Reversed-phase chromatography

Reversed-phase chromatography (also called RPC, reverse-phase chromatography, or hydrophobic chromatography) includes any chromatographic method that uses a hydrophobic stationary phase.^[1] RPC refers to liquid (rather than gas) chromatography.

The term "reversed-phase" has a historical background. In the 1970s, most liquid chromatography was performed using a solid support stationary phase (also called a "column") containing unmodified silica or alumina resins. This method is now called "normal phase chromatography". In normal phase chromatography, the stationary phase is hydrophilic and therefore has a strong affinity for hydrophilic molecules in the mobile phase. Thus, the hydrophilic molecules in the mobile phase tend to bind (or "adsorb") to the column, while the hydrophobic molecules pass through the column and are eluted first. In normal phase chromatography, hydrophilic molecules can be eluted from the column by increasing the polarity of the solution in the mobile phase.

The introduction of a technique using alkyl chains covalently bonded to the solid support created a hydrophobic stationary phase, which has a stronger affinity for hydrophobic compounds. The use of a hydrophobic stationary phase can be considered the opposite, or "reverse", of normal phase chromatography - hence the term "reversed-phase chromatography".^[2][3] Reversed-phase chromatography employs a polar (aqueous) mobile phase. As a result, hydrophobic molecules in the polar mobile phase tend to adsorb to the hydrophobic stationary phase, and hydrophilic molecules in the mobile phase will pass through the column and are eluted first.^[2][4] Hydrophobic molecules can be eluted from the column by decreasing the polarity of the mobile phase using an organic (non-polar) solvent, which reduces hydrophobic interactions. The more hydrophobic the molecule, the more strongly it will bind to the stationary phase, and the higher the concentration of organic solvent that will be required to elute the molecule.

Many of the mathematical and experimental considerations used in other chromatographic methods also apply to RPC (for example, the separation resolution is dependent on the length of the column). It can be used for the separation of a wide variety of molecules. It is not typically used for separation of proteins, because the organic solvents used in RPC can denature many proteins. For this reason, normal phase chromatography is more commonly used for separation of proteins.

Today, RPC is a frequently used analytical technique. There are a variety of stationary phases available for use in RPC, allowing great flexibility in the development of separation methods.

Stationary phases

Silica-based stationary phases

Any inert non-polar substance that achieves sufficient packing can be used for reversed-phase chromatography. The most popular column is an octadecyl carbon chain (C18)-bonded silica (USP classification L1) with 297 columns commercially available.^[5] This is followed by C8-bonded silica (L7 - 166 columns), pure silica (L3 - 88 columns), cyano-bonded silica (L10 - 73 columns) and phenyl-bonded silica (L11 - 72 columns). Note that C18, C8 and phenyl are dedicated reversed-phase resins, while cyano columns can be used in a reversed-phase mode depending on analyte and mobile phase conditions. It should be noted at this point that not all C18 columns have identical retention properties. Surface functionalization of silica can be performed in a monomeric or a polymeric reaction with different short-chain organosilanes used in a second step to cover remaining silanol groups (end-capping). While the overall retention mechanism remains the same, subtle differences in the surface chemistries of different stationary phases will lead to changes in selectivity.

Modern columns have different polarity. PFP is pentafluorphenyl. CN is cyano. NH2 is amino. ODS is octadecyl or C18. ODCN is a mixed mode column consisting of C18 and nitrile. SCX is strong cationic exchange (used for separation of organic amines). SAX is strong anionic exchange (used for separation of carboxylic acid compounds).

Mobile phases

Mixtures of water or aqueous buffers and organic solvents are used to elute analytes from a reversed-phase column.^[2] The solvents must be miscible with water, and the most common organic solvents used are acetonitrile, methanol, and tetrahydrofuran (THF). Other solvents can be used such as ethanol or 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol). Elution can be performed isocratically (the water-solvent composition does not change during the separation process) or by using a solution gradient (the water-solvent composition changes during the separation process, usually by decreasing the polarity). The pH of the mobile phase can have an important role on the retention of an analyte and can change the selectivity of certain analytes.

Charged analytes can be separated on a reversed-phase column by the use of ion-pairing (also called ion-interaction). This technique is known as reversed-phase ion-pairing chromatography.

See also

Aqueous normal-phase chromatography

References

External links

• Tables summarizing different types of reverse phases, and information on the functionalization process
• Hydrophobic Interaction and Reversed Phase Chromatography Principles and Methods Handbook