Pudukkottai

This article is about the municipality in Tamil Nadu, India. For its namesake district, see Pudukkottai district. For other meanings, see Pudukkottai (disambiguation).
Pudukkottai
புதுக்கோட்டை
Town

The district court of Pudukkottai
Pudukkottai

Location in Tamil Nadu, India

Coordinates: 10°23′N 78°49′E / 10.38°N 78.82°E / 10.38; 78.82Coordinates: 10°23′N 78°49′E / 10.38°N 78.82°E / 10.38; 78.82
Country  India
State Tamil Nadu
District Pudukkottai
Present Collector S. Ganesh, IAS
Government
 • Body Pudukottai Municipality
Area
 • Total 21.25 km2 (8.20 sq mi)
Elevation 87.78 m (287.99 ft)
Population (2011)
 • Total 143,745
 • Density 6,800/km2 (18,000/sq mi)
Languages
 • Official Tamil
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN 622 xxx
Telephone code 04322
Vehicle registration TN 55
Sex ratio 995 per 1000 males ♂/♀
Website www.pudukkottai.co.in

Pudukkottai is the administrative headquarters of Pudukkottai District in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the banks of River Vellar, it has been ruled, at different times, by the Early Pandyas, Thondaimans, and the British. It is situated about 395 kilometres (245 mi) southwest of the state capital Chennai and about 55 kilometres (34 mi) southwest of Tiruchirappalli. The people in the city are employed majorly in teritiary sector activities. Tamil Nadu's first women Asiad Santhi Soundarajan is from Pudukkottai.

Being the district headquarters, Pudukkottai accommodates the district administration offices, government educational institutes, colleges and schools. Pudukkottai is a part of Pudukkottai constituency and elects its member of legislative assembly every five years, and a part of the Tiruchirappalli constituency that elects its member of parliament. The city is administered by a selection-grade municipality established in 1912 as per the Municipal Corporation Act. The city covers an area of 21.25 km2 and had a population of 143745 in 2011. Roadways is the major mode of transport to the city, while it has also got rail connectivity. The nearest airport is Tiruchirappalli International Airport, located at a distance of 45 km from the city.

History

Coin of the Roman emperor Augustus from the Pudukottai hoard (British Museum).

The princely state of Pudukottai was created by Raghunatha Thondaiman. Raghunatha Kilavan Setupati of Ramnad (1673–1708 A.D.) married Kathali Nachiar, the sister of Thondaiman. He appointed his brother-in-law, Raghunatha Thondaiman, as a chief of the district of Pudukottai. Raghunatha Thondaiman earlier had ruled Thirumayam. In appreciation of Raghunatha Thondaiman's services, Raghunatha Kilavan Setupati gave Pudukkottai as an honour for his services. In later centuries, the Thondaiman rulers, while nominally feudatories of the Ramnad state, often pursued an independent foreign policy, a trend common in all parts of India at that time. After the death of Raghunatha Kilavan Setupati Raghunatha Thondaiman become ruler of Pudukottai.[1]

After becoming the ruler of Pudukottai, Thondaiman fought against the Nayaks of Tanjore in support of the Nayaks of Madurai and conquered Thirukkattupalli, a very important place. Then there was a direct clash between the Thondaimans of Pudukottai and the Nayaks, rulers of Tanjore.[2] Thondaiman conquered the west of Thirukkattupalli. The next ruler, Raja Vijaya Reghunatha Raya Thondaiman, helped the Arcot Nawab against Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore. He was also loyal to the British Government. After some time, when Hyder Ali’s army tried to enter Pudukkottai, Thondaiman's army defeated them and drove Hyder’s army away. Thondaiman captured Kilanilai and Aranthangi. He helped the British government against Tipu Sultan.

Pudukkotai finally came under formal British protection. This was arguably unavoidable, since the Thondaimans were much menaced in that period by a resurgent Mysore, ruled by Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. When Tipu Sultan sought to leverage the power of the French against his British adversaries, Pudukkotai, in common with its neighbours, such as Thanjavur and Travancore, found it expedient to ally with the British.[3]

Raja Rajagopala Thondaiman (1928–1948), the last and ninth in the line of Thondaiman rulers, was selected by the British Government and was crowned when he was six years old. After Indian independence in 1947, the Pudukkottai Princely State was amalgamated with the Indian Union on April 3, 1948 and became a division in Tiruchirappalli district. The long history of the Thondaimans' rule came to an end.

Thondaiman King in his Durbar, Pudukkottai, 1858.
Revenue stamp issued by the princely state of Pudukkottai with a portrait of Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman

Some of the major kings of the dynasty are Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman (1686–1730), Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman,(1730–1769), Raya Raghunatha Tondaiman (1769 – Dec 1789), Vijaya Raghunatha Tondaiman (Dec 1789 – 1 February 1807), Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman (1 February 1807 – June 1825), Raghunatha Tondaiman (June 1825 – 13 July 1839), Ramachandra Tondaiman (13 July 1839 – 15 April 1886), Marthanda Bhairava Tondaiman (15 April 1886 – 28 May 1928) and Rajagopala Tondaiman (28 October 1928 – 4 March 1948).

The coat of arms of Pudukkottai state

Pudukkottai became a princely state of British India under the political authority of Madras Presidency. The state had an area of 4663 Sq.miles and in 1901, a population of 380,000. The Rajas of Pudukkotai were entitled to an 17-gun salute. The last Thondaiman raja of Pudukkottai acceded to newly-independent India in 1948, and the state became a division of Tiruchirappalli District of Madras State. The state was reorganised twice in the succeeding decade, taking its present form in 1956; it was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1968. On 14 January 1974, the present Pudukkottai District was formed from parts of Tiruchirappalli and Thanjavur districts.[4]

Geography

Pudukkottai is located at 10°23′N 78°49′E / 10.38°N 78.82°E / 10.38; 78.82 in the valley of river Vellar. The city has a semi-arid climate with high temperatures throughout the year, and relatively low rainfall. The city is located in Pudukkottai district of the South Indian state, Tamil Nadu, at a distance of 390 km (240 mi) from Chennai. Pudukkottai has a plain terrain with a few rocky hills intersped in the outskirts. Urugumalai, Athimalai, Chennaimalai are the hills that surround the city. The rivers that flow in Pudukkottai are Amaravathy, Noyal, Bhavani, and Cavery. There are no notable mineral resources available in and around the city. Red loam and red sandy are the types of soil found in the town. Paddy, groundnut and sugarcane are the major crops in the region. Pudukkottai experiences hot and dry weather throughout the year. The temperature ranges from a maximum of 38.7 °C (101.7 °F) to a minimum of 19.6 °C (67.3 °F). Like the rest of the state, April to June are the hottest months and December to January are the coldest. Pudukkottai receives an average of 919.4 mm (36.20 in) of rainfall yearly. The South west monsoon, with an onset in June and lasting up to August, brings scanty rainfall. Bulk of the rainfall is received during the North East monsoon in the months of October, November and December. The municipality covers an area of 21.25 km2 (21,250,000 m2)[5][6][7]

Demographics

Religious census
Religion Percent(%)
Hindu
  
 79.4%
Muslim
  
 15.14%
Christian
  
 4.89%
Sikh
  
 0.02%
Other
  
 0.5%
No religion
  
 0.04%

According to 2011 census, Pudukkottai had a population of 143746 with a sex-ratio of 1,003 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.[10] A total of 11,762 were under the age of six, constituting 6,028 males and 5,734 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 11.87% and .06% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 92.19%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.[10] The town had a total of 28838 households. There were a total of 41,408 workers, comprising 268 cultivators, 275 main agricultural labourers, 994 in house hold industries, 35,578 other workers, 4,293 marginal workers, 128 marginal cultivators, 47 marginal agricultural labourers, 144 marginal workers in household industries and 3,974 other marginal workers.[9] As of 2001, 20 slums were identified in the town and approximately 37,740 people resided in the slums. The population of the town decreased during the 1991-2001 period is attibuted to the migration to other cities in search of employment and lesser job opportunities in the town.[8] The city covers an area of 21.25 square kilometres (8.20 sq mi).

As per the religious census of 2011, Pudukkottai had 79.4% Hindus, 15.14% Muslims, 4.89% Christians, 0.02% Sikhs, 0.5% following other religions and 0.04% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.[11]

The Thondaiman king, Vijaya Raghunatha rebuilt the town based on the principles of town planning so that the main streets were laid intersecting at right angles with the palace at the centre.[6] Out of the total area, 80.85% of the land is marked developed and 19.15% of the city remains undeveloped. Residential areas make up 60.1% of the town's total area while commercial enterprises and industrial units make up 4.43% and 1.47% respectively.[12] The population density is not uniform throughout the town. It is high in the centre and lower in the peripheral areas such as Sivagandapuram, Ganesh nagar and the Tamil Nadu Housing Area. The density ranges from 200-300 persons per hectare in the central part of the town and 16 - 55 persons per hectare (PPH) in the peripheral areas with low density Hindus form the majority of the urban population, followed by Muslims and Christians. Tamil is the main language spoken in the city, but the use of English is relatively common; English is the medium of instruction in most educational institutions and offices in the service sector.[8]

Municipal administration and politics

Municipality officials
ChairmanRajasekaran[13]
CommissionerJ. Subramanian[14]
Vice-ChairmanS. Abdul Rahman[15]
Elected members
Member of Legislative AssemblyV. R. Karthik Thondaiman[16]
Member of ParliamentP. Kumar[17]

Pudukottai is the headquarters of the Pudukkottai District. The town was constituted as a third-grade municipality in 1912, promoted to first-grade during 1963 and selection-grade from 1998. The Pudukottai municipality has 42 wards and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards.[18] The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head.[19] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 42 members, one each from the 42 wards.[20] The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.[21]

Pudukottai is a part of the Pudukottai and it elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years.[22] From the 1977 elections, All India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) won the assembly seat three times (in 2001, 2006 and 2011 elections), two times by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK, 1989 and 1996), four times by Indian National Congress (INC) (1977, 1980, 1984 and 1991 elections). The current MLA of Pudukottai constituency is Karthik Thondaiman from the ADMK party, who won the byelections after the previous member expired on 1 April 2012.[16][23][24]

Pudukottai is a part of the Pudukkottai (Lok Sabha constituency)  till the 2004 elections before delimitation in 2009 – it had the following six assembly constituencies – Pattukottai, Peravurani, Kolathur (SC), Pudukkottai, Alangudi and Arantangi state assembly constituencies. From the 2009 elections, the town is a part of Tiruchirappall constituency and the current Member of Parliament from the constituency is P. Kumar from the ADMK party. From 1951, the Pudukottai parliament seat was held by the Indian National Congress for five times (during 1957, 1980, 1984, 1989 and 1991 elections), ADMK for three times (during 1998, 1991, 1999 and 2009 elections), Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam three times (during the 1971, 1996 and 2004 elections) and once each by KMPP (during 1951 elections), CPI (during 1962 elections) and CPM during 1967 elections. [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is P. Kumar from the ADMK party.[38]

Law and order in the city in maintained by the Pudukottai sub division of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent. There are four police stations in the town, with one of them being an all women police station. There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police.[39]

Transportation

The Pudukkottai municipality maintains 122.84 km (76.33 mi) of roads. The city has 4.16 km (2.58 mi) concrete roads, 9.78 km (6.08 mi) WBM roads, 6 km (3.7 mi) gravel roads, 2.5 km (1.6 mi) foot paths and 100.4 km (62.4 mi) bituminous road. A total of 19.908 km (12.370 mi) of state highways is maintained by the State Highways Department and national highways by the National Highways Department.[40]

There are two national highways namely the NH 336 Trichy - Ramanathapuram road and NH 226 Perambalur - Manamadurai road that pass via Pudukkottai. There are two state highways that pass via the town - SH 26 Trichy - Mimisal road and SH 71 Musiri - Sethubavachatram road. The other major district roads connect Pudukkottai to other parts of the district. The Pudukkottai bus stand is a B-grade bus stand located in the centre of the town. The State Express Transport Corporation operates long distance buses connecting the city to important cities like Chennai, Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Vellore, Pazhani, Erode, Velankanni, Tiruvannamalai, Nagercoil, Tiruchendur and Thoothukudi. There are frequent intercity buses operated by the TNSTC Kumbakonam division to cities like Tiruchchirapalli, Thanjavur, Madurai, Manapparai, Aranthangi, Karaikkudi, Devakottai, Pattukkottai, Ponnamaravathi, Rameswaram, Chennai and Kumbakonam.[41][42]

Pudukkottai railway station has daily express trains to and from Chennai, Rameswaram and weekly express trains to Coimbatore, Puducherry, Kanyakumari, Varanasi and Bhubaneshwar. The town has passenger train services to Trichy, Manamadurai, Mannargudi, Rameswaram and Karaikudi.[43][44]

The nearest local and international airport is the Tiruchirapalli International Airport, located 45 km from the town.

Economy

A Paddy field in Regunathapuram Village of Pudukkottai district

The SIPCOT Industrial Complex is located on Trichy - Rameswaram National Highways (NH 210). This Industrial complex is well connected by Road, Rail and Air. It was established in 1980. The allotment of land commenced in 1982 to accommodate Engineering and General Industries. The total extent of complex area is 421.10 acres (1.7041 km2).

Pudukkottai district is predominantly an agricultural oriented district. Generally a dry and hot climate prevails in this district and this district's agricultural production depends mainly on the rainfall. The normal annual rainfall of Pudukkottai district is 922.8 mm. Out of which 52.2 mm is received in winter, 124.6 mm is received in hot weather period, 351.9 mm is received during South West Monsoon and 394.1 mm is received in North East Monsoon. Recently Tamil Nadu Agricultural University started Diploma college in agriculture at Kudimiyanmalai with a strength of approximately 50 students including girls.

There are 5,385 irrigation tanks available in this district, of which 172 tanks are system tanks fed by Grand Anaikat Channel and the remaining are rain fed tanks. There are about 55,137 wells in the district catering an area of 7791 Ha. Paddy is the major crop of this district. 90000 Ha. of area is covered under paddy, out of which 135000 Ha. of area is fed with Cauvery Mettur Project through G.A. canal. The remaining area is well and tank fed. The present productivity level is 4.985 Mt. of Paddy /Ha.Other than Paddy, Groundnut is the major crop in this district which is mainly cultivated under rain fed condition. Groundnut is being cultivated in 36000 Ha. as rain fed crop and 8000 Ha. under irrigated condition Millet, Pulse, Cotton, Sugarcane, Gingelly are the other crops cultivated in this district.

Education and utility services

As of 2011, there were 33 schools in Pudukkottai: nine primary schools, seven middle schools and 17 high and higher secondary schools. There were three arts and science colleges, namely, H.H.The Rajah’s College for men, Govt. Arts college for Women and Govt. College of Education. There were five industrial training institute ITI in the town, namely, DIET, Govt. Industrial Technical Institute, Advanced I.T.I., Central ITI, Little flower ITI and SriBrahathambal ITI .[45]

Electricity supply to Pudukkottai is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). A Chief Distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters.[46] Water supply is provided by the Pudukkottai Municipality from the Cauvery river through Jeyapuram head water works located 86 km (53 mi) away and Ammaiyappatti water works located 9.06 km (5.63 mi). In the period 2000–2001, a total of 7 million litres of water was supplied everyday for households in the town.[47] As per the municipal data for 2011, about 30-35 metric tonnes of solid waste were collected from Pudukkottai every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping was carried out by the sanitary department of the Pudukkottai municipality. The coverage of solid waste management in the town by the municipality had an efficiency of 100% as of 2001.[48] There is no underground drainage system in the town and the sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.[49]

The municipality maintained a total of 191 km (119 mi) of storm water drains in 2011: 55 km (34 mi) pucca drains and 136 km (85 mi) open drains.[50] As of 2011, there were a total of 31 hospitals, municipal dispensary, private dispensaries and private general clinics and five clinical labls that take care of the health care needs of the citizens.[51] As of 2011, the municipality maintained a total of 4,039 street lamps: 631 sodium lamps, 3,407 tube lights and one high mast beam lamp.[52] The municipality operates one weekly market, two daily vegetable markets and one daily fish market that cater to the needs of the town and the rural areas around it.[53]

Notes

  1. ↑ Howes, Jennifer (2012). Courts of Pre-Colonial South India. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 9781135789961.
  2. ↑ Stein, Burton (1989). The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–138. ISBN 9780521266932.
  3. ↑ Dirks, Nicholas B. (1987). The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of An Indian Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 0-521-32604-4.
  4. ↑ V., Annamalai (1996). Formation And Transformation Of Power In Rural India. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 26–28. ISBN 9788171413232.
  5. ↑ "About Pudukkottai". Pudukkottai municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  6. 1 2 Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 5
  7. ↑ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. ii
  8. 1 2 3 Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, pp. 6-7
  9. 1 2 "Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Pudukkottai". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  10. 1 2 "Census Info 2011 Final population totals". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  11. ↑ "Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu" (XLS). Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  12. ↑ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, pp. 11-12
  13. ↑ "Chairman of municipality". Pudukottai municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  14. ↑ "Commissioner of municipality". Pudukottai municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  15. ↑ "Vice Chairman of municipality". Pudukottai municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  16. 1 2 "MLA of Pudukottai". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  17. ↑ "General Elections to Lok Sabha, 2009, name and address of the elected members of parliamentary constituencies in Tamil Nadu". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  18. ↑ "About the municipality". Pudukottai municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  19. ↑ "Commissionerate of Municipal Administration". Commissionerate of Municipal Administration. 2006. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  20. ↑ "Councillors of municipality". Pudukottai municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  21. ↑ "Economic and political weekly, Volume 30". Sameeksha Trust. 1995: 2396.
  22. ↑ "List of Assembly Constituencies". Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu state government. 2010. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
  23. ↑ "Partywise Comparison Since 1977". Election Commission of India. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  24. ↑ "Old MLA of Pudukottai". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  25. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 17. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  26. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 49. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  27. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 67. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  28. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 71. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  29. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 80. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  30. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 79. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  31. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 73. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  32. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 81. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  33. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 51. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  34. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 86. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  35. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 85. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  36. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 85. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  37. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 94. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  38. ↑ "Members of Parliament from Tamil Nadu". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  39. ↑ "Pudukottai Police". Pudukottai municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  40. ↑ "Pudukkottai roads". Pudukkottai municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  41. ↑ "S.E.T.C. Tamil Nadu Ltd., Computer reservation centres". Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  42. ↑ "Pudukkottai bus stand". Pudukkottai municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  43. ↑ "Pudukottai passengers await Pallavan Express". The Hindu. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
  44. ↑ "Passenger train extended to Manamadurai". The Hindu. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
  45. ↑ "Educational Institutions". Pudukkottai municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  46. ↑ "Important Address" (PDF). Indian Wind Power Association. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  47. ↑ "Water Supply Details". Pudukkottai Municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  48. ↑ "Waste management programme". Pudukkottai Municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  49. ↑ "Sewarage". Pudukkottai Municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  50. ↑ "Storm water drains". Pudukkottai Municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  51. ↑ "Hospitals, Medical Labs". Pudukkottai Municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  52. ↑ "Pudukkottai street lights". Pudukkottai Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  53. ↑ "Pudukkottai markets". Pudukkottai Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29.

References

Further reading

External links

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See also

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