Grand Mufti

The Grand Mufti (Arabic: مفتي عام‎ muftī ʿām , "general expounder" or كبير المفتين kabīr al-muftīn , "the great of expounders") is the highest official of religious law in a Sunni or Ibadi Muslim country. The Grand Mufti issues legal opinions and edicts, fatāwā, on interpretations of Islamic jurisprudence for private clients or to assist judges in deciding cases. The collected opinions of the Grand Mufti serve as a valuable source of information on the practical application of Islamic law as opposed to its abstract formulation. The Grand Mufti's fatāwā (plural of "fatwā") are not binding precedents in areas of civil laws regulating marriage, divorce, and inheritance. In criminal courts, the Grand Mufti's recommendations are generally not binding either.

History

Muftis are Muslim religious scholars who issue influential legal opinions (fatwas) interpreting Sharia (Islamic law).[1] The Ottoman Empire began the practice of giving official recognition and status to a single mufti, above all others, as the Grand Mufti.[2] The Grand Mufti of Istanbul had, since the late 16th century, come to be regarded as the head of the religious establishment.[3] He was thus not only pre-eminent but bureaucratically responsible for the body of religious-legal scholars and gave legal rulings on important state policies such as the dethronement of rulers.[3] This practice was subsequently borrowed and adapted by Egypt from the mid-19th century.[2] From there, the concept spread to other Muslim states, so that today there are approximately 16 countries with sizeable Muslim populations which have a Grand Mufti.[4] The relationship between the Grand Mufti of any given state and the state's rulers can vary considerably, both by region and by historical era.

Types

State-appointed Grand Muftis

Nations with elected Grand Muftis

Nations with collective Grand Muftis

Prominent past Grand Muftis

Present Grand Muftis

See also

References

  1. ↑ Vogel, Frank E. (1999). Islamic law and legal system: studies of Saudi Arabia. pp. 16–20. ISBN 978-90-04-11062-5.
  2. 1 2 Vogel, Frank (1999). Islamic Law in the Modern World: Legal System of Saudi Arabia. p. 5. ISBN 978-9004110625. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  3. 1 2 Faroqh, Suraiya N. (ed.) (2006). The Cambridge History of Turkey: Volume 3, The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603-1839. p. 213. ISBN 978-0521620956. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  4. ↑ Janin, Hunt Janin; Kahlmeyer, André (2008). Islamic law: the Sharia from Muhammad's time to the present. p. 85. ISBN 978 9004110625.
  5. ↑ "Title four, chapter one, article 78". THE CONSTITUTION OF THE TUNISIAN REPUBLIC (Unofficial english translation) (PDF). UNDP and International IDEA. 26 January 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  6. ↑ Alexander Moore (1998). Cultural Anthropology. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 389. ISBN 0-939693-48-8.
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