Paprika

This article is about the spice. For other uses, see Paprika (disambiguation).
A small bowl of smoked Spanish pimentón
Red peppers in Cachi (Argentina) are air-dried before being processed into powder
Packaged ground and whole dried paprika for sale at a Belgrade marketplace
Hungarian paprika vendor, Budapest Great Market Hall
The various shapes and colors of the Capsicum fruit used to prepare paprika

Paprika is a spice made from air-dried fruits of the chili pepper family of the species Capsicum annuum. Although paprika is often associated with Hungarian cuisine, the chilies from which it is made are native to the New World, introduced to the Old World from the Americas. Originating in central Mexico it was brought to Spain in the 16th century. The seasoning is also used to add color and flavor to many types of dishes.

The trade in paprika expanded from Iberia to Africa and Asia,[1] and ultimately reached Central Europe through the Balkans, then under Ottoman rule, which explains the Hungarian origin of the modern English term. In Spanish, paprika has been known as pimentón since the 16th century, when it became a typical ingredient of the western region of Extremadura.[2] Despite its presence in Central Europe since the beginning of Ottoman conquests, it did not become popular in Hungary until the late 19th century.[3]

Paprika can range from mild to hot, and flavors also vary from country to country, but almost all plants grown produce the sweet variety.[4] Sweet paprika is mostly composed of the pericarp, with more than half of the seeds removed, whereas hot paprika contains some seeds, placentas, calyces, and stalks.[2]

Etymology and history

The plant that makes the Hungarian version of the spice was grown from 1529 by the Turks at Buda[5] (now part of the capital of Hungary, Budapest). The first recorded use of the word "paprika" in English is from 1896,[5] although an earlier reference to Turkish paprika was published in 1831.[6] The word derives from the Hungarian or Turkish word paprika, a diminutive of the Serbo-Croatian word papar (meaning "pepper"),[7] which in turn came from the Latin piper or modern Greek piperi.[5] Paprika and similar words, peperke, piperke, and paparka, are used in various Slavic languages in the Balkans for bell peppers.[2]

The word "paprika" entered a large number of languages, in many cases probably via German.[8] European languages use a similar word, while examples from other languages include the Japanese papurika.[8]

Central European paprika was hot until the 1920s when a Szeged breeder found one plant that produced sweet fruit, then grafted it onto other plants.[4]

Usage

Paprika pepper farmer in Tanzania

Paprika is produced in various places including Hungary, Serbia, Spain and some regions of the United States.[9] It is used as an ingredient in a broad variety of dishes throughout the world. It is principally used to season and color rices, stews, and soups, such as goulash, and in the preparation of sausages as an ingredient mixed with meats and other spices. In the United States, paprika is frequently sprinkled on foods as a garnish, but the flavor is more effectively produced by heating it gently in oil.[10]

Spanish paprika (pimentón) is available in three versions — mild (pimentón dulce), moderately spicy (pimentón agridulce), and very spicy (pimentón picante). Some Spanish paprika, including pimentón de la Vera has a distinct smoky flavor and aroma, as it is dried by smoking, typically using oak wood.[11]

Hungary is a major source of commonly used paprika. It is available in grades (in America) ranging as:

Hungarian paprika is often specified in recipes, because it is unique. It is bright red and said to be sweeter than the same paprika grown in other soils and climates. Other paprika types have their unique niche, so it is important to use the type of paprika specified in recipes (if specified), unless it is used in small quantities. In "paprikash" (paprika gravy, a combination of broth, paprika, and sour cream), paprika is used by the tablespoonful. In such instances, Hungarian paprika is preferred.

"The Hungarian varieties are more robust and considered superior. The Spanish varieties are sweeter and milder. Most tables in Hungary are set with salt and hot paprika (not black pepper) shakers. One particular variety, the 'rose', known for its sweet aroma and brilliant color, is prized above all others. Hungarian agricultural authorities fiercely guard their plants and seeds and twice as much acreage is devoted to peppers as any other crop."[13]

"Due to the favourable climate and geographical conditions, Hungarian paprika has a bright red colour and a distinctive rich flavour that allowed Hungary to become one of the leading paprika producers in the world ... Kalocsa and Szeged in the southern part of Hungary are the heart of paprika production in Hungary. These regions have the highest amount of sunny hours a year and paprika plants need lots of sunshine to get ripe and sweet."[14]

The Netherlands is a major production and distribution source of paprika, as well, especially grown in greenhouses.

In Moroccan cuisine, paprika (tahmira) is usually found augmented by the addition of a small amount of olive oil blended into it.

Paprika can also be used with henna to bring a reddish tint to hair when coloring it. Paprika powder can be added to henna powder when prepared at home.

The color of paprika is primarily due to zeaxanthin.

Nutrition

According to information published by the United States Department of Agriculture, 1 tbsp (6.8 g) of paprika has this nutritional content:[15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Peppers: The Domesticated Capsicums - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved on September 20, 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Peppers: The Domesticated Capsicums, pp. 5 and 73
  3. ↑ The Glutton's Glossary: A Dictionary of Food and Drink Terms, p. 205
  4. 1 2 Paprika: A Spicy Memoir from Hungary, p. 202
  5. 1 2 3 "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
  6. ↑ Lieber F (1831). Encyclopedia Americana, p. 476. Oxford University.
  7. ↑ A Magyar Nyelv Történeti-Etimológiai Szótára (Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Hungarian Language) (1976, Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó), 3:93. "paprika 1748... Szerb-horvát eredetű ... Ez a szb.-hv. pàpar 'bors' ..." (paprika 1748 ... Serbo-Croatian originally ... This is the Serbo-Croatian pàpar 'pepper' ... [followed by an explanation of the Hungarian suffix -ka]).
  8. 1 2 Katzer, Gernot (May 27, 2008). "Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.)". Retrieved December 1, 2012.
  9. ↑ "Paprika — Food Facts". Food Reference. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
  10. ↑ Hyde, Brenda. "Classic Spice Blends: Paprika". Oldfashionedliving.com. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
  11. ↑ "Spanish Paprika — Pimentón". Spanishfood.about.com. March 2, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
  12. ↑ Tom (October 31, 2008). "Grades of Paprika | The Spice House Blog". Retrieved November 4, 2011.
  13. ↑ Chefs Corner | Red Cat Restaurants | New York City. Red Cat Restaurants. Retrieved on September 20, 2013.
  14. ↑ Hungarian Paprika-Facts, History & Recipes. Budapest-tourist-guide.com. Retrieved on September 20, 2013.
  15. ↑ NDL/FNIC Food Composition Database Home Page. Nal.usda.gov. Retrieved on September 20, 2013.

External links

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