RMS Atrato (1888)
.jpg) Atrato | |
| History | |
|---|---|
| United Kingdom | |
| Name: | Atrato |
| Namesake: | Atrato River in Colombia |
| Owner: |
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| Operator: |
 Royal Navy (1914–15) |
| Port of registry: |
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| Route: | Southampton – Brazil – Uruguay – Argentina (1889), Southampton – Caribbean (1889–1912) |
| Builder: | Robert Napier & Sons, Govan |
| Yard number: | 410 |
| Launched: | 22 September 1888 |
| Renamed: |
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| Identification: | UK official number 95512 |
| Fate: | Sunk 13 January 1915 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type: |
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| Tonnage: | 5,347 GRT, 3,069 NRT |
| Length: | |
| Beam: | 50 ft (15 m) |
| Draught: | 25 ft (7.6 m) |
| Depth: | 33 ft 4 in (10.16 m) |
| Installed power: | 1,000 hp |
| Propulsion: | 1 × 3-cylinder triple expansion steam engine; single screw |
| Sail plan: | 3-masted schooner |
| Speed: |
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| Boats & landing craft carried: | |
| Capacity: | Passengers including 176 1st class & nearly 400 steerage. Cargo 2,524 tons |
| Complement: |
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| Notes: |
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RMS Atrato was a UK steamship that was built in 1888 as a Royal Mail Ship and ocean liner for the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company. In 1912 she was sold and became the cruise ship The Viking. Toward the end of 1914 she was requisitioned and converted into the armed merchant cruiser HMS Viknor. She sank in 1915 with all hands, a total of 295 Royal Navy officers and men.
Building
In the 1880s RMSP introduced a series of larger new ships to improve its scheduled services between Southampton, South America and the Caribbean. The first was the 4,572 GRT Orinoco, built by Caird and Company and launched in 1886. She was RMSP's first new ship to have a hull of steel rather than iron.[1] After her success RMSP ordered two more ships to an improved and enlarged version of the design from Robert Napier & Sons of Govan. Atrato was launched in 1888, followed by Magdalena launched in 1889. Before these were completed RMSP ordered two more from Napier: the slightly larger Thames in 1889 and Clyde launched in 1890.[1]
Orinoco had only a small amount of deck housing and was the last square-rigged sail-steamer to be built for RMSP. The Napier ships were more modern, each with a full superstructure deck and rigged as a three-masted schooner.[2] The smaller sail plan was based on the increasing economy and reliability of their engines.[1]
Atrato's boilers had a working pressure of 150 lbf/in2.[3] She had eight of them, supplying steam to one three-cylinder triple expansion steam engine that drove a single screw. This gave her a top speed of 16 knots (30 km/h) on trials[1] and a service speed of 14 knots (26 km/h).[4]
The ship's passenger capacity included 176 in first class state rooms and nearly 400 emigrants in steerage class. Her cargo capacity was 2,524 tons and her coal bunkers 1,109 tons. She had 6,000 cubic feet (170 m3) of refrigerated storage space for provisions,[1] using a dry-air refrigeration system with a discharge rate of 10,000 cubic feet (280 m3) of air per hour.[3] She had tanks for 20,000 imperial gallons (91,000 litres) of fresh water.[2]
Atrato was launched on 22 September 1888,[1] named after the Atrato River in Colombia. RMSP named all of its ships after rivers; many of them with Hispanic names to reflect its trade with Latin America.
Civilian service
Atrato's maiden voyage began from Southampton on 17 January 1889. As well as her passengers, mails and a full cargo she carried in her strong room £120,000 in sovereigns, jewellery worth £2,000 and silver bars worth £400. She called at Carril, Vigo and Lisbon, and then crossed the Atlantic to South America. There she worked her way down the east coast, calling at Pernambuco, Maceió, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Montevideo and Buenos Aires.[5] Magdalena, Thames and Clyde joined the same South American route over the next 18 months,[6] but after her maiden voyage Atrato was switched to join Orinoco on RMSP's Caribbean route.[5] All five sisters had long and successful careers.
The five ships' furnaces suffered from heat damage, so in 1891 they were lined with zinc.[3] In 1899 Day, Summers and Company of Southampton raised the boats on Atrato, Magdalena, Thames and Clyde "to a boat deck clear of the promenade" at a cost of more than £5,000. In 1903 Atrato, Magdalena and Clyde were fitted with bronze propellers costing another £5,000. In May 1905 RMSP ordered insulation and refrigeration to be fitted to part of their cargo space to enable Orinoco and Atrato to carry fresh fruit.[7]
In October 1912 the Viking Cruising Company of London bought Atrato and renamed her The Viking. She became a cruise ship, touring the waters of northern Europe.[7]
Naval service and loss
When the UK entered the First World War in 1914 the Admiralty requisitioned her, had her re-fitted as an armed merchant cruiser and commissioned her as HMS Viknor.[4] She was placed under the command of Commander EO Ballantyne[8] with a complement of 22 officers and 273 ratings and assigned to the 10th Cruiser Squadron.[7]
On 28 December 1914 Viknor went on patrol from the River Tyne, and on 1 January she joined "B" patrol off the north coast of Scotland.[7] The patrol was ordered to find and stop the neutral Norwegian America Line ship Bergensfjord, which the UK Government believed was carrying a suspected German spy. Viknor found Bergensfjord, detained her and escorted her to Kirkwall in Orkney. There the suspect and a number of other prisoners were transferred to Viknor, which then left for Liverpool.[7]
Viknor never reached her destination. On 13 January 1915 she sank with all hands in heavy seas off Tory Island, County Donegal, Ireland.[9] She sent no distress signal.[8] Some wreckage and many corpses washed ashore on the northern coast of Ireland.[7]
It is thought she struck a German naval mine, possibly one of those laid by the German Bremen-class cruiser SMS Berlin.[10] Her wreck was found[11] in 2006,[10] and in 2011 a scuba diver placed a White Ensign on it in memory of her complement.[12]
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nicol 2001b, p. 87.
- 1 2 Nicol 2001b, p. 88.
- 1 2 3 Nicol 2001b, p. 89.
- 1 2 Cameron, Stuart; Biddulph, Bruce. "RMS Atrato". Clydebuilt database. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- 1 2 Nicol 2001b, p. 84.
- ↑ Nicol 2001b, p. 91.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nicol 2001b, p. 90.
- 1 2 Allen, Tony (22 September 1913). "HMS Viknor [+1915]". Wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- ↑ "British Auxiliary Lost". The New York Times. 26 January 1915. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- 1 2 "The Viking". Shipspotting. 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2014. – includes photo of the ship in Palmers Dock, Hebburn
- ↑ "Atrato (1888)". Maritime Quest. Michael W Pocock. Retrieved 2 October 2014. – photographs of Atrato and her wreck
- ↑ "HMS Viknor". Vimeo. Retrieved 2 October 1914. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) – placing of a White Ensign on the wreck by scuba diver Stewart Andrews
Sources and further reading
- Nicol, Stuart (2001). MacQueen's Legacy; A History of the Royal Mail Line One. Brimscombe Port and Charleston, SC: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-2118-2.
- Nicol, Stuart (2001). MacQueen's Legacy; Ships of the Royal Mail Line Two. Brimscombe Port and Charleston, SC: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-2119-0.