Prince Paul of Yugoslavia

Prince Paul
Prince Regent of Yugoslavia
Regency	9 October 1934 – 27 March 1941
Monarch	Peter II
Born	(1893-04-27)27 April 1893 Saint Petersburg, Russia
Died	14 September 1976(1976-09-14) (aged 83) Paris, France
Burial	St. George's Church, Serbia
Spouse	Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark
Issue	Prince Alexander Prince Nicholas Princess Elizabeth
Full name Pavle Karađorđević
House	Karađorđević
Father	Prince Arsen of Yugoslavia
Mother	Aurora Pavlovna Demidova
Religion	Eastern Orthodox

Styles of Prince Paul of Yugoslavia
Reference style	His Royal Highness
Spoken style	Your Royal Highness
Alternative style	Sir

Prince Paul of Yugoslavia, also known as Paul Karađorđević (Serbo-Croatian: Pavle Karađorđević, Serbian Cyrillic: Павле Карађорђевић, English transliteration: Paul Karageorgevich; 27 April 1893 – 14 September 1976), was regent of Yugoslavia during the minority of King Peter II. Peter was the eldest son of his first cousin Alexander I.

Early life

Prince Paul of Yugoslavia was the only son of Prince Arsen (brother of King Peter I) and Princess and Countess Aurora Pavlovna Demidova (a granddaughter of the Finnish philanthropist Aurora Karamzin and her Russian husband Prince and Count Pavel Nikolaievich Demidov, and Russian Prince Peter Troubetskoy and his wife Elisabeth Esperovna, née Princess Belosselsky-Belozersky). He married Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark, a sister of Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, in 1923. King George VI, when Duke of York, was best man at his wedding in Belgrade.

Paul was educated at the University of Oxford, where he was a member of the exclusive Bullingdon Club - a dining club notorious for its wealthy members, grand banquets and boisterous rituals. His closest friends (including the American-born, naturalized British politician Chips Channon) and outlook on life were said to be British. He was installed as a Knight of the Garter in 1939.

Regent of Yugoslavia

Standard of the Prince Regent

On 9 October 1934 Vlado Chernozemski assassinated Paul's cousin King Alexander I of Yugoslavia in Marseille in France, and Prince Paul took the regency. In his will, Alexander had stipulated that if he died, a council of regents chaired by Paul should govern until Alexander's son Peter II came of age.^[1]

Prince Paul, far more than Alexander, was Yugoslav rather than Serb in outlook. However, unlike Alexander, he inclined much more toward democracy. In its broadest outline, his domestic policy worked to eliminate the heritage of the Alexandrine dictatorship's centralism, censorship, and military control and to pacify the country by solving the Serb-Croat problem.^[2]

In 1939, Prince Paul, as acting head of state, accepted an official invitation from Adolf Hitler and spent nine days in Berlin.

In August 1939, the Cvetković-Maček Agreement set up the Banovina of Croatia. The central government retained control of foreign affairs, national defence, foreign trade, commerce, transport, public security, religion, mining, weights and measures, insurance, and education policy. Croatia was to have its own legislature in Zagreb, and a separate budget.^[3]

When World War II broke out in 1939, Yugoslavia declared its neutrality.^[4] On March 25, 1941, the Yugoslav government signed the Axis Tripartite Pact with significant reservations as it received three notes. The first note obliged the Axis powers to respect the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Yugoslavia. In the second note the Axis promised not to ask Yugoslavia for any military assistance. In the third note they promised not to ask Yugoslavia for permission to move military forces across its territory during the war.^[5]

Paul's foreign policy, including the signing of the Tripartite Pact, seems to have aimed to give his country as much leeway as possible in thoroughly adverse circumstances. After the fall of France in 1940 left the United Kingdom essentially alone to face the Axis, Paul saw no way of saving Yugoslavia except through adopting policies of accommodation to the Axis powers. But even under those circumstances Paul, outwardly neutral, remained determinedly pro-Allied. He aided Greece when Axis forces invaded that country (28 October 1940); he fostered military collaboration between the Yugoslav Army and the French and spent almost three years parrying the Axis thrust toward Yugoslavia.^[6]

Nonetheless, the signing of the pact did not sit well with several elements of the Yugoslav army. On 27 March 1941, two days after Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact, Yugoslav military figures with British support forcibly removed Paul from power and declared Peter II of age.^[7]

Exile

Paul's coat of arms

For the remainder of the war, Prince Paul was kept, with his family, under house arrest by the British in Kenya. His sister-in-law the Duchess of Kent and her husband the Duke, appealed to Winston Churchill, hoping he would allow Paul and Olga to take refuge in Britain. Churchill, who viewed Prince Paul as a traitor and a war criminal, denied the request in no uncertain manner. After the Duke of Kent's death in 1942, the Prime Minister relented to King George's insistence, and allowed Princess Olga to fly to London to comfort her sister, although without her husband, who had been extremely close to the late Duke.^[8][9]

Princess Elizabeth, his only daughter, obtained information from the Special Operations Executive files in the Foreign Office in London and published them in Belgrade, in the 1990 edition of the Serbian-language biography of her father. The original book Paul of Yugoslavia was written by Neil Balfour, the first was published by Eaglet Publishing in London in 1980.

The post-war communist authorities had Prince Paul proclaimed an enemy of the state; he was disallowed from returning to Yugoslavia and all his property was confiscated. He died in Paris on 14 September 1976, aged 83^[10] and was buried in Switzerland. He was rehabilitated by Serbian courts in 2011, and was reburied at the family crypt in Oplenac, Serbia, near Topola in central Serbia, on 6 October 2012, together with his wife Olga and son Nikola.^[11]

Prince Paul was father of Princess Elizabeth, Prince Alexander and Prince Nikola, and a grandfather of author Christina Oxenberg and American actress Catherine Oxenberg.

Art collections

Prince Paul collected, donated and dedicated a large number of art works to Serbia and the Serbian people, including foreign masterpieces. There are especially significant Italian, French and Dutch/Flemish pieces. Most of the works are in the National Museum of Serbia, including work by artists such as Rubens, Renoir, Monet, Titian, Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin etc.

Honours

Foreign Honours
	Order of Carol I, Grand Collar
	Royal Victorian Order, Knight Grand Cross
	Order of St Michael and St George, Knight Grand Cross
	Order of the Garter, Knight,1939
	Order of Saint Stephen, Knight
	Order of Saint John, Bailiff Grand Cross
	Order of the Elephant, Knight
	Legion of Honour, Grand Cross
	Order of the Redeemer, Knight Grand Cross
	Order of George I, Knight Grand Cross
	Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, Knight Grand Cross
	Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, Knight Grand Cross
	Order of the Crown of Italy, Knight Grand Cross

Ancestry

See also

• List of Knights and Ladies of the Garter

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prince Paul of Yugoslavia.

Heads of State of Yugoslavia Kingdom of Yugoslavia Peter I Alexander I Paul (Prince Regent) Peter II Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Ivan Ribar Josip Broz Tito Lazar Koliševski Cvijetin Mijatović Sergej Kraigher Petar Stambolić Mika Špiljak Veselin Đuranović Radovan Vlajković Sinan Hasani Lazar Mojsov Raif Dizdarević Janez Drnovšek Borisav Jović Sejdo Bajramović (acting) Stjepan Mesić Branko Kostić (acting)