Red blood cell distribution width

Red blood cell distribution width (RDW or RDW-CV or RCDW and RDW-SD) is a measure of the range OF variation of red blood cell (RBC) volume that is reported as part of a standard complete blood count. Usually red blood cells are a standard size of about 6-8 μm in diameter. Certain disorders, however, cause a significant variation in cell size. Higher RDW values indicate greater variation in size. Normal reference range of RDW-CV in human red blood cells is 11.5-14.5%.[1] If anemia is observed, RDW test results are often used together with mean corpuscular volume (MCV) results to determine the possible causes of the anemia. It is mainly used to differentiate an anemia of mixed causes from an anemia of a single cause.

Deficiencies of Vitamin B12 or folate produce a macrocytic anemia (large cell anemia) in which the RDW is elevated in roughly two-thirds of all cases. However, a varied size distribution of red blood cells is a hallmark of iron deficiency anemia, and as such shows an increased RDW in virtually all cases. In the case of both iron and B12 deficiencies, there will normally be a mix of both large cells and small cells, causing the RDW to be elevated. An elevated RDW (red blood cells of unequal sizes) is known as anisocytosis.[2]

An elevation in the RDW is not characteristic of all anemias. Anemia of chronic disease, hereditary spherocytosis, acute blood loss, aplastic anemia (anemia resulting from an inability of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells), and certain hereditary hemoglobinopathies (including some cases of thalassemia minor) may all present with a normal RDW.[3]

Calculations

The "width" in RDW-CV is sometimes thought of as "misleading," since it in fact is a measure of deviation of the volume of RBCs, and not directly the diameter. However, "width" refers to the width of the volume curve (distribution width), not the width of the cells. Thus, it is a reasonably accurate term.[4][5]

Mathematically the RDW-CV is calculated with the following formula:

RDW-CV = (Standard deviation of MCV ÷ mean MCV) × 100.[6]

Pathological Implications

Normal RDW

When anemia is seen in the presence of a normal RDW, one must have a high suspicion towards Thalassemia as the cause of anemia and a Mentzer Index should be done from the CBC report itself to confirm.

High RDW

Iron Deficiency Anemia: usually presents with high RDW with low MCV

Folate and vitamin B12 deficiency anemia: usually presents with high RDW and high MCV

Mixed Deficiency (Iron + B12 or folate) anemia: usually presents with high RDW with MCV being high, low or often normal range

Recent Hemorrhage: typical presentation is high RDW with normal MCV

A false high RDW reading can occur if EDTA anticoagulated blood is used instead of citrated blood. See Pseudothrombocytopenia.

This can be diagnosed through CBC (Complete Blood Count).

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Red Cell Distribution Width". Family Practice Notebook. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  2. ↑ The red blood cell distribution width.
  3. ↑ Table 1.4 in: Kjeldsberg, Carl R.; Perkins, Sherrie L.. Practical Diagnosis of Hematologic Disorders. American Society for Clinical Pathology. ISBN 089189571X. 5th edition.
  4. ↑ Pomeranian Medical University > Red blood cell indices (indexes) Retrieved on 5 April 2009
  5. ↑ Cornell University, Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences > Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) Last Updated: June 2000. Retrieved on 5 April 2009
  6. ↑ Encyclopedia of Surgery: A Guide for Patients and Caregivers Red blood cell indices Retrieved on 5 April 2009


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