QF 2.95-inch Mountain Gun

The QF 2.95 inch mountain gun was the designation given by the British to a Vickers 75mm calibre gun. It was originally produced for the Egyptian Army. It was taken into British service in the late 19th Century to provide the 'movable armament' at some coaling stations. Also known as 'The Millimetre Gun',^[4] it was used by the West African Frontier Force in several theatres in Africa during World War I. It was also used by USA and Philippines.

Service history

The weapon could be broken down and carried by 4 horses or mules, or in British use in Africa by men.

British service

The weapon was not adopted by the British Army or the Indian Army, which used the BL 10 pounder Mountain Gun and later the BL 2.75 inch Mountain Gun, but it was used from 1901 by the defence forces of some British African colonies as part of the Royal West African Frontier Force (WAFF). The officers and most NCOs were British, and the gunners, gun carriers and some NCOs were African. As part of the British Empire these units became part of the British war effort in World War I.

Thirty guns were originally supplied to West Africa (Sierra Leone, Gold Coast and Nigeria).^[5] Guns involved in the West Africa campaign were Sierra Leone Company RGA (6 guns), Gold Coast Battery WAFF (6 guns), 1st and 2nd Nigerian Battery WAFF (6 guns each).^[6]

Guns of the Gold Coast Battery fired the first British Empire artillery rounds of World War I, in the attack on Khra in Togoland on 22 August 1914.^[7]

The gun was also used in the East Africa campaign, originally a section of the Gold Coast Battery, and from December 1916 the 1st Nigerian Battery.^[8]

In one action, Corporal Awudo Kano and five Nigerian gunners stayed by their gun during the British attack near Melong in Kamerun, 4 March 1915. Their officer was wounded and the infantry forced to retire, but though isolated they refused to abandon the officer or their guns, and continued firing until relieved.^[9]

US service

The US purchased 12 guns in 1899 and used them in the Philippine-American War (otherwise known as the Philippine Insurrection). By June 30, 1904 another 120 guns were purchased. Carriages and pack saddles were manufactured at Watertown and Rock Island.

It was also used in World War II by US and Philippine forces defending against the Japanese invasion.^[1] Approximately 50 were issued to the Filipino Army artillery regiments. The US Army Philippine Division had one battalion of the 23rd Artillery (Philippine Scouts) equipped with the 2.95 in mountain gun.^[10][11]

Ammunition

British ammunition

The British "Treatise on Ammunition" of 1915 stated that available rounds were Shrapnel (203 bullets), Case shot (330 bullets), Star shell and the Double common shell of 18 lb (exploding charge of 14 oz "P" mixture - gunpowder).^[12]

British Double Common round	British Shrapnel round	No. 65A Fuze

US ammunition

According to the US manual of 1916 the 18 lb (8.2 kg) "Double explosive" shell was no longer in US use.

US Cartridge case	US HE shells	US Shrapnel shell

Gallery

• 

  Front view of British example on display at US Army Ordnance Museum
• 

  Side view of British example on display at US Army Ordnance Museum
• 

  gun & carriage diagram
• 

  transportation of gun barrel by mule in US use
• 

  Illustration from Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary

See also

• List of mountain artillery
• West Africa Campaign (World War I)

Surviving examples

At the Military Museum in Bogota, Colombia

• A British example is on display at US Army Ordnance Museum, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA^[13]
• HM Royal Armouries Fort Nelson, Fareham, Hampshire, UK^[14]
• At the Military Museum in Bogota, Colombia
• U.S. Army Artillery Museum, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, USA

Notes and references

Bibliography

• Dale Clarke, British Artillery 1914-1919. Field Army Artillery. Osprey Publishing, Oxford UK, 2004] ISBN 978-1-84176-688-1
• Major-General Sir John Headlam, The History of the Royal Artillery : From the Indian Mutiny to the Great War, Volume II (1899–1914). Woolwich [England] : Royal Artillery Institution, 1937. Facsimile reprint by Naval and Military Press 2004. ISBN 978-1-84574-043-6
• General Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery : Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914-18. London: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988. ISBN 978-1-870114-05-9
• I.V. Hogg & L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914-1918. London: Ian Allan, 1972. ISBN 978-0-7110-0381-1
• US Army Ordnance Dept, Handbook of the 2.95-inch Mountain Gun Matériel and Pack Outfit. 1912, updated 1916
• Louis Morton, "The Fall of the Philippines". United States Army Center of Military History, 1953. ISBN 978-1-410216960

Further reading

• Morton, Louis. "Chapter XXVIII: The Southern Islands". The Fall of the Philippines. The US Army in World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 5-2. 
• Anderson, Charles R. Philippine Islands. The US Army Campaigns World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-3. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to QF 2.95 inch Mountain Gun.

• 1908 (provisional) Drill Regulations for mountain Artillery US Army Manual provided online by University of California and www.archive.org
• 2.95-Inch Vickers-Maxim Mountain Gun Matériel. in https://archive.org/details/handbookofartill00unitrich" Handbook of Artillery : including mobile, anti-aircraft and trench matériel (1920)"] United States. Army. Ordnance Dept May 1920. provided online by University of California and www.archive.org
• Diagram, photographs, video & data at Victorian Forts and Artillery website
• photo of a 2.95 inch shell casing at big-ordnance.com