payments for their three children.^[50] Hayworth ended up paying most of Haymes's debts.

Haymes was born in Argentina, and did not have solid proof of American citizenship. Not long after he met Hayworth, U.S. officials initiated proceedings to have him deported to Argentina for being an illegal alien. He hoped Hayworth could influence the government and keep him in the United States. When she assumed responsibility for his citizenship, a bond was formed that led to marriage. The two were married on September 24, 1953 at the Sands Hotel, Las Vegas, and their wedding procession went through the casino.

From the start of their marriage, Haymes was deeply indebted to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). When Hayworth took time off from attending his comeback performances in Philadelphia, the audiences sharply declined. Haymes's $5000 weekly salary was attached by the IRS to pay a $100,000 bill, and he was unable to pay his pianist. Haymes' ex-wives demanded money while Hayworth publicly bemoaned her own lack of alimony from Aly Khan. At one point, the couple was effectively imprisoned in a hotel room for 24 hours in Manhattan at the Hotel Madison as sheriff's deputies waited outside threatening to arrest Haymes for outstanding debts. At the same time, Hayworth was fighting a severe custody battle with Khan, during which she reported death threats against their children. While living in New York, Hayworth sent the children to live with their nanny in Westchester County. They were found and photographed by a reporter from Confidential magazine.

After a tumultuous two years together, Haymes struck Hayworth in the face in 1955 in public at the Cocoanut Grove nightclub in Los Angeles. Hayworth packed her bags, walked out, and never returned. The assault and crisis shook her, and her doctor ordered her to remain in bed for several days.^[51]

Hayworth was short of money after her marriage to Haymes. She had failed to gain child support from Aly Khan. She sued Orson Welles for back payment of child support which she claimed had never been paid. This effort was unsuccessful and added to her stress.

James Hill

Hayworth began a relationship with film producer James Hill, whom she went on to marry on February 2, 1958. He put her in one of her last major films, Separate Tables. This film was popular and highly praised, although The Harvard Lampoon named her the worst actress of 1958 for her performance.^[52] On September 1, 1961, Hayworth filed for divorce, alleging extreme mental cruelty. Hill later wrote Rita Hayworth: A Memoir, in which he suggested that their marriage collapsed because he wanted Hayworth to continue making movies, while she wanted them both to retire from Hollywood.

In his autobiography, Charlton Heston writes about Hayworth's brief marriage to Hill. One night Heston and his wife Lydia joined the couple for dinner at a restaurant in Spain with the director George Marshall and the actor Rex Harrison, Hayworth's co-star in The Happy Thieves. Heston wrote that the occasion "turned into the single most embarrassing evening of my life," describing how Hill heaped "obscene abuse" on Hayworth until she was "reduced to a helpless flood of tears, her face buried in her hands." Heston writes how the others sat stunned, witnesses to a "marital massacre" and, though he was "strongly tempted to slug him" (Hill), he left with his wife Lydia after she stood up, almost in tears. Heston wrote, "I'm ashamed of walking away from Miss Hayworth's humiliation. I never saw her again."^[53]

Health

Orson Welles noted Hayworth's problem with alcohol during their marriage, but he never believed that her problem was alcoholism. "It certainly imitated alcoholism in every superficial way," he recalled in 1983. "She'd fly into these rages, never at me, never once, always at Harry Cohn or her father or her mother or her brother. She would break all the furniture and she'd get in a car and I'd have to get in the car and try to control her. She'd drive up in the hills suicidally. Terrible, terrible nights. And I just saw this lovely girl destroying herself. I admire Yasmin so much."^{[54]:129–130}

Yasmin Aga Khan spoke of her mother's long struggle with alcohol:

I remember as a child that she had a drinking problem. She had difficulty coping with the ups and downs of the business … As a child, I thought, 'She has a drinking problem and she's an alcoholic.' That was very clear and I thought, 'Well, there's not much I can do. I can just, sort of, stand by and watch.' It's very difficult, seeing your mother, going through her emotional problems and drinking and then behaving in that manner … Her condition became quite bad. It worsened and she did have an alcoholic breakdown and landed in the hospital.^[55]

In 1972, the 54-year-old Hayworth wanted to retire from acting, but she needed money. At the suggestion of Robert Mitchum, she agreed to film The Wrath of God. The experience exposed her poor health and her worsening mental state. Because she could not remember her lines, her scenes were shot one line at a time.^{[1]:337–338} In November she agreed to complete one more movie, the British film Tales That Witness Madness,^[1]:343 but because of her worsening health she left the set and returned to the United States. She never returned to acting.^[56]

In March 1974, both of her brothers died within a week of each other, which caused her great sadness and led to heavy drinking. In 1976 at London's Heathrow Airport, Hayworth was removed from a TWA flight after having an angry outburst while traveling with her agent. The event attracted much negative publicity; a disturbing photograph was published in newspapers.^[57] Hayworth's alcoholism hid symptoms of what was eventually understood to be Alzheimer's disease.^[58]

"It was the outbursts," said Yasmin Aga Khan. "She'd fly into a rage. I can't tell you. I thought it was alcoholism — alcoholic dementia. We all thought that. The papers picked that up, of course. You can't imagine the relief just in getting a diagnosis. We had a name at last, Alzheimer's! Of course, that didn't really come until the last seven or eight years. She wasn't diagnosed as having Alzheimer's until 1980. There were two decades of hell before that."^[59]

Biographer Barbara Leaming wrote that Hayworth aged prematurely because of her addiction to alcohol and because of the many stressors in her life. "Despite the artfully applied make-up and shoulder-length red hair, there was no concealing the ravages of drink and stress," she wrote of Hayworth's arrival in New York in May 1956 to begin work on Fire Down Below, her first film in three years. "Deep lines had crept around her eyes and mouth, and she appeared worn, exhausted — older than her thirty-eight years."^[1]:322

Alzheimer's disease had been largely forgotten by the medical community since its discovery in 1906. Medical historian Barron H. Lerner wrote that when Hayworth's diagnosis was made public in 1981 she became "the first public face of Alzheimer's, helping to ensure that future patients did not go undiagnosed...Unbeknownst to her, Hayworth helped to destigmatize a condition that can still embarrass victims and their families."^[60]

In July 1981, Hayworth's health had deteriorated to the point that a judge in Los Angeles Superior Court ruled that she should be placed under the care of her daughter, Princess Yasmin Aga Khan of New York City.^[61] Hayworth lived in an apartment at The San Remo on Central Park West adjoining that of her daughter, who arranged for her mother's care during her final years.^[1]:359

In 1983 Rebecca Welles arranged to see her mother for the first time in seven years. Speaking to his lifelong friend Roger Hill, Orson Welles expressed his concern about the visit's effect on his daughter. "Rita barely knows me now," Welles said. He recalled seeing Hayworth three years before at an event which the Reagans held for Frank Sinatra. "When it was over, I came over to her table and I saw that she was very beautiful, very reposed looking, and didn't know me at first. After about four minutes of speaking, I could see that she realized who I was, and she began to cry quietly."^[54]:129

In an interview which he gave the evening before his death in 1985, Welles called Hayworth "one of the dearest and sweetest women that ever lived."^[62]

Death

Rita Hayworth lapsed into a semicoma in February 1987. She died at age 68 from complications associated with Alzheimer's disease a few months later on May 14, 1987, at her home in Manhattan.^[22] President Ronald Reagan, who had been one of Hayworth's contemporaries in Hollywood, issued a statement:

Rita Hayworth was one of our country's most beloved stars. Glamorous and talented, she gave us many wonderful moments on stage and screen and delighted audiences from the time she was a young girl. In her later years, Rita became known for her struggle with Alzheimer's disease. Her courage and candor, and that of her family, were a great public service in bringing worldwide attention to a disease which we all hope will soon be cured. Nancy and I are saddened by Rita's death. She was a friend who we will miss. We extend our deep sympathy to her family.^[63]

A funeral service was held on May 19, 1987, at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills.^[22] Pallbearers included actors Ricardo Montalbán, Glenn Ford, Don Ameche, agent Budd Burton Moss, and the choreographer Hermes Pan. She was interred in Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City.^[64] Her headstone includes Yasmin's sentiment: "To yesterday's companionship and tomorrow's reunion."

Accolades

Hayworth received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama for her performance in Circus World (1964).

In 1978 at the Shoreham Hotel in Washington, D.C., Hayworth was presented with the inaugural National Screen Heritage Award of the National Film Society,^[65]:xvi a group that published American Classic Screen magazine (1976–84).^{[65]:xv, xxi}

In 1999, Hayworth was acknowledged as one of the top 25 greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood cinema in the American Film Institute's survey, AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars.^[66]

Legacy

The public disclosure and discussion of Hayworth's illness drew international attention to Alzheimer's disease, which was little known at the time,^[22] and it helped to greatly increase federal funding for Alzheimer's research.^[60]

The Rita Hayworth Gala, a benefit for the Alzheimer's Association, is held annually in Chicago and New York City.^[67] The program was founded in 1985^[68] by Princess Yasmin Aga Khan, in honor of her mother. She is the hostess for the events and a major sponsor of Alzheimer's disease charities and awareness programs. As of March 2015, a total of more than $65 million had been raised through the events.^[67][69]

Film and television credits

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1926	La Fiesta		Short subject Credited as Rita Cansino[3]
1934	Cruz Diablo	Extra	Uncredited[3]
1935	In Caliente		Credited as Rita Cansino[3]
1935	Under the Pampas Moon	Carmen	Credited as Rita Cansino[70]
1935	Charlie Chan in Egypt	Nayda	Credited as Rita Cansino[70]
1935	Dante's Inferno	Dancer	Credited as Rita Cansino[70]
1935	Piernas de seda	Ballerina	Credited as Rita Cansino[70]
1935	Hi, Gaucho!	Dolores	Uncredited
1935	Paddy O'Day	Tamara Petrovitch	Credited as Rita Cansino[70]
1936	Professional Soldier	Gypsy Dancer	Credited as Rita Cansino[70]
1936	Human Cargo	Carmen Zoro	Credited as Rita Cansino[70]
1936	Dancing Pirate	Specialty Dancer	Uncredited
1936	Meet Nero Wolfe	Maria Maringola	Credited as Rita Cansino[70]
1936	Rebellion	Paula Castillo	Alternative title: Lady from Frisco Credited as Rita Cansino[70]
1937	Old Louisiana	Angela Gonzales	Alternative title: Louisiana Gal Credited as Rita Cansino[70]
1937	Hit the Saddle	Rita	Credited as Rita Cansino[70]
1937	Trouble in Texas	Carmen Serano	Credited as Rita Cansino[70]
1937	Criminals of the Air	Rita Owens	[70]
1937	Girls Can Play	Sue Collins	[70]
1937	The Game That Kills	Betty Holland	[70]
1937	Life Begins with Love	Dinner Guest's Girl Friend	Uncredited
1937	Paid to Dance	Betty Morgan	Alternative title: Hard to Hold[70]
1937	The Shadow	Mary Gillespie	[70]
1938	Who Killed Gail Preston?	Gail Preston	[70]
1938	Special Inspector	Patricia Lane	Alternative title: Across the Border[70]
1938	There's Always a Woman	Mary – Ketterling's Secretary	Uncredited[70]
1938	Convicted	Jerry Wheeler	[70]
1938	Juvenile Court	Marcia Adams	[70]
1938	The Renegade Ranger	Judith Alvarez	[70]
1939	Homicide Bureau	J.G. Bliss	[70]
1939	The Lone Wolf Spy Hunt	Karen	[70]
1939	Only Angels Have Wings	Judy MacPherson	[70]
1940	Music in My Heart	Patricia O'Malley	[70]
1940	Blondie on a Budget	Joan Forrester	[70]
1940	Susan and God	Leonora Stubbs	[70]
1940	The Lady in Question	Natalie Roguin	[70]
1940	Angels Over Broadway	Nina Barona	[70]
1941	The Strawberry Blonde	Virginia Brush	[70]
1941	Affectionately Yours	Irene Malcolm	[70]
1941	Blood and Sand	Dona Sol	[70]
1941	You'll Never Get Rich	Sheila Winthrop	[70]
1942	My Gal Sal	Sally Elliott	[70]
1942	Tales of Manhattan	Ethel Halloway	[70]
1942	You Were Never Lovelier	Maria Acuña	[70]
1944	Cover Girl	Rusty Parker/Maribelle Hicks	[70]
1945	Tonight and Every Night	Rosalind Bruce	[70]
1946	Gilda	Gilda Mundson Farrell	[70]
1947	Down to Earth	Terpsichore/Kitty Pendleton	[70]
1947	The Lady from Shanghai	Elsa Bannister	[70]
1948	The Loves of Carmen	Carmen	[70] Producer (uncredited)
1952	Affair in Trinidad	Chris Emery	[70] Producer (uncredited)
1953	Salome	Princess Salome	Alternative title: Salome: The Dance of the Seven Veils[70] Producer (uncredited)
1953	Miss Sadie Thompson	Sadie Thompson	[70]
1957	Fire Down Below	Irena	[70]
1957	Pal Joey	Vera Prentice-Simpson	[70]
1958	Separate Tables	Ann Shankland	[70]
1959	They Came to Cordura	Adelaide Geary	[70]
1959	The Story on Page One	Josephine Brown/Jo Morris	[70]
1961	The Happy Thieves	Eve Lewis	Producer (uncredited)[70]
1964	Circus World	Lili Alfredo	[70]
1965	The Money Trap	Rosalie Kenny
1966	The Poppy Is Also a Flower (TV)	Monique Marko	[70]
1967	The Rover	Aunt Caterina	Alternative title: L'avventuriero
1968	The Bastard	Martha	Alternative title: I bastardi
1970	Road to Salina	Mara	Alternative title: La route de Salina
1971	The Naked Zoo	Mrs. Golden[70]
1971	The Carol Burnett Show (TV series)	Herself	Episode #4.20
1971	Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In (TV series)	Herself	Episode #5.3
1972	The Wrath of God	Señora De La Plata	[70]

Cultural references

• The film I Remember Better When I Paint (2009) describes how Hayworth took up painting while struggling with Alzheimer's and produced art.^[71]
• Lynda Carter portrayed Hayworth in the television movie Rita Hayworth: The Love Goddess (1983).
• In the movie Beat the Devil (1953), starring Humphrey Bogart, he tells the Sheik that he knows Rita Hayworth very well, and that he would introduce him to her. The Sheik has pictures of Rita Hayworth all over the wall behind him and Humphrey Bogart, and she is the Sheik's idol.
• Actress Veronica Watt portrayed her in the film Hollywoodland (2006).
• "Rita Hayworth as Gilda" written in 112,000,000 year old cave paintings by time travelers in the 2008 movie 100 Million BC.
• Hayworth's pin-up poster is portrayed in Stephen King's novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption (1982), and was later brought to the screen in the film The Shawshank Redemption (1994) directed by Frank Darabont (which itself features a video clip of Hayworth in Gilda, shown as a film the prisoners are watching).
• Avatar: The Last Airbender and The Legend of Korra co-creator Bryan Konietzko has said that his design for Asami Sato, a character from the latter of the two series, was partially inspired by Hayworth.^[72]
• Tom Waits mentions Hayworth in his song "Invitation to the Blues", from the 1976 album, Small Change.^[73]
• Musician Jack White refers to Hayworth in two of his songs, "White Moon" and "Take, Take, Take" from the White Stripes' album Get Behind Me Satan. White told Rolling Stone, "Rita Hayworth became an all-encompassing metaphor for everything I was thinking about while making the album. There was an autograph of hers — she had kissed a piece of paper, left a lip print on it, and underneath it said, 'My heart is in my mouth.' I loved that statement and wondered why she wrote that. There was also the fact that she was Latino and had changed her name. She had become something different, morphed herself and was trying to put something behind her. And there was the shallowness of celebrity when it's thrown upon you. All of that was going around in these songs; what had been thrown on me, things I'd never asked for. Every song on that album is about truth."^[74]

Further reading

• McLean, Adrienne L (2004). Being Rita Hayworth: Labor, Identity, and Hollywood Stardom. ISBN 0-8135-3389-9
• Peary, Gerald (1976). Rita Hayworth: A Pyramid Illustrated History of the Movies. ISBN 0-515-04116-5
• Ringgold, Gene (1974). The Films of Rita Hayworth: The Legend and Career of a Love Goddess. ISBN 0-8065-0439-0
• Roberts-Frenzel, Caren (2001). Rita Hayworth: A Photographic Retrospective. ISBN 0-8109-1434-4

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rita Hayworth.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Rita Hayworth

• Rita Hayworth at the Internet Broadway Database
• Rita Hayworth at the Internet Movie Database
• Rita Hayworth at the TCM Movie Database
• Photos of Rita Hayworth in 'Down To Earth' by Ned Scott

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