Quadrant (abdomen)
The human abdomen is divided into regions by anatomists and physicians for purposes of study, diagnosis, and therapy.[1] [2] In the four-region scheme, four quadrants allow localisation of pain and tenderness, scars, lumps, and other items of interest, narrowing in on which organs and tissues may be involved. The quadrants are referred to as the left lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, right upper quadrant and right lower quadrant, as follows.
The left lower quadrant (LLQ) of the human abdomen is the area left of the midline and below the umbilicus. The LLQ includes the left iliac fossa and half of the left flank region.
The term is not used in comparative anatomy, since most other animals do not stand erect. The equivalent term for animals is left posterior quadrant.
The left upper quadrant (LUQ) extends from the median plane to the left of the patient, and from the umbilical plane to the left ribcage.
The equivalent term for animals is 'left anterior quadrant'.
The right upper quadrant (RUQ) extends from the median plane to the right of the patient, and from the umbilical plane to the right ribcage.
The equivalent term for animals is 'right anterior quadrant'.
The right lower quadrant (RLQ) extends from the median plane to the right of the patient, and from the umbilical plane to the right inguinal ligament.
The equivalent term for animals is 'right posterior quadrant'.
Important organs
Of LLQ:
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- Left ovary and Fallopian tube
- Left ureter
Of LUQ:
- Stomach
- Spleen
- Left lobe of liver
- Body of pancreas
- Left kidney and adrenal gland
- Splenic flexure of colon
- Parts of transverse and descending colon
Of RUQ:
- Liver
- Gall bladder with biliary tree
- Duodenum
- Head of pancreas
- Right kidney and adrenal gland
- Hepatic flexure of colon
Of RLQ:
- Cecum
- Appendix
- Ascending Colon
- Right ovary and Fallopian tube
- Right ureter
Clinical significance
In the LLQ if abdominal pain or signs of peritonitis are localised, colitis, diverticulitis, ureteral colic or pain due to ovarian cysts or pelvic inflammatory disease, may be suspected. Examples of tumours in the left lower quadrant include colon cancer or ovarian tumour.
The LUQ may be painful or tender in the case of intestinal malrotation.
The RUQ may be painful or tender in hepatitis, cholecystitis, and peptic ulcer.
The RLQ may be painful and/or tender in such conditions as appendicitis.
Differential diagnosis
In children:
- Gastroenteritis, mesenteric adenitis, Meckel's diverticulitis, intussusception, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, lobar pneumonia
In adults:
- regional enteritis, renal colic, perforated peptic ulcer, testicular torsion, rectus sheath hematoma, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis, torsion/rupture of ovarian cyst, appendicitis
In elderly:
- diverticulitis, intestinal obstruction, colonic carcinoma, mesenteric ischemia, leaking aortic aneurysm.
See also
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References
- ↑ Elsevier, Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, Elsevier.
- ↑ Wolters Kluwer, Stedman's Medical Dictionary, Wolters Kluwer.