History of Rhode Island

The history of Rhode Island includes the history of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations from pre-colonial times (1636) to modern day.

Pre-colonization

King Philip's Seat, an Indian meeting place on Mount Hope, (Rhode Island)

Indian inhabitants, including the Wampanoag, Narragansett, and Niantic tribes, occupied most of the area now known as Rhode Island.[1] Most of the Indians were killed by diseases contracted through contact with French settlers and explorers, and through warfare with the Europeans. The Narragansett language died out for many years but was partially preserved in Roger Williams's A Key into the Languages of America (1643).[2] In the 21st century, the Narragansett tribe remains an federally recognized entity in Rhode Island.

Rhode Island Colony period: 1636–1776

The original 1636 deed to Providence, signed by Chief Canonicus

In 1636 Roger Williams, after being banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious views, settled at the tip of Narragansett Bay, on land granted to him by the Narragansett tribe. He called the site "Providence" and declared it a place of religious freedom. (It is no accident that the oldest surviving synagogue in North America, the Touro Synagogue, was built in Rhode Island.) Opponents of religious freedom sometimes referred to it as "Rogue's Island",[3] and Cotton Mather called it "the sewer of New England."[4]

In 1638, after conferring with Williams, Anne Hutchinson, William Coddington, John Clarke, Philip Sherman, and other religious dissidents settled on Aquidneck Island (then known as Rhode Island), which was purchased from the local natives, who called it Pocasset. The settlement of Portsmouth was governed by the Portsmouth Compact. The southern part of the island became the separate settlement of Newport after disagreements among the founders.

Another dissident, Samuel Gorton, purchased the Indian lands at Shawomet in 1642, precipitating a military dispute with the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1644, Providence, Portsmouth, and Newport united for their common independence as the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, governed by an elected council and "president". Gorton received a separate charter for his settlement in 1648, which he named Warwick after his patron.[5] The union of these four towns was strengthened by the Royal Charter of 1663.

In 1686, King James II ordered Rhode Island to submit to the Dominion of New England and its appointed governor Edmund Andros. This suspended the colony's charter but Rhode Island still managed to retain possession of it until Andros was deposed and the Dominion was dissolved.[6] When William of Orange became King after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Rhode Island's independent government resumed under the 1663 charter, which was used as the state constitution until 1842.[7]

In 1693, the throne of William and Mary issued a patent extending Rhode Island's territory to three miles "east and northeast" of Narragansett Bay, conflicting with the claims of Plymouth Colony.[8] This resulted in several later transfers of territory between Rhode Island from Massachusetts. (See History of Massachusetts.)

In 1719, Rhode Island imposed civil restrictions on Catholics.[9]

Colonial relations with Indians

Roger Williams meeting with the Narragansetts (not contemporary)

The relationship between New Englanders and Indians was at first strained, but did not result in much bloodshed. The largest tribes that lived near Rhode Island were the Wampanoag, Pequots, Narragansett, and Nipmuck. One native named Squanto, from the Wampanoag tribe, stayed with the pilgrims and taught them many valuable skills needed to survive in the area. He also helped greatly with the eventual peace between the colonists and the natives.

Roger Williams had won the respect of his colonial neighbors for his skill in keeping the powerful Narragansetts on friendly terms with local white settlers. In 1637, the Narragansetts were even persuaded to form an alliance with the English in carrying out an attack that nearly extinguished the Pequots. However, this peace did not last long. By 1670, even the friendly tribes who had greeted Williams and the Pilgrims became estranged from the colonists, and smell of war began to cover the New England countryside.

The most important and traumatic event in 17th century Rhode Island was King Philip's War, which occurred during 1675–1676. Metacomet, the chief of the Wampanoag Indians was nicknamed King Philip by the settlers of Portsmouth who had purchased their land from his father, Massasoit. King Philip first led attacks around Narragansett Bay, despite Rhode Island's continued neutrality, but later these spread throughout New England. A force of Massachusetts, Connecticut and Plymouth militia under General Josiah Winslow invaded and destroyed the fortified Narragansett Indian village in the Great Swamp in southern Rhode Island, on December 19, 1675.[10] The Narragansett also invaded, and burnt down several of the cities of Rhode Island, including Providence, although they allowed the population to leave first. In one of the final actions of the war, troops from Connecticut led by Captain Benjamin Church hunted down and killed King Philip, at Mount Hope.

Revolutionary era 1775-1790

William Ellery
Governor Joseph Wanton (being doused with punch and vomit) and other prominent Rhode Island merchants in "Sea Captains Carousing in Surinam," a 1755 painting

Rhode Island was the first British colony in America to formally declare its independence, doing so on May 4, 1776, a full two months before the national Declaration of Independence.[11] Previously, in 1772 Rhode Islanders attacked the British warship HMS Gaspee as one of the first overt acts of rebellion in America. British naval forces under Captain James Wallace controlled Narragansett Bay for much of the Revolution, periodically raiding the islands and the mainland. The British raided Prudence Island for livestock and engaged in a skirmish with American forces, losing approximately a dozen soldiers. Newport remained a hotbed for Tory or Loyalist sympathizers who assisted the British forces. The state appointed General William West of Scituate to root out Tories in the winter of 1775-76. British forces eventually occupied Newport from 1777 to 1778 forcing the colonial forces to flee to Bristol.

The Battle of Rhode Island was fought during the summer of 1778 and was an unsuccessful attempt to expel the British from Narragansett Bay although few colonial casualties occurred. The Marquis de Lafayette called the action the "best fought" of War. The following year, the British, wanting to concentrate their forces in New York, abandoned Newport.

In 1780, the French under Rochambeau landed in Newport and for the rest of the war Newport was the base of the French forces in the United States. The French soldiers behaved themselves so well that in gratitude, the Rhode Island General Assembly repealed an old law banning Catholics from living in Rhode Island. The first Catholic mass in Rhode Island was said in Newport during this time.

Rhode Island was the last of the original 13 states to ratify the United States Constitution (May 29, 1790)—doing so after being threatened of having its exports taxed as a foreign nation. Rural resistance to the Constitution was strong in Rhode Island, and the anti-federalist Country Party controlled the General Assembly from 1786 to 1790. In 1788 anti-federalist politician and revolutionary general, William West, led an armed force of 1,000 men to Providence to oppose a 4 July celebration of the 9th state ratifying the Constitution.[12] Civil war was narrowly averted by a compromise limiting the Fourth of July celebration.

Slavery in Rhode Island

a typical 19th century Rhode Island farm in North Smithfield
Moses Brown. Portrait by Martin Johnson Heade

Prior to industrialization, Rhode Island was heavily involved in the slave trade during the post-Revolution era. Slavery was extant in RI as early as the 17th century. In 1652, Rhode Island passed the first abolition law in the thirteen colonies, banning African slavery.[13] The law was not enforced by the end of the 17th century. By 1774, the slave population of RI was 6.3%, nearly twice as high as any other New England colony. In the late 18th century, several Rhode Island merchant families (most notably the Browns, for whom Brown University is named) began actively engaging in the triangle slave trade. In the years after the Revolution, Rhode Island merchants controlled between 60 and 90 percent of the American trade in African slaves.[14] The 18th century Rhode Island's economy depended largely upon the triangle trade, where Rhode Islanders distilled rum from molasses, sent the rum to Africa to trade for slaves, and then traded the slaves in the West Indies for more molasses.

While serving in the Rhode Island Assembly in 1774, Stephen Hopkins introduced a bill that prohibited the importation of slaves into the colony. This became one of the first anti-slavery laws in the new United States. In February 1784, the Rhode Island Legislature passed a compromise measure for gradual emancipation of slaves within Rhode Island. All children of slaves born after March 1 were to be "apprentices," the girls to become free at 18, the boys at 21. By 1840, the census reported only five African Americans enslaved in Rhode Island.[14]

Despite the antislavery laws of 1774, 1784, and 1787, an active international slave trade continued. In 1789 an Abolition Society was organized to secure enforcement of existing laws against the trade. Leading merchants, especially John Brown and George DeWolf continued to engage in the trade even after it became illegal. After 1770 slaving was never more than a minor aspect of Rhode Island's overall maritime trade.[15]

Using southern cotton cultivated with slave labor, Rhode Island manufactured numerous textiles throughout the early 19th century.[16] By the mid-19th century, many Rhode Islanders were active in the abolitionist movement, particularly Quakers in Newport and Providence such as Moses Brown.[17]

1790-1860

Industrial Revolution

Samuel Slater (1768–1835) popularly called "The Father of the American Industrial Revolution"

In 1790 English immigrant Samuel Slater founded the first textile mill in the United States in Pawtucket, Rhode Island (Slater Mill) and Slater became known as the father of the American industrial revolution. During the 19th century Rhode Island became one of the most industrialized states in the United States with large numbers of textile factories. The state also had significant machine tool, silverware, and costume jewelry industries.[18]

Dorr Rebellion

Main article: Dorr Rebellion

As the Industrial Revolution moved large numbers of workers into the cities, and attracted large numbers of immigrants from Ireland, a permanently landless, and therefore voteless class developed. By 1829, 60% of the state's white men were ineligible to vote. All efforts at reform failed in the face of rural control of the political system. In 1842 Thomas Dorr drafted a liberal constitution which he tried to ratify by popular referendum. However the conservative sitting governor, Samuel Ward King, opposed the constitution, leading to the Dorr Rebellion. The Rebellion gained little support and failed; Dorr went to prison. The conservative elements relented a bit and allowed most American-born men to vote, but the conservative rural towns remained in control of the legislature.[19]

Civil War to Progressive era: 1860–1929

During the American Civil War, Rhode Island furnished 25,236 fighting men to the Union armies, of which 1,685 died. These comprised 12 infantry regiments, three cavalry regiments, and an assortment of artillery and miscellaneous outfits. On the home front, Rhode Island, along with the other northern states, used its industrial capacity to supply the Union Army with the materials it needed to win the war. Rhode Island's continued growth and modernization led to the creation of an urban mass transit system, and improved health and sanitation programs. After the war, in 1866, Rhode Island abolished racial segregation throughout the state.[20] Post-war immigration increased the population. From the 1860s to the 1880s, most of the immigrants were from England, Ireland, Germany, Sweden, and Quebec. Towards the end of the 19th century however, most immigrants were from South and Eastern Europe, and the Mediterranean.[21] Around the start of the 20th century, Rhode Island had a booming economy, which fed the demand for immigration. In the years that lead up to World War I, Rhode Island's constitution remained reactionary, in contrast to the more progressive reforms that were occurring in the rest of the country. During World War I, Rhode Island furnished 28,817 troops, of whom 612 died. After the war, the state was hit hard by the Spanish Influenza.[22]

In the 1920s and 30s, rural Rhode Island saw a surge in Ku Klux Klan membership largely among the native-born white population in reaction to the large waves of immigrants moving to the state. The Klan is believed to be responsible for burning the Watchman Industrial School in Scituate, Rhode Island, which was a school for African American children.[23]

Great Depression to present: 1929–2014

U.S. Senator and Governor, T.F. Green

Since the 1935 "Bloodless Revolution" in which Governor Theodore Francis Green and Democratic majorities in the state House and Senate replaced a Republican dominance that had existed since the middle of the 19th century, the Rhode Island Democratic Party has dominated state politics.[24][25] Since then, the Speaker of the House, always a Democrat, has been one of the most powerful figures in government. The Democratic Party represented a coalition of labor unions, working class immigrants, intellectuals, college students, and the rising ethnic middle class. The Republican Party has been dominant in rural and suburban parts of the state, and has nominated occasional reform candidates who criticize the state's taxes as too high and perceived excesses of Democratic domination. Cranston Mayors Edward D. DiPrete and Stephen Laffey, Governor Donald Carcieri of East Greenwich, and former Mayor Vincent A. "Buddy" Cianci of Providence ran as Republican reform candidates.

The state income tax was first enacted in 1971 as a temporary measure. Prior to 1971 there was no income tax in the state, but the temporary income tax soon became permanent. The tax burden in Rhode Island, including sales, gasoline, property, cigarette, corporate, and capital gains taxes, remains among the five highest in the United States.[26][27]

Rhode Islanders have overwhelmingly supported and re-elected Democrats to positions of authority, where issues involving education, health care, and liberal causes are promoted. As of 2010 Rhode Island has heavily Democratic controlled legislatures, and both U.S. Senators and Congressman, and all statewide offices other than governor are held by Democrats. The state has been carried by Democrat presidential candidates in every election since 1988.[28]

Population

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
179068,825—
180069,1220.4%
181076,93111.3%
182083,0598.0%
183097,19917.0%
1840108,83012.0%
1850147,54535.6%
1860174,62018.4%
1870217,35324.5%
1880276,53127.2%
1890345,50624.9%
1900428,55624.0%
1910542,61026.6%
1920604,39711.4%
1930687,49713.7%
20101,052,567—

See also

Regarding border disputes

References

  1. ↑ O'Brien, Francis J. (2004) Bibliography for Studies of American Indians in and Around Rhode Island, 16th – 21st Centuries
  2. ↑ berkeley.edu website
  3. ↑ Marty, Martin E. (1985-08-06). Pilgrims in Their Own Land: 500 Years of Religion in America. Penguin (Non-Classics). p. 77. ISBN 0-14-008268-9.
  4. ↑ Mike Stanton, "Rhode Island: The Story Behind the Numbers," http://www.stateintegrity.org/rhodeisland_story_subpage
  5. ↑ Charter of Rhode Island (1663)
  6. ↑ Alan Taylor, American Colonies, (2001), pp. 276-284
  7. ↑ Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln, (2005), p. 540. Wilentz notes, "Rhode Island's anomalous clinging to its colonial charter testified to the singular consolidated power of the state's old landed and mercantile elite, dating back to the eighteenth century. ... The 1663 charter enfranchised only those who owned $134 in land or paid $7 in rent, which meant that by 1840 well over half the adult male population could not vote...."
  8. ↑ The Rhode Islander: The border is ... where? Part II
  9. ↑ The Catholic Church in Colonial America by Dr. Marian T. Horvat
  10. ↑ King Philip's War in historyplace.com
  11. ↑ The North American Review, "Hunter's Oration," Published by Oliver Everett, 1826, Item notes: v.23(1826), pg.457
  12. ↑ William R. Staples, Annals of the Town of Providence from its First Settlement to the Organization of the City Government in June 1832 (Providence, 1843), p. 332 (Rhode Island Historical Society Collections, accessed on Google Book Search July 18, 2008)
  13. ↑ John Carter Brown Library Exhibitions
  14. 1 2 Slavery in Rhode Island
  15. ↑ J. Stanley Lemons, "Rhode Island and the Slave Trade," Rhode Island History, Nov 2002, Vol. 60 Issue 4, pp 94-104,
  16. ↑ Providence Journal | Rhode Island news, sports, weather & more - Providence Journal
  17. ↑ Providence Journal | Rhode Island news, sports, weather & more - Providence Journal
  18. ↑ Peter J. Coleman, The Transformation of Rhode Island, 1790-1860 (1963).
  19. ↑ George M. Dennison, The Dorr War: Republicanism on Trial, 1831-1861 (1976)
  20. ↑ http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/studteaguide/RhodeIslandHistory/chapt5.html Accessed 3/28/06
  21. ↑ http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/studteaguide/RhodeIslandHistory/chapt6.html Accessed 3/28/06
  22. ↑ http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/studteaguide/RhodeIslandHistory/chapt7.html Accessed 3/28/06
  23. ↑ Robert Smith, In The 1920s the Klan Ruled the Countryside, The Rhode Island Century, The Providence Journal, 4/26/1999
  24. ↑ MacKay, Scott (23 May 2010). "Fighting Bob Quinn and the Bloodless Revolution". RIPR website. Rhode Island Public Radio. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  25. ↑ Nesi, Ted (1 January 2013). "New Year's Day marks 78 years since RI 'Bloodless Revolution'". WPRI.com. WPRI Eyewitness News. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  26. ↑ "CHAPTER VIII, The Era of Transition. 1946-1983". State of Rhode Island General Assembly. 2009-12-29.
  27. ↑ Fred Brock, Retire on Less Than You Think: The New York Times Guide to Planning Your Financial Future (Macmillan, 2007) http://books.google.com/books?id=xkJvS7juYXwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
  28. ↑ Ronald J. Hrebenar, S. Thomas Clive S. Thomas Interest Group Politics (Penn State Press, 2004) pg. 301-305 ISBN 027102576X, 9780271025766 http://books.google.com/books?id=CH5bjzuQ2eAC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
  29. ↑ Federal Writers' Project (1937), "Chronology", Rhode Island, American Guide Series, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, OCLC 691847

Bibliography

External links

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