Religion of Humanity

Positivist temple in Porto Alegre

Religion of Humanity (fr. Religion de l'Humanité or église positiviste) is a secular religion created by Auguste Comte, the founder of positivist philosophy. Adherents of this religion have built chapels of Humanity in France and Brazil.[1]

Origins

Comte developed the religion of humanity for positivist societies in order to fulfill the cohesive function once held by traditional worship. The religion was developed after Comte's passionate platonic relationship with Clotilde de Vaux, whom he idealised after her death. He became convinced that feminine values embodied the triumph of sentiment and morality. In a future science-based Positivist society there should also be a religion that would have power by virtue of moral force alone.[2] In 1849, he proposed a calendar reform called the "positivist calendar", in which months were named after history's greatest leaders, thinkers, and artists, and arranged in chronological order. Each day was dedicated to a thinker.

Tenets

According to Tony Davies, Comte's secular and positive religion was "a complete system of belief and ritual, with liturgy and sacraments, priesthood and pontiff, all organized around the public veneration of Humanity", referred to as the Nouveau Grand-Être Suprême (New Supreme Great Being). "This was later to be supplemented in a positivist trinity by the Grand Fétish (the Earth) and the Grand Milieu (Cosmic Space)".[3]

In Système de politique positive (1851–1854) Comte stated that the pillars of the religion are:

In Catéchisme positiviste (1851), Comte defined the Church of Humanity's seven sacraments:

Liturgy and priesthood

Erlon Jacques de Oliveira, Temple guardian in Porto Alegre

The Religion of humanity was described by Thomas Huxley as "Catholicism minus Christianity".[2] In addition to a holy trinity of Humanity, the Earth and Destiny, it had a priesthood. Priests were required to be married, because of the ennobling influence of womanhood. They would conduct services, including Positivist prayer, which was "a solemn out-pouring, whether in private or in public, of men's nobler feelings, inspiring them with larger and more comprehensive thoughts." The purpose of the religion was to increase altruism, so that believers acted always in the best interests of humanity as a whole. The priests would be international ambassadors of altruism, teaching, arbitrating in industrial and political disputes, and directing public opinion. They should be scholars, physicians, poets and artists. Indeed all the arts, including dancing and singing should be practiced by them, like bards in ancient societies.

This required long training. They began training from the age of twenty-eight, studying in positivist schools. From thirty-five to forty-two a priest served in an apprentice position as teacher and ritualist. Only at the age of forty-two could he become a full priest. They earned no money and could not hold offices outside the priesthood. In this way their influence was purely spiritual and moral. The High Priest of Humanity was to live in Paris, which would replace Rome as the centre of religion.[2]

Influence

Davies argues that Comte's austere and "slightly dispiriting" philosophy of humanity - viewed as alone in an indifferent universe (which can only be explained by "positive" science) - "was even more influential in Victorian England than the theories of Charles Darwin or Karl Marx".[3]

The system was ultimately unsuccessful but, along with Darwin's On the Origin of Species, it influenced the proliferation of various Secular Humanist organizations in the 19th century, especially through the work of secularists such as George Holyoake and Richard Congreve. Although Comte's English followers, including George Eliot and Harriet Martineau, for the most part rejected the full panoply of his system, they liked the idea of a religion of humanity and his injunction to "vivre pour altrui" ("live for others", from which comes the word "altruism").

Profound criticism came from John Stuart Mill who advocated Comte but dismissed his Religion of Humanity in a move towards a differentiation between the (good) early Comte, the author of the Course in Positive Philosophy and the (problematic) late Comte, who authored the Religion of Humanity.[4]

An implicit criticism was written by novelist Ayn Rand (and author of many philosophical essays) in a part of her best selling fiction "The Fountainhead". The book mainly is a biographical fiction about an atheist and egoist (means an anti-altruistic way of living) architect Howard Roark. While the sponsors of a big temple project are searching for an architect, "Ellsworth Toohey" (else-worth-to-he), an art critic, a Platon-like persona and the archenemy of Roark in the book, recommends Roark to them. Because of his disbelief to sacred concepts Roark quickly denies the offer to design the Stoddard temple, but malevolent Toohey persuades Roark telling life is beyond religions but not meaningless, and he can freely express his highest ideas in this temple. So Roark accepts the job and begins designing a symbol for humanity. Following days, Roark places an artistic and naked statue of his love Dominique Francon in the middle of the Temple he designed, to symbolize the nature-beauty-humanity relation. But of course this temple design is negatively reacted, widely protested by the people and becomes the biggest failure of Howard Roark.

Religion of Humanity in Brazil

Comtean Positivism was relatively popular in Brazil. In 1881 Miguel Lemos and Raimundo Teixeira Mendes organized the "Positivist Church of Brazil." In 1897 the "Temple of Humanity" was created.[5] The services at the Temple could go on for up to four hours and that, combined with a certain moral strictness, led to some decline during the Republican period.[6] Nevertheless it had appeal with the military class as Benjamin Constant joined the group before breaking with it because he deemed Mendes and Lemos as too fanatical. Cândido Rondon's conversion proved more solid as he remained an orthodox Positivist and a member of the faith long after the church's importance waned.[7] Although declined, the church still survives in Brazil. The national flag of Brazil bears the "Ordem e Progresso" ("Order and Progress"), inspired by Comte's motto of positivism: "L’amour pour principe et l’ordre pour base; le progrès pour but" ("Love as a principle and order as the basis; progress as the goal").[8]

Other examples

There are more examples of Religion of Humanity started by positivists, and there are several authors who have given the epithet to the religion they support, whatever the religion. In India Baba Faqir Chand established Manavta Mandir (Temple of Humanity) to spread his religion of humanity with scientific attitude as explained by David C. Lane in a book 'The Unknowing Sage'. Comte influenced the thought of Victorian secularists George Holyoake (coiner of the term "secularism") and Richard Congreve.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Où peut-on visiter un temple positiviste ? (Where Are Positivist Shrines to be Seen?)" (in French). Retrieved 2007-10-30.
  2. 1 2 3 Rollin Chambliss, Social Thought: From Hammurabi to Comte, Dryden Press, New York, 1954, p.424.
  3. 1 2 Davies, Tony. Humanism, The New Critical Idiom. Drakakis, John, series editor. University of Stirling, UK. Routledge, 1997, p.28-29 ISBN 0-415-11052-1
  4. ↑ See the central passage of Mill's Auguste Comte and Positivism: John Stuart Mill on Auguste Comte’s Religion of Humanity ()
  5. ↑ Latin American Thought: Philosophical Problems and Arguments By Susana Nuccetelli: Page 184
  6. ↑ The Human Tradition in Modern Brazil By Peter M. Beattie: Pages 112-113
  7. ↑ Stringing Together a Nation: Candido Mariano da Silva Rondon and the... By Todd A. Diacon: pgs 83-84
  8. ↑ Bandeiras e significados Historianet. Retrieved on 2010-10-09. (Portuguese).

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Saturday, January 30, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.