Clearance (medicine)

In medicine, the clearance is a pharmacokinetic measurement of the volume of plasma that is completely cleared off of a substance per unit time. The usual units are ml/min^[1]

The total body clearance will be equal to the renal clearance + hepatic clearance + lung clearance. Although for many drugs the clearance is simply considered as the renal excretion ability, that is, the rate at which waste substances are cleared from the blood by the kidney. In these cases clearance is almost synonymous with renal clearance or renal plasma clearance. Each substance has a specific clearance that depends on its filtration characteristics. Clearance is a function of glomerular filtration, secretion from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron, and re-absorption from the nephron back to the peritubular capillaries. Clearance is variable in zero-order kinetics because a constant amount of the drug is eliminated per unit time, but it is constant in first-order kinetics, because the amount of drug eliminated per unit time changes with the concentration of drug in the blood.^[2]^[3] The concept of clearance was described by Thomas Addis, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh Medical School.

It can refer to the amount of drug removed from the whole body per unit time, or in some cases the inter-compartmental clearances can be discussed referring to redistribution between body compartments such as plasma, muscle, fat.^[1]

Definition

Diagram showing the basic physiologic mechanisms of the kidney

When referring to the function of the kidney, clearance is considered to be the amount of liquid filtered out of the blood that gets processed by the kidneys or the amount of blood cleaned per time because it has the units of a volumetric flow rate [ volume / time ]. However, it does not refer to a real value; "the kidney does not completely remove a substance from the total renal plasma flow."^[4] From a mass transfer perspective^[5] and physiologically, volumetric blood flow (to the dialysis machine and/or kidney) is only one of several factors that determine blood concentration and removal of a substance from the body. Other factors include the mass transfer coefficient, dialysate flow and dialysate recirculation flow for hemodialysis, and the glomerular filtration rate and the tubular reabsorption rate, for the kidney. A physiologic interpretation of clearance (at steady-state) is that clearance is a ratio of the mass generation and blood (or plasma) concentration.

Its definition follows from the differential equation that describes exponential decay and is used to model kidney function and hemodialysis machine function:

$V \frac{dC}{dt} = -K \cdot C + \dot{m} \qquad (1)$

Where:

$\dot{m}$ is the mass generation rate of the substance - assumed to be a constant, i.e. not a function of time (equal to zero for foreign substances/drugs) [mmol/min] or [mol/s]
t is dialysis time or time since injection of the substance/drug [min] or [s]
V is the volume of distribution or total body water [L] or [m³]
K is the clearance [mL/min] or [m³/s]
C is the concentration [mmol/L] or [mol/m³] (in the USA often [mg/mL])

From the above definitions it follows that $\frac{dC}{dt}$ is the first derivative of concentration with respect to time, i.e. the change in concentration with time.

It is derived from a mass balance.

Clearance of a substance is sometimes expressed as the inverse of the time constant that describes its removal rate from the body divided by its volume of distribution (or total body water).

In steady-state, it is defined as the mass generation rate of a substance (which equals the mass removal rate) divided by its concentration in the blood.

Effect of plasma protein binding

For substances that exhibit substantial plasma protein binding, clearance is generally defined as the total concentration (free + protein-bound) and not the free concentration.^[6]

Most plasma substances have primarily their free concentrations regulated, which thus remains the same, so extensive protein binding increases total plasma concentration (free + protein-bound). This decreases clearance compared to what would have been the case if the substance did not bind to protein.^[6] However, the mass removal rate is the same,^[6] because it depends only on concentration of free substance, and is independent on plasma protein binding, even with the fact that plasma proteins increase in concentration in the distal renal glomerulus as plasma is filtered into Bowman's capsule, because the relative increases in concentrations of substance-protein and non-occupied protein are equal and therefore give no net binding or dissociation of substances from plasma proteins, thus giving a constant plasma concentration of free substance throughout the glomerulus, which also would have been the case without any plasma protein binding.

In other sites than the kidneys, however, where clearance is made by membrane transport proteins rather than filtration, extensive plasma protein binding may increase clearance by keeping concentration of free substance fairly constant throughout the capillary bed, inhibiting a decrease in clearance caused by decreased concentration of free substance through the capillary.

Derivation of equation

Equation 1 is derived from a mass balance:

\Delta m_{body}=(-\dot m_{out}+ \dot m_{in} +\dot m_{gen.})\Delta t \qquad (2)

where:

$\Delta t$ is a period of time
$\Delta m_{body}$ the change in mass of the toxin in the body during $\Delta t$
$\dot m_{in}$ is the toxin intake rate
$\dot m_{out}$ is the toxin removal rate
$\dot m_{gen.}$ is the toxin generation rate

In words, the above equation states:

The change in the mass of a toxin within the body ( $\Delta m$ ) during some time $\Delta t$ is equal to the toxin intake plus the toxin generation minus the toxin removal.

Since

m_{body} = C \cdot V \qquad (3)

and

\dot m_{out}=K \cdot C \qquad (4)

Equation A1 can be rewritten as:

\Delta (C \cdot V)=(-K \cdot C+ \dot m_{in} +\dot m_{gen.})\Delta t \qquad (5)

If one lumps the in and gen. terms together, i.e. $\dot m=\dot m_{in} +\dot m_{gen.}$ and divides by $\Delta t$ the result is a difference equation:

\frac{\Delta (C \cdot V)}{\Delta t} = -K \cdot C + \dot{m} \qquad(6)

If one applies the limit $\Delta t \rightarrow 0$ one obtains a differential equation:

\frac{d(C \cdot V)}{dt}= -K \cdot C + \dot{m} \qquad(7)

Using the Product Rule this can be rewritten as:

C \frac{dV}{dt}+V \frac{dC}{dt} = -K \cdot C + \dot{m} \qquad(8)

If one assumes that the volume change is not significant, i.e. $C \frac{dV}{dt}=0$ , the result is Equation 1:

V \frac{dC}{dt} = -K \cdot C + \dot{m} \qquad(1)

Solution to the differential equation

The general solution of the above differential equation (1) is:

$C = \frac{\dot{m}}{K} + \left(C_{o}-\frac{\dot{m}}{K}\right) e^{-\frac{K \cdot t}{V}} \qquad (9)$ ^[7]^[8]

Where:

C_o is the concentration at the beginning of dialysis or the initial concentration of the substance/drug (after it has distributed) [mmol/L] or [mol/m³]
e is the base of the natural logarithm

Steady-state solution

The solution to the above differential equation (9) at time infinity (steady state) is:

$C_{\infty} = \frac {\dot{m}}{K} \qquad (10a)$

The above equation (10a) can be rewritten as:

$K = \frac {\dot{m}}{C_{\infty}} \qquad (10b)$

The above equation (10b) makes clear the relationship between mass removal and clearance. It states that (with a constant mass generation) the concentration and clearance vary inversely with one another. If applied to creatinine (i.e. creatinine clearance), it follows from the equation that if the serum creatinine doubles the clearance halves and that if the serum creatinine quadruples the clearance is quartered.

Measurement of renal clearance

Renal clearance can be measured with a timed collection of urine and an analysis of its composition with the aid of the following equation (which follows directly from the derivation of (10b)):

$K = \frac {C_U \cdot Q}{C_B} \qquad (11)$

Where:

K is the clearance [mL/min]
C_U is the urine concentration [mmol/L] (in the USA often [mg/mL])
Q is the urine flow (volume/time) [mL/min] (often [mL/24 hours])
C_B is the plasma concentration [mmol/L] (in the USA often [mg/mL])

When the substance "C" is creatinine, an endogenous chemical that is excreted only by filtration, the calculated clearance is equivalent to the glomerular filtration rate. Inulin clearance is also used to estimate glomerular filtration rate.

Note - the above equation (11) is valid only for the steady-state condition. If the substance being cleared is not at a constant plasma concentration (i.e. not at steady-state) K must be obtained from the (full) solution of the differential equation (9).

References

1 2 peck and hill. pharmacology for anaesthesia and intensive care. p. 65.
↑ "Pharmacokinetics objectives". Pharmacology2000.com. 2006-12-27. Retrieved 2013-05-06.
↑ Kaplan Step1 Pharmacology 2010, page 14
↑ Seldin DW (2004). "The development of the clearance concept". J. Nephrol. 17 (1): 166–71. PMID 15151274. Available at: http://www.sin-italy.org/jnonline/Vol17n1/166.html. Accessed on: Sept 2, 2007.
↑ Babb AL, Popovich RP, Christopher TG, Scribner BH (1971). "The genesis of the square meter-hour hypothesis". Transactions - American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 17: 81–91. PMID 5158139.
1 2 3 Basic clinical pharmacokinetics, Page 32: Plasma protein binding By Michael E. Winter Edition: 4, illustrated Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003 ISBN 0-7817-4147-5, ISBN 978-0-7817-4147-7 511 pages
↑ Gotch FA (1998). "The current place of urea kinetic modelling with respect to different dialysis modalities". Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 13 Suppl 6 (90006): 10–4. doi:10.1093/ndt/13.suppl_6.10. PMID 9719197. Full Text
↑ Gotch FA, Sargent JA, Keen ML (2000). "Whither goest Kt/V?". Kidney Int. Suppl. 76: S3–18. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.07602.x. PMID 10936795.

Physiology of the kidneys and acid-base physiology

Renal function

Secretion	clearance Pharmacokinetics Clearance of medications Urine flow rate

Reabsorption	Solvent drag sodium chloride urea glucose oligopeptides protein

Renal function	Glomerular filtration rate Creatinine clearance Renal clearance ratio Urea reduction ratio Kt/V Standardized Kt/V Measures of dialysis Hemodialysis product PAH clearance (Effective renal plasma flow Extraction ratio)

Filtration	Renal blood flow Ultrafiltration Countercurrent exchange Filtration fraction

Hormones

Acid-base balance

Body water: Intracellular fluid/Cytosol

Buffering

Other

Concepts in pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics	(L)ADME: (Liberation) Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion (Clearance) Loading dose Volume of distribution (Initial) Rate of infusion Compartment Bioequivalence Bioavailability Onset of action Biological half-life Plasma protein binding Therapeutic index (LD₅₀/ED₅₀)

Pharmacodynamics	Toxicity (Neurotoxicology) Dose–response relationship (Efficacy, Potency) Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics: Minimum inhibitory concentration/Bacteriostatic Minimum bactericidal concentration/Bactericide

Agonism and antagonism	Agonist: Inverse agonist Irreversible agonist Partial agonist Superagonist Physiological agonist Antagonist: Competitive antagonist Irreversible antagonist Physiological antagonist Other: Binding Affinity Binding selectivity Functional selectivity

Other	Drug tolerance: Tachyphylaxis Drug resistance: Antibiotic resistance Multiple drug resistance

Drug discovery strategies	Classical pharmacology Reverse pharmacology

Related fields/subfields	Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics Neuropsychopharmacology (Neuropharmacology, Psychopharmacology)

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, February 01, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.

Clearance (medicine)

Definition

Effect of plasma protein binding

Derivation of equation

Solution to the differential equation

Steady-state solution

Measurement of renal clearance

See also

References