Professional sports

Professional sports, as opposed to amateur sports, are sports in which athletes receive payment for their performance. Professional athleticism has come to the fore through a combination of developments. Mass media and increased leisure have brought larger audiences, so that sports organizations or teams can command large incomes.[1] As a result, more sportspeople can afford to make athleticism their primary career, devoting the training time necessary to increase skills, physical condition, and experience to modern levels of achievement.[1] This proficiency has also helped boost the popularity of sports.[1]

Most sports played professionally also have amateur players far outnumbering the professionals. Professional athleticism is seen by some as a contradiction of the central ethos of sport, competition performed for its own sake and pure enjoyment, rather than as a means of earning a living.[1] Consequently, many organisations and commentators have resisted the growth of professional athleticism, saying that it was so incredible that it has impeded the development of sport. For example, rugby union was for many years a part-time sport engaged in by amateurs, and English cricket has allegedly suffered in quality because of a "non-professional" approach.[1] An important reason why professional sports has been resisted in history was that organisations for professional sports usually did not submit to the international sports federations, and could have their own rules. For example, the National Basketball Association was formerly not a member of the FIBA.

History

Baseball

Baseball originated before the American Civil War (1861-1865). A humble game played on sandlots in particular, scoring and record-keeping gave baseball gravity. "Today," notes John Thorn in The Baseball Encyclopedia, "baseball without records is inconceivable."

In 1871 the first professional baseball league was created. By the beginning of the 20th century, most large cities in the eastern United States had a professional baseball team. The teams were divided into two leagues, the National and American teams. During the regular season, a team played only against other teams within its league. The most victorious team in each league was said to have won the "pennant;" the two pennant winners met after the end of the regular season in the World Series. The winner of at least four games (out of a possible seven) was the champion for that year. This arrangement still holds today, although the leagues are now subdivided and pennants are decided in post-season playoff series between the winners of each division.[2]

Baseball became popular in the 1920s, when Babe Ruth (1895-1948) led the New York Yankees to several World Series titles and became a national hero on the strength of his home runs (balls that cannot be played because they have been hit out of the field). Over the decades, every team has had its great players. One of the most noteworthy was the Brooklyn Dodgers' Jackie Robinson (1919-1972), who became the first African-American player in the major leagues in 1947. Prior to Robinson, black players had been restricted to the Negro League.

Starting in the 1950s, major league baseball expanded its geographical range. Western cities got teams, either by luring them to move from eastern cities or by forming so-called expansion teams with players made available by established teams. Until the 1970s, because of strict contracts, the owners of baseball teams also virtually owned the players; since then, the rules have changed so that players can become free agents, within certain limits, to sell their services to any team. The results have been bidding wars and stars who are paid millions of dollars a year. Disputes between the players' union and the owners have at times halted baseball for months at a time. If baseball is both a sport and a business, late in the 20th century many disgruntled fans view the business side as the dominant one.

American Football

American football was developed out of something like a cross between soccer and rugby. Rugby itself grew out of the soccer tradition in England, so soccer is truly at the very core of this sport. However, as both games made their way across the Atlantic, they were played at colleges and universities, and out of those two games, football was born. The earliest history of the sport tells us that no single variety of the game was played; some schools played essentially soccer, others rugby, while others played various combinations of the two. Princeton and Rutgers played each other on November 6, 1869 at Rutgers in New Brunswick, New Jersey. This game was played under modified London Football Association rules – for example, players could only kick the ball, not touch it with their hands and each score, called a goal, counted for one point (Rutgers beat Princeton 6-4). However, unlike the standard soccer that would follow, there were 25 players on each side, far more than the eventual standard of 11. This first college game was otherwise essentially soccer, but nevertheless laid the groundwork for the modern game as we know it today.[3] Over the course of the 1870s and 1880s, the game took form as something closely resembling rugby, then evolved into its own game with the addition of unique rules and features that continue to distinguish gridiron-based codes from rugby and other football codes.

The game of American football was professionalized in the 1890s as a slow, and initially covert, process; William Heffelfinger and Ben "Sport" Donnelly were the first to secretly accept payment for playing the game in 1892. Regional leagues in Chicago, Pennsylvania, Ohio and New York had coalesced in the 1900s and 1910s, most of which gave way to the first truly national football league, the American Professional Football Association, in 1920. By 1920, pro football remained overshadowed by the college game. The first game involving an APFA team took place on September 26, 1920, at Douglas Park in Rock Island, Illinois, as the hometown Independents flattened the St. Paul Ideals 48-0. The first head-to-head battles in the league occurred one week later as Dayton topped Columbus 14-0 and Rock Island pasted Muncie 45-0.

Forward passes were rare, coaching from the sidelines was prohibited and players competed on both offense and defense. Money was so tight that Halas carried equipment, wrote press releases, sold tickets, taped ankles, played and coached for the Decatur club. As opposed to today’s standard 16-game schedule, clubs in 1920 scheduled their own opponents and could play nonleague and even college squads that counted toward their records. With no established guidelines, the number of games played—and the quality of opponents scheduled—by APFA teams varied, and the league did not maintain official standings.[4]

The Buffalo All-Americans, Chicago Tigers, Columbus Panhandles and Detroit Heralds joined the league before the end of the season, raising the total number of teams to 14, but the inaugural season was a struggle. Games received little attention from the fans—and even less from the press. According to Robert W. Peterson’s book "Pigskin: The Early Years of Pro Football," APFA games averaged crowds of 4,241. The association bylaws called for teams to pay a $100 entry fee, but no one ever did. Muncie played only one game before dropping out before the end of the season, which concluded on December 19.

At the conclusion of the season there were no playoffs (that innovation, although New York's regional league had used it, would not arrive until 1933) and it took more than four months before the league even bothered to crown a champion. Much as college football did for decades, the APFA determined its victor by ballot. On April 30, 1921, team representatives voted the Akron Pros, who completed the season undefeated with eight wins and three ties while yielding only a total of seven points, the champion in spite of protests by the one-loss teams in Decatur and Buffalo, who each had tied Akron and had more wins. The victors received a silver loving cup donated by sporting goods company Brunswick-Balke-Collender. While players were not given diamond-encrusted rings, they did receive golden fobs in the shape of a football inscribed with the words "World Champions."

Forgotten in the collective sports memory that the league’s official record books listed the 1920 championship as undecided until the 2013. The whereabouts of the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Cup, only given out that one time, are unknown. The legacy of two APFA franchises continues on, however. The Racine Cardinals now play in Arizona, and the Decatur Staleys moved to Chicago in 1921 and changed their name to the Bears the following year. Ten APFA players along with Carr are enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, which opened its doors in 1963 not far from the Canton automobile dealership that gave birth to the NFL in 1920.[5]

The APFA, by 1922 known as the National Football League, has remained the predominant professional football league in the United States, and, effectively, the entire world. A competing league has historically arisen to attempt to challenge the NFL's dominance every 10 to 15 years, but none managed to maintain long-term operations independent of the NFL and only two—the All-America Football Conference of the late 1940s and the American Football League of the 1960s—were strong enough to successfully compete against the league before the NFL subsumed their operations.

The rise of indoor American football beginning in the late 1980s has allowed for smaller-scale professional football to be viable.

Boxing

Boxing has a somewhat different history. Like in other sports, professional organisations have not submitted to, and have not been recognized worldwide, by national associations. In boxing there are several professional organisations that recognize their own world champions, so that there are several parallel world champions, more or less recognized by media.

Sports salaries

People involved in professional sports can earn a great deal of money at the highest levels. For instance, the highest-paid team in professional baseball is New York Yankees.[6] Tiger Woods is the highest paid athlete totaling $127,902,706 including his endorsement income,[7] which massively exceeds what he earns from tournament golf. Woods recently became the world's first athlete to earn a billion dollars from prize money and endorsements.[8] It would have taken the salary of 2,000 1980s professional golfers each making $58,500 to match up with Tiger Woods’ current salary. Samuel Eto'o is the world's second highest earning athlete and the highest paid footballer in the world, raking in £35.7 million (over $54 million) a year excluding off-field earnings.[9] The top ten tennis players make about $3 million a year on average. Much of the growth in income for sports and athletes has come from broadcasting rights; for example, the most recent television contract for the NFL is valued at nearly US$5 billion per year.[10]

Outside of the highest leagues, however, the money professional athletes can earn drops dramatically, as fan bases are generally smaller and television revenues are nonexistent. For instance, while the National Football League's teams can afford to pay their players millions of dollars each year and still maintain a significant profit, the second-highest American football league in the United States, the United Football League, has consistently struggled to pay its bills and has continually lost money despite allotting its players only US$20,000 a year.[11][12][13] In the United States and Canada, most lower-end professional leagues run themselves as affiliated farm teams, effectively agreeing to develop younger players for eventual play in the major leagues in exchange for subsidizing those players' salaries; this is known as the minor league system and is most prevalent in professional baseball and professional ice hockey. Otherwise, the league may be required to classify itself as semi-professional, in other words, able to pay their players a small sum, but not enough to cover the player's basic costs of living.

Most professional athletes experience financial difficulties soon after retiring, due to a combination of bad investments, careless spending, and a lack of non-athletic skills.

American football

In the NFL average annual salaries by position in 2009 were:[14]

Association football

Chinese Super League

The average salary of a player in the Chinese Super League was about ¥10.7 million (£1 million) for the 2011 season, up from ¥600,000 in the 2010 season.[15] The highest paid player for the 2011 Chinese Super League season was Dario Conca of Guangzhou Evergrande who received an annual salary of ¥66.4 million ($10.5 million) after income tax, putting him among the highest paid players in the world.[16]

Russian Premier League

The highest paid player for the 2011-2012 Russian Premier League season was Samuel Eto'o of Anzhi Makhachkala, who at the end of the 2011-12 season was expected to receive a total salary of RUB 900.2 million (£35.7 million) after income tax, making Eto'o the second highest earning athlete in the world and the highest paid footballer in the world followed by Lionel Messi and Zlatan Ibrahimović.[9][17][18]

Bundesliga

The average salary of a player in the German Bundesliga was about €3.3 million (£2.5 million) for the 2010-2011 season, up from €2.5 million in the 2009-2010 Bundesliga season.[19] The highest paid player for the 2010-2011 Bundesliga season was Franck Ribéry of Bayern Munich who received a salary of €6.3 million after income tax.[20]

Serie A

In the Italian top league, Serie A, the average salary was about €5 million for the 2010-2011 Serie A season, up from €1 million in the 2005-2006 Serie A season.[21] The highest paid player for the 2010-2011 Serie A season was Zlatan Ibrahimović of A.C. Milan who received a salary of €25.9 million after income tax and which also includes Ibrahimović's bonuses and endorsements.[22]

La Liga

Lionel Messi of FC Barcelona is the world's second highest paid player receiving a salary of £29.6 million (over US$45 million) a year after income taxation and which also includes the incomes of Messi's bonuses and endorsements.[23] In the Spanish La Liga, the average salary for the players of Lionel Messi's club FC Barcelona was €6.5 million for the 2010-2011 La Liga season, up from €5.5 million for the 2009-2010 La Liga season.[23]

Premier League

The average salary of a player in the English Premier League was about £1.2 million in the 2007-2008 Premier League season, up from £676,000 in 2006-2007 Premier League season. Top players such as John Terry and Steven Gerrard can make up to £7 million per year with the players of Premier League club Manchester City F.C. receiving an average salary of £7 million for the 2010-2011 Premier League season, up from £5.5 million in the 2009-2010 Premier League season.[24][25] Players in lower divisions make significantly less money. In 2006-2007 season the average salary of a player in the Championship (the second tier of the English football pyramid) made £195,750 while the average salary for Football League and League Two (tier 4) was £49,600.[24]

Major League Soccer

The highest salary in Major League Soccer in 2015 was the $7.2 million paid to Kaká, who plays for the newly formed Orlando City SC.[26] Kaká was signed as a beneficiary of MLS' Designated Player Rule, which was instituted in 2007 for the express purpose of attracting international stars. This rule is sometimes informally called the "Beckham Rule," after now-retired English star David Beckham, the first player signed under its provisions.[27] When the rule was instituted, each team had one "Designated Player" slot with a salary cap charge of $400,000, but no limit on actual salary paid.[27] Since then, the number of Designated Players per team has increased to three, with each counting for $387,500 of cap room in 2014.[28] The league's average salary is about $283,000 per year, but the median salary is closer to $110,000.[29] MLS' minimum player salary will increase in 2016 from $60,000 to $62,500 for most players, and roster players #25-28 will see their minimum salary increase from $50,000 to $51,500.[30][31]

Baseball

In 1970, the average salary in Major League Baseball in the U.S. and Canada was $20,000 ($121,868 inflation-adjusted). By 2005, the average salary had increased to $2,632,655 ($3,189,778 inflation-adjusted) and the minimum salary was $316,000 (adjusted: $382,872).[32] In 2012 the average MLB salary was $3,440,000, the median salary was $1,075,000, and the minimum salary had grown to four times the inflation-adjusted average salary in 1970 ($480,000).[33]

See also

Lists of professional sports

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Andy Miah Sport & the Extreme Spectacle: Technological Dependence and Human Limits (PDF) Unpublished manuscript, 1998
  2. ↑ "Baseball in America: A History." Baseball in America: A History. Web. 14 December 2014. <http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0875086.html>.
  3. ↑ "Football Origins, Growth and History of the Game." History of The Game Of Football Including The NFL and College Football. Web. December 14, 2014. <http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/footballhistory.html>.
  4. ↑ "The Birth of the National Football League." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 14 December 2014. Web. December 15, 2014. <http://www.history.com/news/the-birth-of-the-national-football-league>.
  5. ↑ "The Birth of the National Football League." History.com. A&E Television Networks, December 14, 2014. Web. 15 December 2014. <http://www.history.com/news/the-birth-of-the-national-football-league>.
  6. ↑ "Tampa Bay Rays 2015 Player Salaries and Team Payroll - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  7. ↑ « The World's Highest-Paid Athletes », peoplestar.co.uk, Retrieved on 11 October 2010.
  8. ↑ Underwood, Harry (1 October 2009). "Tiger Woods becomes sport’s first billionaire". TheWeek.co.uk. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  9. 1 2 "Samuel Eto'o to become world's highest earning footballer if he passes medical with Anzhi Makhachkala". The Telegraph. 24 August 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  10. ↑ "NFL renews television deals". ESPN. Associated Press. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  11. ↑ "Agent: Three UFL players haven't been paid yet," from The Virginian-Pilot, 10 March 2012
  12. ↑ Davidson, Joe (10 October 2012). Unpaid player salaries add to uncertainty for Mountain Lions, UFL. Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  13. ↑ La Canfora, Jason (30 December 2010). Checks on the way, UFL commissioner tells unpaid players. NFL.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
  14. ↑ Sports illustrated
  15. ↑ Anelka's Shanghai Shenhua contract draws mixed reaction. Mail & Guardian. 12 December 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  16. ↑ "Conca Smashes Chinese Transfer Record". ESPN Soccernet. 3 July 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  17. ↑ "Samuel Eto'o in £21.8m move from Internazionale to Anzhi Makhachkala". Guardian. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  18. ↑ "Russian club close the deal to sign Samuel Eto'o". BBC Sport. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  19. ↑ "200 best-paying teams in the world". sports.espn.go.com. ESPN. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  20. ↑ "Ribery is best paid player in Bundesliga: Bild". Agence France-Presse. 21 August 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  21. ↑ La Kassandra (Italian)
  22. ↑ World's top 10 highest paid soccer players. Fox Sports. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  23. 1 2 Davey Becks no longer the worlds best paid footballer. sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  24. 1 2 Independent.co.uk The average salary of a Premiership footballer in 2006. The Independent. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  25. ↑ "Premier League salaries - Redirect". Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  26. ↑ "2014 MLS Player Salaries" (PDF). 2014 MLS Player Salaries. Major League Soccer Players Union.
  27. 1 2 Soccernet.espn.com MLS' Designated Player Rule. Soccernet.espn.com (ESPN). Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  28. ↑ "Roster Rules and Regulations". Major League Soccer. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  29. ↑ "Snapshots And Comparisons Of 2015 Major League Soccer Salaries", Forbes, July 22, 2015.
  30. ↑ "MLS Players Union announces that it has ratified collective bargaining agreement". Major League Soccer. July 16, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  31. ↑ "2015 MLS Player Rules and Regulations Summary". MLS Press Box. Major League Soccer. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  32. ↑ "Baseball History in 2005 American League by Baseball Almanac". Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  33. ↑ "Baseball's average salary goes up to $3.44M". CBSSports.com. 5 April 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2015.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Tuesday, February 16, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.