Public libraries in North America

Patrons studying and reading at the New York City Public Library.

A public library is a library that is accessible by the general public and is generally funded from public sources, such as taxes. It is operated by librarians and library paraprofessionals, who are also civil servants.

United States

Libraries often display exhibits inside and outside the structures, as this sculpture of a little girl reading at the public library in Trinidad, Colorado.

As the United States developed from the 18th century to today, growing more populous and wealthier, factors such as a push for education and desire to share knowledge led to broad public support for free libraries. In addition, money donations by private philanthropists provided the seed capital to get many libraries started. In some instances, collectors donated large book collections.[1]

First libraries

William James Sidis in The Tribes and the States claims the public library, as such, was an American invention.[2]

Bates Hall reading room in the Boston Public Library. Founded in 1848, it has 6.1 million books.[3]

There were parish (parochial) libraries open in Anglican churches all over the American colonies. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, founded in 1701, subsidized libraries as a regular part of their missionary activity whenever they sent a priest to an Anglican mission or church that did not have a library already.[4] There would thus have been parish libraries at the 289 Anglican churches, and at various missions.[5]

According to Edmund Farwell Slafter, the first public library was founded in Boston by the Rev. John Checkley at the Old State House sometime between 1711 when Boston's Old State House was built, and 1725.[6] In a letter to the Rev. Dr. Thomas Bennet, dated June 15, 1725, Checkley wrote:

"In a short Time I propose to send you an account of the charitable Society of the Church of England, and of the public Library erected here: the laying the Foundation of both which, I have been (thanks to my good God) the happy tho' unworthy Instrument." [7]

The library was destroyed when the Old State House interior was consumed by fire on December 9, 1747,when many books, papers, and records were destroyed.

There is evidence of other and possibly earlier public libraries. The Rev. John Sharpe, who had traveled as a missionary priest over the colonies from Maryland to Connecticut, thought the parish library in New York inadequate. He devised an advanced plan for a public library in New York City open to all. In a letter on March 11, 1713 he notes there were already at least four public libraries in the colonies including the one in Boston:

"Another thing which is very much wanted here is a publick Library, which would very much advance both learning and piety. Such there are at Charles Town in Carolina, Annapolis in Mary Land, at Philadelphia and Boston. Some books have been formerly sent to New York but as parochial they remain in the hands of the Incumbent.” [8]

He proposed the institution should be "publick and provincial" and "open every day in the week at convenient hours," when "all men may have liberty to read in the Library."

Just before returning to England in 1713 after a decade spent as a missionary priest in America, he left behind 238 of his volumes to be “given for the laying of a foundation of a Public Library.” However, it wasn’t until thirty years after Sharp left America that a dozen men in 1754 founded the New York Society Library with Sharp’s books as its core. His advanced dream of a library open every day was not to be accomplished in New York until 1791.[9]

In 1731, Benjamin Franklin and the other members of the discussion club the Junto founded the Library Company of Philadelphia partly as a means to settle arguments and partly as a means to advance themselves through sharing information. Franklin's subscription library allowed members to buy "shares" and combined funds were used to buy more books; in return, members could borrow books and use the library. Today, the Library Company continues to exist as a nonprofit, independent research library.

A town in Massachusetts named itself Franklin after the famous Pennsylvanian. For this honor, Franklin donated 116 books to the town in lieu of a requested church bell.[10] Franklin's town meeting voted to lend the books to all Franklin inhabitants free of charge in 1790, and this small collection can therefore be considered the first public library in the United States.[11]

A public library building in Altona, Illinois, a small village in the Midwestern United States.

The first free public library supported by taxation in the world was the Peterborough, New Hampshire Town Library which was founded at town meeting on April 9, 1833.[12] Many sources claim to have been the first, such as Boston's Public Library, which was actually the second, established in 1848. The first free continuous children's library in the United States was founded in 1835 in Arlington, Massachusetts.[13]

New York lawyer, governor and bibliophile Samuel J. Tilden bequeathed millions to build the New York Public Library. He believed Americans should have access to books and a free education if desired. In 1902, one account suggested "the village library is growing more and more an indispensable adjunct to American village life."[14]

The public library in Summit, New Jersey

Libraries have been started with wills from other benefactors. For example, the Bacon Free Library in South Natick, Massachusetts was founded in 1881 after a benefactor left $15,000 in a will; it has operated as a public library since then.[15]

Once the idea of the public library as an agency worthy of taxation was broadly established during the 19th and early 20th centuries, librarians through actions of the American Library Association and its division devoted to public libraries, the Public Library Association, sought ways to identify standards and guidelines to ensure quality service.[16] Legislation such as the Library Services Act and the Library Services and Construction Act ensured that unserved areas and unserved groups would have access to library services.[17]

In 2009, with the Great Recession, many public libraries have budget shortfalls. The library in Darby, Pennsylvania found expenses were greater than revenues from local property taxes, state funds, and investment income; it was on the risk of closing, according to a newspaper report.[18]

Changing roles of libraries

The former Williams Free Library in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin features an architectural style called Richardsonian Romanesque.

In many towns and small cities before 1900, local boosters operated social libraries, which were open by subscription. The middle classes patronized them, borrowed bestsellers and old classics, and came to know the other book lovers in town. These libraries became the forerunners of the public library.[19]

Butte, Montana was perhaps the largest, richest and rowdiest mining camp in the American West. City boosters opened a public library in 1893. Ring argues that the library was originally a mechanism of social control, "an antidote to the miners' proclivity for drinking, whoring, and gambling." It was also designed to promote middle-class values and to convince Easterners that Butte was a cultivated city.[20] Quite apart from the Wild West, civic boosters hailed the opening of a public library as a landmark in their upward march of civilization and civility.[21]

Chicago Public Library, 1991

As VanSlyck (1989) shows, the last years of the 19th century saw acceptance of the idea that libraries should be available to the American public free of charge. However the design of the idealized free library was at the center of a prolonged and heated debate. On one hand, wealthy philanthropists favored grandiose monuments that reinforced the paternalistic metaphor and enhanced civic pride. They wanted a grandiose showcase that created a grand vista through a double-height, alcoved bookhall with domestically-scaled reading rooms, perhaps dominated by the donor's portrait over the fireplace. Typical examples were the New York Public Library and the Chicago Public Library. Librarians considered that grand design inefficient, and too expensive to maintain.[22] The Brumback Library in Van Wert, Ohio claims to be the first county library in US.[23]

Melvil Dewey instituted a traveling library system for upstate New York in 1892. The idea spread rapidly in the North. By 1898 there were over a hundred traveling libraries in Wisconsin alone, 534 in New York.

Carnegie libraries

Main article: Carnegie library

Andrew Carnegie, born to poverty taught himself and became a leading industrialist and philanthropist. Among his many philanthropies was the public library—he built and furnished a library if the city agreed to maintain and staff it. He gave over $60 million, which was a vast fortune in 21st-century dollars.[24] Carnegie envisioned that libraries would "bring books and information to all people."[25]

A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929, including some belonging to universities. 1,689 were built in the United States, 660 in Britain and Ireland, 125 in Canada, and others in Australia, New Zealand, and elsewhere. By 1930, half the American public libraries had been built by Carnegie.[26]

Carnegie was attached to free libraries since his days as a young messenger-boy in Pittsburgh, when each Saturday he borrowed a new book from one. Carnegie systematically funded 2,507 libraries throughout the English-speaking world. James Bertram, Carnegie's chief aide from 1894 to 1914 administered the library program, issued guidelines and instituted an architectural review process.[27]

Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library design, encouraging a closer correspondence between the two. The Carnegie buildings typically followed a standardized style called "Carnegie Classic": a rectangular, T-shaped or L-shaped structure of stone or brick, with rusticated stone foundations and low-pitched, hipped roofs, with space allocated by function and efficiency.[22]

His libraries served not only as free circulating collections of books, magazines and newspapers, but also provided classrooms for growing school districts, Red Cross stations, and public meeting spaces, not to mention permanent jobs for the graduates of newly formed library schools. Academic libraries were built for 108 colleges. Usually there was no charge to read or borrow; in New Zealand, however, local taxes were too low to support libraries and most charged subscription fees to their users. The arrangements were always the same: Carnegie would provide the funds for the building but only after the municipal government had provided a site for the building and had passed an ordinance for the purchase of books and future maintenance of the library through taxation. This policy was in accord with Carnegie's philosophy that the dispensation of wealth for the benefit of society must never be in the form of free charity but rather must be as a buttress to the community's responsibility for its own welfare.

In 1901, Carnegie offered to donate $100,000 to the city of Richmond, Virginia, for a public library. The city council had to furnish a site for the building and guarantee that $10,000 in municipal funds would be budgeted for the library each year. Despite the support from the majority of Richmond's civic leaders, the city council rejected Carnegie's offer. A combination of aversion to new taxes, fear of modernization, and fear that Carnegie might require the city to admit black patrons to his library account for the local government's refusal.[28] A Richmond Public Library did open in 1924 with alternative sources of funding.[29] In a municipal election in 1904 union leaders in Wheeling, West Virginia, blocked the acceptance of a Carnegie library. The Detroit Library subsisted on library fines and inadequate city funds; Carnegie offered $750,000 in 1901 but was turned down because it was "tainted money"; after nine more years of underfunding Detroit took the money.

Canada

The Toronto Reference Library, centrepiece of the Toronto Public Library system
The new Halifax Central Library.

In 1779 Governor Frederick Haldimand founded the first subscription library in Québec City, Canada. Canada's small libraries were mostly held by rich families or religious institutions, and the general public was not admitted. "Haldimand's library, like other subscription libraries, appealed primarily to an urban elite",[30] Haldimand's library later merged with the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec (established in 1824), which displays the original Québec Library collection within its library. This and similar association/social libraries were examples of early prototypes of public libraries. They were public in that membership was allowed regardless of class or religion, and many in Canada eventually evolved into free public libraries.[31]

"Subsequently legislative collections were established in 1791 in Upper and in 1792 in Lower Canada ; and in 1796 the first public library was founded in Montreal. In 1800, libraries were established in King's College, Nova Scotia, and at Niagara, where the first public library in Upper Canada operated for twenty years, in spite of losses during the War of 1812.".[32]

In Saint John, New Brunswick in 1883, following the efforts of Colonel James Domville in procuring a collection of materials to replace the many private collections lost in the Great Fire of Saint John, New Brunswick the first free, tax-supported public library was established. Guelph, Ontario and Toronto, Ontario opened public libraries that same year as well.[31] Due to Canada's size and diversity, the development of the modern Canadian public library was more of a slow evolution than a quick transition as each of the provinces' specific conditions (geographic, economic, cultural, demographic, etc.) had first to be addressed.[31] The public library therefore took on many forms in Canada's earlier years; the three most prevalent of these forms were school-district libraries, Mechanics Institutes, and association/social libraries (see reference to Literary and Historical Society of Quebec above).[31]

In 1850, school-district libraries were initiated in Canada. Public servant Joseph Howe started one in Nova Scotia, and politician Egerton Ryerson started one in Ontario. New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island followed suit in 1858 and 1877, respectively. The hope was that both children and adults could benefit from the local school authorities, where financial assistance was provided from colonial legislatures, but the departments of education proved to be too centralizing for locals and this practiced was phased out.[33] Mechanics Institutes also contained libraries that the working class could access inexpensively. The first Canadian library of its kind was established in 1828 in Montréal, Québec. Other communities took up this idea as well – notably those in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Hamilton, Ontario, Toronto, Ontario and Victoria, British Columbia. Like the school-district libraries, these institutes eventually ceased or were replaced by public libraries.[34]

The public library that opened in Toronto, Ontario, was mostly due to a campaign by city alderman John Hallam. James Bain became the first chief librarian, and built a comprehensive collection of Canadian literature and history. The Toronto Public Library was one of the first libraries to choose free status, and it was the largest of them all.[35] Its development flourished after 1900 when Carnegie grants began to aid in building construction and the expansion of collections and services. During this time, open access and children's departments were introduced, and standard cataloguing and classification systems were adopted.[36] Many of the original branches, funded by a Carnegie grant, still stand and continue to be operated by the Toronto Public Library.[37] Other provinces were affected by Carnegie as well and followed Ontario's lead in legislating tax support for library services. British Columbia acted in 1891, Manitoba in 1899, Saskatchewan in 1906, and in Alberta, the first legislation officially passed by the legislative assembly was the Library Act.[38] The act was passed March 15, 1907.[39][40] The next provinces to follow were New Brunswick in 1929, Newfoundland in 1935, Prince Edward Island in 1936, Nova Scotia in 1937, Québec in1959, and then the Northwest Territories in 1966.[35]

As they stand today, public libraries in Canada are "governed by provincial statues and are primarily financed by municipal tax revenues and other local income, with provincial grants supplementing local funding. [They are also] the responsibility of a local or regional library board with authority to appoint or dismiss employees, control library property, establish policies, and budget for library operations."[36] Though the services offered vary from local branch to local branch, public libraries in Canada are not only places to read and borrow books; they are also hubs of community services, such as early reading programs, computer access, and tutoring and literacy help for children and adults.[41][42]

Throughout the years, Canadian libraries have been subject to the political and economic influence of the nation. During World War II, public libraries experienced development setbacks, but expansion resumed in 1945. Then, in the 1960s, Canadian public libraries felt the benefits of the era's emphasis on education – service expanded, buildings were remodeled or constructed from scratch, and Centennial Grants were provided in order to improve the system. This period of growth ended in due to the inflationary period in the 1970s and the two recessions during the 1980s.[36] However, in the late 1990s this trend reversed and the National Core Library Statistics Program reported in 1999 that public libraries served 28.5 million municipal residents – a total of 93% of the Canadian population.[43] Nevertheless, in 2011 the tides turned for public libraries in Canada once again, specifically in Toronto. The city is now undergoing a heated debate regarding Mayor Rob Ford's proposed budget cuts for the Toronto Public Library, which is currently one of the most efficient public library systems in all of North America.[44]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Jesse Hauk Shera, Foundations of the public library;: The origins of the public library movement in New England, 1629–1885 (1965)
  2. ↑ "The Tribes and the States, Penacook". Sidis.net. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
  3. ↑ Business Wire (September 9, 2009). "Boston Public Library Secures E-Rate Funding; Selects One Communications for 31 Location MPLS Network". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-11-18. The Internet and emerging technologies have had a substantial impact on libraries," said Mary Bender, Communications Manager at Boston Public Library. "Content has been digitized and is available in a wider range of formats including video, and resources such as rare books, photos, and research documents now have broader accessibility within the community and around the world.
  4. ↑ Humphreys, David, An Historical Account of the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, Joseph Downing, 1730, p. 72
  5. ↑ Purvis, Thomas L., Colonial America To 1763, Infobase Publishing, 1999, p. 181, Table 7.3
  6. ↑ Slafter, Edmund Farwell, John Checkley, Or, The Evolution of Religious Tolerance in Massachusetts Bay: Including Mr. Checkley's Controversial Writings, His Letters and Other Papers, Prince Society, 1897, Volume 1, pp. 76-77, and Volume 2, p. 176.
  7. ↑ Ibid
  8. ↑ Keep, Austin Baxter, History of the New York society library, with an introductory chapter on libraries in colonial New York, 1698-1776, Printed for the Trustees by the De Vinne Press, 1908, pp. 52-29.
  9. ↑ Ibid
  10. ↑ "Sense Is Preferable to Sound" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-04-01.
  11. ↑ Town of Franklin (2010-06-29). "Town of Franklin - History of the Franklin Public Library". Franklinma.virtualtownhall.net. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
  12. ↑ "Library". Larry T. Nix 2008. Retrieved 2014-02-11.
  13. ↑ "History of the Library - Robbins Library". robbinslibrary.org. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
  14. ↑ E. Irenaeus Stevenson (August 16, 1902). "Village Libraries: Mr. E. Irenaeus Stevenson Offers Suggestions on How to Conduct Them.". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-11-18. The village library is growing more and more an indispensable adjunct to American village life.
  15. ↑ "Baconfreelibrary.org". Baconfreelibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
  16. ↑ McCook, Kathleen de la Peña (2011). Introduction to Public Librarianship. New York: Neal-Schuman. ISBN 978-1-55570-697-5.
  17. ↑ Holley, Edward G., and Robert Schremser. 1983. The Library Services and Construction Act: An Historical Overview from the Viewpoint of Major Participants. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
  18. ↑ Marisol Bello (2009-02-02). "Country's oldest public library could close this year". USA Today. Retrieved 2009-11-18. Now Darby's only library, believed to be the country's oldest continuously operating free public library, may close its doors and end its time as a gathering
  19. ↑ Patrick M. Valentine, "America's Antebellum Social Libraries: A Reappraisal in Institutional Development," Library & Information History (2011) 27#1 pp 32-51
  20. ↑ Daniel F. Ring, "The Origins of the Butte Public Library: Some Further Thoughts on Public Library Development in the State of Montana," Libraries & Culture (1993) 28#4 pp 430-44 in JSTOR
  21. ↑ Peter Dobkin Hall, "'To Make Us Bold and Learn to Read—To Be Friends to Each Other, and Friends to the World': Libraries and the Origins of Civil Society in the United States," in Donald G. Davis Jr., ed., Libraries and Philanthropy (Austin: Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Texas, 1998).
  22. 1 2 Abigail A. van Slyck, "The Utmost Amount of Effectiv [sic] Accommodation": Andrew Carnegie and the Reform of the American Library," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (1991) 50#4 pp. 359-383 in JSTOR
  23. ↑ "A Brief History". Brumbacklib.com. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
  24. ↑ "Obituary–Carnegie Started as a Bobbin Boy". New York Times. August 12, 1919. Free Public Library buildings (2,811) $60,364,808.75
  25. ↑ "Sunday Forum: The importance of libraries". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 13, 2008. Retrieved 2009-11-18. You'll find librarians guiding customers to information that will help them to find a job, start a business or trace their family trees. You'll find teens learning to use video cameras and online media to support a worthy cause. You'll find children settling into a cozy pillow with a picture book.
  26. ↑ Theodore Jones, Carnegie Libraries Across America: A Public Legacy (1997)
  27. ↑ Peter Mickelson, "American Society and the Public Library in the Thought of Andrew Carnegie." Journal of Library History (1975) 10#2 pp 117-138.
  28. ↑ Carolyn H. Leatherman, "Richmond Considers a Free Public Library: Andrew Carnegie's Offer of 1901." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 1988 96(2): 181-192. Issn: 0042-6636
  29. ↑ "On October 13th, 1924, after more than 20 years of effort, a group of civic activists opened the Richmond Public Library. The late Major Lewis Ginter’s former home at 901 West Franklin Street served as the first location. By 1930 a new art deco building had been constructed on Franklin Street between 1st and 2nd and was named the Dooley Library for Mrs. Sallie May Dooley whose will contained both $500,000 for the library "
  30. ↑ McNally, Peter F. 1996. "Deja vu: cuts to public libraries threaten a return to "gentleman's" past." Quill & Quire. Volume 62, Issue 4, p. 8
  31. 1 2 3 4 "Public Libraries". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  32. ↑ "L'Encyclopédie de l'histoire du Québec / The Quebec History Encyclopedia". Libraries in Canada. Marianopolis College. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
  33. ↑ "School-District Libraries". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  34. ↑ "Mechanics' Institutes". The Canadian Encyclodpedia. Historica Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  35. 1 2 "Free Libraries". The Canadian Encyclodpedia. Historica Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  36. 1 2 3 "Modern Public Libraries". The Canadian Encyclodpedia. Historica Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  37. ↑ "Toronto Public Library - History of the Library - Toronto's Carnegie Libraries". torontopubliclibrary.ca. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
  38. ↑ "Library Act". Qp.alberta.ca. 2012-09-17. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
  39. ↑ "Alberta Public Library Service Branch". Public Library History. Government of Alberta.
  40. ↑ "YouTube". Alberta's Public Libraries - Celebrating 100 years. Chinook Regional Library Service. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
  41. ↑ "Services | Halifax Public Libraries". Halifaxpubliclibraries.ca. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
  42. ↑ "Vancouver Public Library - Programs & Events". Vpl.ca. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
  43. ↑ Schrader, Alvin M. and Brundin, Michael R. 2002. "National Core Library Statistics Program Statistical Report, 1999: Cultural and Economic Impact of Libraries on Canada." p.15
  44. ↑ Thompson, Jim. 2011. "City Manager recommends Toronto Public Library budget cuts and branch closures". Retrieved 2011-08-15.

Further reading

United States

Historiography

Canada

External links

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