Pseudo-reductive group

In mathematics, a pseudo-reductive group or k-reductive group over a field k is a smooth connected affine algebraic group defined over k whose unipotent k-radical is trivial. The unipotent k-radical is the largest smooth connected unipotent normal subgroup defined over k. Over perfect fields these are the same as (connected) reductive groups, but over non-perfect fields Jacques Tits found some examples of pseudo-reductive groups that are not reductive. A k-reductive group need not be a reductive k-group (a reductive group defined over k). Pseudo-reductive groups arise naturally in the study of algebraic groups over function fields of positive-dimensional varieties in positive characteristic (even over a perfect field of constants).

Springer (1998) gives an exposition of Tits' results on pseudo-reductive groups, while Conrad, Gabber & Prasad (2010) builds on Tits' work to develop a general structure theory, including more advanced topics such as construction techniques, root systems and root groups and open cells, classification theorems, and applications to rational conjugacy theorems for smooth connected affine groups over arbitrary fields. The general theory is summarized in Rémy (2011).

Examples of pseudo reductive groups that are not reductive

Suppose that k is a non-perfect field of characteristic 2, and a is an element of k that is not a square. Let G be the group of nonzero elements x + y√a in k[√a]. There is a morphism from G to the multiplicative group G_m taking x + y√a to its norm x² – ay², and the kernel is the subgroup of elements of norm 1. The underlying reduced scheme of the geometric kernel is isomorphic to the additive group G_a and is the unipotent radical of the geometric fiber of G, but this reduced subgroup scheme of the geometric fiber is not defined over k (i.e., it does not arise from a closed subscheme of G over the ground field) and the unipotent k-radical is trivial. So G is a k-reductive group but is not a reductive k-group. A similar construction works using a primitive nontrivial purely inseparable finite extension of an imperfect field in any positive characteristic, the only difference being that the formula for the norm map is a bit more complicated than in the preceding quadratic examples.

More generally, if K is a non-trivial purely inseparable finite extension of k and G is any non-trivial connected reductive group defined over K then the Weil restriction H=R_K/k(G) is a smooth connected affine algebraic group defined over k for which there is a homomorphism from H_K onto G. The kernel of this K-homomorphism descends the unipotent radical of the geometric fiber of H and is not defined over k (i.e., does not arise from a closed subgroup scheme of H), so R_K/k(G) is pseudo-reductive but not reductive. The previous example is the special case using the multiplicative group and the extension K=k[√a].

Classification and exotic phenomena

Over fields of characteristic greater than 3, all pseudo-reductive groups can be obtained from reductive groups by the "standard construction", a generalization of the construction above. The standard construction involves an auxiliary choice of a commutative pseudo-reductive group, which turns out to be a Cartan subgroup of the output of the construction, and the main complication for a general pseudo-reductive group is that the structure of Cartan subgroups (which are always commutative and pseudo-reductive) is mysterious. The commutative pseudo-reductive groups admit no useful classification (in contrast with the reductive case, for which they are tori and hence are accessible via Galois lattices), but modulo this one has a useful description of the situation away from characteristics 2 and 3 in terms of reductive groups over some finite extensions of the ground field.

Over imperfect fields of characteristic 2 and 3 there are some extra exotic pseudo-reductive groups coming from the existence of exceptional isogenies between groups of types B and C in characteristic 2, between groups of type F₄ in characteristic 2, and between groups of type G₂ in characteristic 3, using a construction analogous to that of the Ree groups. Moreover, in characteristic 2 there are additional possibilities arising not from exceptional isogenies but rather from the fact that for simply connected type C (I.e., symplectic groups) there are roots that are divisible (by 2) in the weight lattice; this gives rise to examples whose root system (over a separable closure of the ground field) is non-reduced; such examples exist with a split maximal torus and an irreducible non-reduced root system of any positive rank. The classification in characteristic 3 is as complete as in larger characteristics, but in characteristic 2 the classification provided in the published literature is complete only when [k:k^2]=2 (due to complications caused by the examples with a non-reduced root system, as well as phenomena related to certain regular degenerate quadratic forms that can only exist when [k:k^2]>2). Subsequent work of Conrad and Prasad, building on additional material included in the second edition of Conrad, Gabber & Prasad (2010), completes the classification in characteristic 2 (up to a controlled central extension) by providing an exhaustive array of additional constructions that only exist when [k:k^2]>2 , ultimately resting on a notion of special orthogonal group attached to regular but degenerate and not fully defective quadratic spaces in characteristic 2.

References

• Conrad, Brian; Gabber, Ofer; Prasad, Gopal (2010), Pseudo-reductive groups, New Mathematical Monographs 17, Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511661143, ISBN 978-0-521-19560-7, MR 2723571 
• Rémy, Bertrand (2011), "Groupes algébriques pseudo-réductifs et applications (d'après J. Tits et B. Conrad--O. Gabber--G. Prasad)" (PDF), Astérisque (339): 259–304, ISBN 978-2-85629-326-3, ISSN 0303-1179, MR 2906357 
• Springer, Tonny A. (1998), Linear algebraic groups, Progress in Mathematics 9 (2nd ed.), Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, ISBN 978-0-8176-4021-7, MR 1642713