Prulifloxacin

Prulifloxacin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(RS)-6-Fluoro-1-methyl-7-[4-(5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)methyl-1-piperazinyl]-4-oxo-4H-[1,3]thiazeto[3,2-a]quinoline-3-carboxylic acid
Clinical data
Trade names Quisnon, Unidrox, Prixina, Glimbax
AHFS/Drugs.com International Drug Names
Legal status
  • Rx-only (Japan, Italy)
Routes of
administration		 Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism By esterases, to ulifloxacin
Biological half-life 7.7 to 8.9 hours
Excretion Renal and fecal
Identifiers
CAS Number 123447-62-1 YesY
ATC code J01MA17
PubChem CID 65947
ChemSpider 59351 N
UNII J42298IESW YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL422648 N
Chemical data
Formula C21H20FN3O6S
Molar mass 461.463403 g/mol
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Prulifloxacin is an older synthetic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class[1][2] undergoing clinical trials prior to a possible NDA (New Drug Application) submission to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is a prodrug which is metabolized in the body to the active compound ulifloxacin.[3][4] It was developed over two decades ago by Nippon Shinyaku Co. and was patented in Japan in 1987 and in the United States in 1989.[5]

It has been approved for the treatment of uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections, community-acquired respiratory tract infections in Italy and gastroenteritis, including infectious diarrheas, in Japan.[3][6] Prulifloxacin has not been approved for use in the United States.

History

In 1987 a European patent for prulifloxacin was issued to the Japanese based pharmaceutical company, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd (Nippon).[7] Ten years after the issuance of the European patent, marketing approval was applied for and granted in Japan (March 1997). Subsequent to being approved by the Japanese authorities in 1997 prulifloxacin was co-marketed and jointly developed in Japan with Meiji Seika as licensee (Sword).

In more recent times, Angelini ACRAF SpA, under license from Nippon Shinyaku, has fully developed prulifloxacin, for the European market.[8] Angelini is the licensee for the product in Italy. Following its launch in Italy, Angelini launched prulifloxacin in Portugal (January 2007) and it has been stated that further approvals will be sought in other European countries.[9][10]

Prulifloxacin is marketed in Japan and Italy as Quisnon (Nippon Shinyaku); Sword (Meiji); Unidrox (Angelini); Prixina (Angelini) and Glimbax (ITF Hellas) in Greece and generic as Pruquin.

In 1989 and 1992 United States patents (US 5086049) were issued to Nippon Shinyaku for prulifloxacin. It was not until June 2004, when Optimer Pharmaceuticals acquired exclusive rights to discover, develop and commercialize prulifloxacin (Pruvel) in the U.S. from Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., that there were any attempts to seek FDA approval to market the drug in the United States. Optimer Pharmaceuticals expects to file an NDA (new drug application) for prulifloxacin some time in 2010. As the patent for prulifloxacin has already expired, Optimer Pharmaceuticals has stated that this may have an effect on the commercial prospects of prulifloxacin within the United States market.[11]

Licensed uses

Prulifloxacin has been approved in Italy, Japan,China,India and Greece (as indicated), for treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria, in the following conditions:

Italy
Japan
Other countries

Availability

Prulifloxacin is available as:

In most countries, all formulations require a prescription.

Mechanism of action

Like other fluoroquinolones, Prulifloxacin prevents bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair and recombination through inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase.

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones are bactericidal drugs, eradicating bacteria by interfering with DNA replication.

Quinolones are synthetic agents that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity as well as a unique mechanism of action, resulting in inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Quinolones inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription. For many gram-negative bacteria, DNA gyrase is the target, whereas topoisomerase IV is the target for many gram-positive bacteria. It is believed that eukaryotic cells do not contain DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV.

Contraindications

There are only four contraindications found within the package insert: [12]

The fluoroquinolones rapidly cross the blood-placenta and blood-milk barrier, and are extensively distributed into the fetal tissues. The fluoroquinolones have also been reported as being present in the mother’s milk and are passed on to the nursing child.[13][14]

Fluoroquinolones are not licensed by the U.S. FDA for use in children due to the risk of permanent injury to the musculoskeletal system, with two exceptions. However, the fluoroquinolones are licensed to treat lower respiratory infections in children with cystic fibrosis in the UK.

Special precautions

"As with other quinolones, exposure to the sun or ultra-violet rays may cause phototoxicity reactions in patients treated with prulifloxacin."[12]

"When treated with antibacterial agents of the quinolone group, patients with latent or known deficiencies for the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity are predisposed to hemolytic reactions."[12]

Adverse Events

Within one review prulifloxacin was stated to have a similar tolerability profile to that of ciprofloxacin.[15] Within another study it was found that prulifloxacin patients experienced a similar number of adverse reactions compared to those in the ciprofloxacin group (15.4% vs 12.7%). There were four serious adverse events in each treatment arm, including 1 death in the prulifloxacin arm. None were considered treatment related by the investigator.[16] If approved in the U.S., prulifloxacin will likely carry a black box warning for tendon damage, as the FDA has determined that this is a class effect of fluoroquinolones.[17]

Prulifloxacin has a reduced effect on the QTc interval comparted to other fluoroquinolones and may be a safer choice for patients with pre-existing risk factors for arrhythmia.[18][19]

Interactions

Overdose

In the event of acute overdosage, the stomach should be emptied by inducing vomiting or by gastric lavage; the patient should be carefully observed and given supportive treatment.[12]

Pharmacokinetics

Prulifloxacin 600 mg achieves peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of ulifloxacin (1.6μg/mL) in a median time to Cmax (tmax) of 1 hour. Ulifloxacin is ≈45% bound to serum proteins in vivo. It is extensively distributed throughout tissues and shows good penetration into many body tissues. The elimination half-life (t1/2) of ulifloxacin after single-dose prulifloxacin 300–600 mg ranged from 10.6 to 12.1 hours. After absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, prulifloxacin undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism (hydrolysis by esterases, mainly paraoxonase to form ulifloxacin, the active metabolite). Unchanged ulifloxacin is predominantly eliminated by renal excretion. Quoting from the available package insert.[12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Nelson JM, Chiller TM, Powers JH, Angulo FJ (2007). "Food Safety: Fluoroquinolone‐Resistant Campylobacter Species and the Withdrawal of Fluoroquinolones from Use in Poultry: A Public Health Success Story". Clinical Infectious Diseases 44 (7): 977–80. doi:10.1086/512369. PMID 17342653.
  2. ↑ Kawahara S (1998). "[Chemotherapeutic agents under study]". Nippon Rinsho (in Japanese) 56 (12): 3096–9. PMID 9883617.
  3. 1 2 Fritsche TR, Biedenbach DJ, Jones RN (2008). "Antimicrobial Activity of Prulifloxacin Tested against a Worldwide Collection of Gastroenteritis-Producing Pathogens, Including Those Causing Traveler's Diarrhea". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53 (3): 1221–4. doi:10.1128/AAC.01260-08. PMC 2650572. PMID 19114678.
  4. ↑ Giannarini G, Tascini C, Selli C (2009). "Prulifloxacin: clinical studies of a broad-spectrum quinolone agent". Future Microbiology 4 (1): 13–24. doi:10.2217/17460913.4.1.13. PMID 19207096.
  5. ↑ JP patent 1294680, Kise Masahiro; Kitano Masahiko; Ozaki Masakuni; Kazuno Kenji; Matsuda Masato; Shirahase Ichiro; Segawa Jun, "Quinolinecarboxylic Acid Derivative", issued November 28, 1989
  6. ↑ Anonymous (2002). "Prulifloxacin ['Quisnon'; Nippon Shinyaku] has been approved in Japan". Inpharma 1 (1362): 22.
  7. ↑ EU 315828
  8. ↑ Research and Development Department of Angelini. Angelinipharma.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-03.
  9. ↑ Nippon Shinyaku, Annual Report 2007
  10. ↑ "Prulifloxacin. NAD-441A, NM 441, Quisnon". Drugs in R&D 3 (6): 426–30. 2002. doi:10.2165/00126839-200203060-00013. PMID 12516950.
  11. ↑ Annual Report 2008, p. 34
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Prulifloxacin Tablets
  13. ↑ Shin HC, Kim JC, Chung MK, Jung YH, Kim JS, Lee MK, Amidon GL (2003). "Fetal and maternal tissue distribution of the new fluoroquinolone DW-116 in pregnant rats". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 136 (1): 95–102. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2003.08.004. PMID 14522602.
  14. ↑ Dan M, Weidekamm E, Sagiv R, Portmann R, Zakut H (1993). "Penetration of fleroxacin into breast milk and pharmacokinetics in lactating women". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37 (2): 293–6. doi:10.1128/AAC.37.2.293. PMC 187655. PMID 8452360.
  15. ↑ Keam, Susan J; Perry, Caroline M (2004). "Prulifloxacin". Drugs 64 (19): 2221–34; discussion 2235–6. doi:10.2165/00003495-200464190-00005.
  16. ↑ Grassi C, Salvatori E, Rosignoli MT, Dionisio P (2002). "Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Prulifloxacin versus Ciprofloxacin in Patients with Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis". Respiration 69 (3): 217–22. doi:10.1159/000063623. PMID 12097764.
  17. ↑ "FDA orders 'black box' label on some antibiotics". CNN.com. 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  18. ↑ Rosignoli MT, Di Loreto G, Dionisio P (2010). "Effects of Prulifloxacin on Cardiac Repolarization in Healthy Subjects". Clinical Drug Investigation 30 (1): 5–14. doi:10.2165/11319400-000000000-00000. PMID 19995094.
  19. ↑ Malik M (2010). "Does the Prulifloxacin ECG Study Prove Cardiac Safety of the Drug?". Clinical Drug Investigation 30 (1): 1–3. doi:10.2165/11319780-000000000-00000. PMID 19995093.

Bibliography

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