Dutch Malacca

Dutch City and Fort of Malacca
De Stad en Kasteel Malacca (nl) Melaka Belanda (ms)
Dutch colony
← 1641–1795 1818–1825 →
Flag until 1795 Coat of arms
Malacca, shown within modern Malaysia
Dutch Malacca, ca. 1724–26
Capital		Malacca Town
Languages		Dutch, Malay
Political structure		Colony
Governor
•	1641–42	Jan van Twist
•	1824–25	Hendrik S. van Son
British Resident
•	1795	Archibald Brown
•	1803–18	William Farquhar
Historical era		Imperialism
•	Established	14 January 1641
•	British occupation	1795–1818
•	Relinquished by treaty	1 March 1825

Dutch Malacca (1641–1825) was the longest period that Malacca was under foreign control. The Dutch ruled for almost 183 years with intermittent British occupation during the Napoleonic Wars (1795–1818). This era saw relative peace with little serious interruption from the Malay kingdoms due to the understanding earlier on forged between the Dutch and the Sultanate of Johor in 1606. This time also marked the decline of the importance of Malacca. The Dutch preferred Batavia (present day Jakarta) as their economic and administrative centre in the region and their hold in Malacca was to prevent the loss of the city to other European powers and subsequently the competition that would naturally come with it. Thus in the 17th century, with Malacca ceased to be an important port, the Johor Sultanate became the dominant local power in the region, due to the opening of its ports and the alliance with the Dutch.

Dutch conquest of Portuguese Malacca

Dutch Malacca, c. 1665.

In the early 17th century, the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC) began the campaign to destroy Portuguese power in the East. At that time, the Portuguese had transformed Malacca into an impregnable fortress (the Fortaleza de Malaca), controlling access to the sea lanes of the Straits of Malacca and the spice trade there. The Dutch started by launching small incursions and skirmishes against the Portuguese. The first serious attempt was the siege of Malacca in 1606 by the third VOC fleet from the Dutch Republic with eleven ships, under Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge that led to the naval battle of Cape Rachado. Although the Dutch were routed, the Portuguese fleet of Martim Afonso de Castro, the Viceroy of Goa, suffered heavier casualties and the battle rallied the forces of the Sultanate of Johor in an alliance with the Dutch and later on with the Acehnese.

The Dutch with their local allies assaulted and wrested Malacca from the Portuguese in January 1641. This combined Dutch-Johor effort effectively destroyed the last bastion of Portuguese power, removing their influence in the Malay archipelago. As per the agreement with Johor in 1606, the Dutch took control of Malacca and agreed not to seek territories or wage war with the Malay kingdoms.

Administration of Malacca

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History of Malaysia
Prehistoric Malaysia
Early kingdoms Gangga Negara 2nd–11th century Langkasuka 2nd–14th century Chi Tu 2nd–6th century Pan Pan 3rd–5th century Kedah Tua 5th–9th century Melayu 6th century Srivijaya 650–1377 Majapahit 1293–1500
Rise of Muslim states Kedah Sultanate 1136–present Brunei Sultanate 1368–present Malacca Sultanate 1402–1511 Sulu Sultanate 1450–1899 Aceh Sultanate 1496–1903 Pattani Sultanate 1516–1902 Johor Sultanate 1528–present House of Jamalullail 1843–present
Colonial era Portuguese Malacca 1511–1641 Dutch–Portuguese War 1601–1661 Dutch Malacca 1641–1824 Siamese invasion of Kedah 1821–1826 Straits Settlements 1826–1946 Kingdom of Sarawak 1841–1946 Crown Colony of Labuan 1848–1946 British Malaya / Borneo 1874–1946 North Borneo 1882–1946 Federated Malay States 1895–1946 Unfederated Malay States 1909–1946
War and emergency Japanese occupation of Malaya / of Borneo 1941–1945 Syburi 1943–1945 British Military Administration of Malaya / of Borneo 1945–1946 Crown Colony of Sarawak (Anti-cession movement) 1946–1963 Crown Colony of N. Borneo 1946–1963 Malayan Union 1946–1948 Federation of Malaya 1948–1963 Malayan Emergency 1948–1960
Independence Independence of Malaya 1957 Self-government of Singapore 1959 Brunei Revolt 1962 Sarawak Communist Insurgency 1962–1990 Moro attacks on Borneo 1962–present Self-government of Sarawak / of North Borneo 1963 North Borneo dispute 1963–present Formation of Malaysia 1963 Singapore in Malaysia 1963–1965 Confrontation with Indonesia 1963–1966
After Independence ASEAN Declaration (ASEAN) 1967 Communist Insurgency War 1968–1989 13 May Incident 1969 Malaysian haze crisis 1972–present Formation of Federal Territories 1974 Pedra Branca dispute 1979–2008 South China Sea islands dispute (Spratly Islands) 1980–present Operation Lalang 1987 Constitutional crisis 1987–1988 Financial crisis 1997–1998 Sipadan and Ligitan dispute 2002
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The Dutch Square, with Christ Church (left, built in 1753) and the Stadthuys (right).

Dutch graves in the ruined St Paul's Church.

Dutch Graveyard.

Malacca was controlled as a colony of the VOC. All the chief administrators of Malacca were Dutch governors except for the brief period that the city was under British Residents during the Wars of Napoleon. The governors and residents list is as follows:

Governors of Malacca

Governors of Dutch Malacca (1641–1795) Governors From Until Johan van Twist 1641 1642 Jeremias van Vliet 1642 1645 Arnout de Vlamingh van Oudtshoorn 1645 1646 Jan Thyszoon Payart 1646 1662 Jan Anthonisz van Riebeeck 1662 1665 Balthasar Bort 1665 1679 Jacob Joriszoon Pits 1679 1680 Cornelis van Quaelberg 1680 1684 Nikolaas Schaghen 1684 1686 Dirk Komans (1st time) 1686 1686 Thomas Slicher 1686 1691 Dirk Komans (2nd time) 1691 1692 Gelmer Vosberg 1692 1697 Goevert van Hoorn 1697 1700 Bernhard Phoonsen 1700 1704 Johan Grotenhuys (acting) 1704 1704 Karel Bolner 1704 1707 Pieter Rooselaar 1707 1709 Willem Six 1709 1711 Willem Moerman 1711 1717 Herman van Suchtelen 1717 1726 Johan Frederik Gobius 1726 1730 Pieter Rochus Pasques de Chavonnes 1730 1735 Roger de Lavez 1735 1741 Willem Bernard Albinus 1741 1748 Pieter van Heemskerk 1748 1753 Willem Dekker 1753 1758 David Boelen 1758 1764 Thomas Schippers 1764 1771 Jan Crans 1771 1775 Pieter Gerardus de Bruijn 1775 1788 Abraham Couperus 1788 1795

British Residents of Malacca (1795–1818) Residents From Until Archibald Brown 1795 1795 Thomas Parr 1795 1796 Richard Tolson 1796 1797 David Campbell 1797 1798 Aldwell Taylor 1798 1803 Willem Jacob Cranssen (Dutch Governor) 1802 William Farquhar 1803 1818 Governors of Dutch Malacca (1818–1825) Governors From Until Jan Samuel Timmermann Thijssen 1818 1822 Adriaan Koek (acting) 1822 1824 Hendrik Stephanus van Son 1824 1825

Stad en Kasteel Malacca

The town and fortress of Malacca (1780)

The Dutch improved and expanded the Portuguese fortress and built walls to protect the harbour and expanded city. During their rule the famous city hall or Stadthuys was also constructed, which still stands today.

See also

• Dutch Graveyard

References

Further reading

• De Witt, Dennis (2007). History of the Dutch in Malaysia. Malaysia: Nutmeg Publishing. ISBN 978-983-43519-0-8. 

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