Norodom Ranariddh

His Royal Highness Samdech Krom Preah Norodom Ranariddh
នរោត្ដម រណឫទ្ធិ
3rd President of the National Assembly
In office 25 November 1998 – 14 March 2006
Prime Minister	Hun Sen
Vice President	Heng Samrin Nguon Nhel
Preceded by	Chea Sim
Succeeded by	Heng Samrin
35th Prime Minister of Cambodia First Prime Minister of Cambodia
In office 2 July 1993 – 6 August 1997
Monarch	Norodom Sihanouk
Preceded by	Hun Sen
Succeeded by	Ung Huot
President of the Funcinpec Party
Incumbent
Assumed office 19 January 2015
Preceded by	Norodom Arunrasmy
In office February 1992 – 18 October 2006
Preceded by	Nhiek Tioulong
Succeeded by	Keo Puth Rasmey
President of the Norodom Ranariddh Party
In office November 2006 – October 2008
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Chhim Siek Leng
In office December 2010 – August 2012
Preceded by	Chhim Siek Leng
Succeeded by	Pheng Heng
President of the Community of Royalist People's Party
In office 16 March 2014 – 17 January 2015
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Position abolished
Member of Parliament for Kampong Cham
In office 2 July 1993 – 12 December 2006
Personal details
Born	(1944-01-02) 2 January 1944 Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Political party	Funcinpec Party (1983–2006; 2015–present)
Other political affiliations	Community of Royalist People's Party (2014–15) Norodom Ranariddh Party (2006–08; 2010–12)
Spouse(s)	Eng Marie (m. 1968; div. 2010) Ouk Phalla (m. 2010–present)
Children	Norodom Chakravuth Norodom Sihariddh Norodom Rattana Devi Norodom Sothearidh Norodom Ranavong
Parents	Norodom Sihanouk Phat Kanhol
Alma mater	University of Provence
Religion	Buddhism
House	House of Norodom
Website	Official website

Styles of Norodom Ranariddh
Reference style	His Royal Highness
Spoken style	Your Royal Highness
Alternative style	Sir

Norodom Ranariddh (Khmer: នរោត្តម រណឫទ្ធិ; born 2 January 1944) is a Cambodian prince, politician and law academic. He is the second son of Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia and a half-brother of the current king, Norodom Sihamoni. Ranariddh is the president of FUNCINPEC, a Cambodian royalist party. He was also the First Prime Minister of Cambodia, serving between 1993 to 1997, and subsequently as the President of the National Assembly between 1998 and 2006.

Ranariddh is a graduate of the University of Provence and started his career as a law researcher and lecturer in France. In 1983, he joined FUNCINPEC and in 1986 became the chief-of-staff and commander-in-chief of the Armee Nationale Sihanoukiste. Ranariddh became the secretary-general of FUNCINPEC in 1989, and its president in 1992. When FUNCINPEC won the 1993 Cambodian general election, it formed a coalition government with the Cambodian People's Party (CPP), which was jointly headed by two concurrently serving prime ministers. Ranariddh became the First Prime Minister of Cambodia while Hun Sen, who was from the CPP, became the Second Prime Minister. As the First Prime Minister, Ranariddh promoted business interests in Cambodia to leaders from regional countries and established the Cambodian Development Council (CDC).

From early 1996, relations between Ranariddh and Hun Sen deteriorated as Ranariddh complained of unequal distribution of government authority between FUNCINPEC and the CPP. Subsequently, both leaders publicly argued over issues such as the implementation of construction projects, signing of property development contracts, and their rival alliances with the Khmer Rouge. In July 1997, a major clash between troops separately aligned to FUNCINPEC and the CPP took place, forcing Ranariddh into exile. The following month, Ranariddh was ousted from his position as First Prime Minister. He returned to Cambodia in March 1998, and led his party in the 1998 Cambodian general election. When FUNCINPEC lost the elections to the CPP, Ranariddh, after initially challenged the results, became President of the National Assembly in November 1998. He was seen as a potential successor to Sihanouk as the King of Cambodia, until in 2001 he renounced his interest in the succession. As the President of the National Assembly, Ranariddh was one of the nine members of the throne council which in 2004 selected Sihamoni as Sihanouk's successor.

In March 2006, Ranariddh resigned as the President of the National Assembly and in October 2006 was ousted as President of FUNCINPEC. The following month, he founded the Norodom Ranariddh Party (NRP). After accusations of embezzlement and adultery he went into exile again, and in March 2007 was convicted in absentia of embezzlement and sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment. After being pardoned in September 2008 and returning to Cambodia, Ranariddh announced his retirement from politics, but resumed the NRP leadership in December 2010. He failed to merge the NRP and FUNCINPEC, and retired again, but in March 2014 re-emerged to launch the Community of Royalist People's Party (CRPP). In January 2015, Ranariddh dissolved the CRPP and returned to FUNCINPEC. He was subsequently re-elected to the FUNCINPEC presidency.

Early life

Ranariddh was born in Phnom Penh to Sihanouk and his first wife^[1] Phat Kanhol, a ballet dancer attached to the royal court.^[2] Ranariddh was separated from his mother at three years of age when she remarried, and subsequently grew up mostly under the care of his aunt, Norodom Ketkanya and grandaunt, Norodom Sobhana.^[3] Ranariddh attended primary education at Norodom School and completed part of his high school studies at Lycee Descartes in Phnom Penh.^[4] During his childhood, he developed a close relationship with his grandparents, Norodom Suramarit and Sisowath Kossamak, but was distanced from his father.^[5] In 1958, Ranariddh was sent to a boarding school in Marseille together with his half-brother Norodom Chakrapong.^[6] Ranariddh initially planned to pursue medical studies as he did well in science subjects, but was persuaded by Kossamak to study law. After finishing high school in 1961, he enrolled in the undergraduate programme of law at the University of Paris. He struggled to focus on his studies in Paris, which he attributed to the social distractions that he encountered in the city.^[7]

In 1962, Ranariddh enrolled in the law faculty at the University of Provence (now part of Aix-Marseille University). He obtained his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1968 and 1969 respectively, specialising in Public Law.^[8] After completing his master's, Ranariddh took the PhD qualifying examinations in 1969. He returned to Cambodia in January 1970, and worked briefly as a secretary at the Interior Ministry.^[9] When Lon Nol staged a successful coup against Sihanouk in March 1970, Ranariddh was dismissed from his job and fled into the jungle where he was a close associate of resistance leaders.^[10] In 1971, Ranariddh was captured, along with several members of the royal family, and was held in prison for six months before being released. He was rearrested the following year, and spent a further three months in detention.^[11] In 1973, Ranariddh returned to the University of Provence,^[12] where he completed his PhD in 1975.^[13] Between 1976 and 1979, he worked as a research fellow at the CNRS,^[14] and was awarded a diploma of higher studies in air transport.^[15] In 1979 Ranariddh went back to the University of Provence as an associate professor,^[16] teaching courses in constitutional law and political sociology.^[17]

Entry into politics

Initial years in FUNCINPEC

When Sihanouk formed FUNCINPEC in 1981, Ranariddh declined his father's invitation to join the party as he disagreed with its association with the Khmer Rouge.^[16] In June 1983, Sihanouk urged Ranariddh to leave his teaching career in France and join FUNCINPEC, and this time he agreed.^[16] Ranariddh was appointed as a personal representative to Sihanouk, and relocated to Bangkok, Thailand,^[18] where he took charge of the party's diplomatic and political activities in Asia. In March 1985, Ranariddh was appointed inspector-general of the Armee Nationale Sihanoukiste (ANS), the armed force of FUNCINPEC,^[14] and in January 1986 became ANS commander-in-chief and chief-of-staff.^[19]

Ranariddh became secretary-general of FUNCINPEC in August 1989, when Sihanouk stepped down as its president.^[20] On 10 September 1990, Ranariddh joined the Supreme National Council of Cambodia (SNC),^[14] an interim United Nations administrative body tasked with overseeing sovereign affairs of Cambodia.^[21] When the 1991 Paris Peace Accords were signed in October of that year, officially ending the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, Ranariddh was one of the SNC signatories.^[14] In February 1992, he was elected to the presidency of FUNCINPEC.^[22]

1993 elections

When the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) – a parallel administrative body with the SNC – was formed in February 1992, Ranariddh was appointed as one of its council members. He spent time travelling between Bangkok and Phnom Penh, and while in Phnom Penh led efforts in opening FUNCINPEC party offices across Cambodia.^[23] At the same time, FUNCINPEC began to criticise the ruling CPP,^[24] which retaliated with violent attacks by police against low-level FUNCINPEC officials.^[23][25] The attacks prompted Ranariddh's close aides, Norodom Sirivudh and Sam Rainsy, to advise him against registering the party for the 1993 general elections. However, the chef-de-mission for UNTAC, Yasushi Akashi, encouraged Ranariddh to run in the elections. Persuaded by Akashi,^[26] he registered the party and the election campaign began in April 1993. Ranariddh, as well as other FUNCINPEC officials, wore T-shirts depicting Sihanouk on the campaign trail. This nominally complied with an election rule by the UNTAC administration not to use Sihanouk's name during the campaign,^[27] who now served as the politically neutral head of the SNC.^[28] Voting took place in May 1993;^[29] FUNCINPEC secured about 45 percent of the valid votes, winning 58 out of a total of 120 parliamentary seats.^[30] The CPP refused to recognise the election results and complained of electoral fraud.^[31]

On 3 June 1993, CPP leaders Chea Sim and Hun Sen met with Sihanouk and persuaded him to head an interim government with the CPP and FUNCINPEC as joint coalition partners. That evening, Sihanouk announced the formation of the interim government over national radio.^[32] Ranariddh, who had not been consulted, expressed surprise. At the same time, the United States and China declared their opposition to the plan, prompting Sihanouk to rescind his announcement the following day.^[33] On 10 June 1993, CPP leaders led by General Sin Song and Chakrapong threatened to secede eight eastern provinces from Cambodia.^[34] Ranariddh feared a civil war with the CPP,^[31] which had a much larger army than the ANS.^[35] Accordingly, he accepted the idea of FUNCINPEC working with the CPP,^[36] and both parties agreed to a dual prime minister arrangement in the new government.^[37] On 14 June, Ranariddh presided over a parliamentary meeting which made Sihanouk the Head of State, with Hun Sen and Ranariddh serving as co-Prime Ministers in an interim government.^[38] A new constitution was drafted over the next three months, and was adopted in early September. On 24 September 1993, Sihanouk resigned as the head of state and was reinstated as King of Cambodia. In the new government, Ranariddh and Hun Sen were appointed as the First Prime Minister and Second Prime Minister, respectively.^[39]

Co-premiership (1993–1997)

Co-operation and co-administration with CPP

Benny Widyono, the UN secretary-general's representative in Cambodia from 1994 to 1997,^[40] has observed that although Ranariddh was nominally senior to Hun Sen, he held less executive power.^[41] Ranariddh initially viewed Hun Sen with suspicion, but the pair soon developed a close working relationship,^[42] agreeing on most policy decisions made until early 1996.^[43][44] In August 1993, while Cambodia was still under the administration of an interim government, Ranariddh and Hun Sen jointly applied to make the country a member in the International Organization of the Francophonie. The decision to enter the Francophonie sparked a debate among students in higher educational institutes,^[45] particularly those from the Institute of Technology of Cambodia who called for French to be replaced with English as the language of instruction. In response, Ranariddh encouraged students to simultaneously learn both English and French.^[46]

In August 1995, Ranariddh expressed admiration for the political and economic systems of Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. As he saw it, these countries, characterised by hybrid regimes, active economic interventionism and limited press freedom, served as good models to propel Cambodia's socio-economic growth. Ranariddh espoused the view that economic development should take precedence over democratic and human rights.^[47] In the initial months of the administration, he actively courted political leaders from various regional countries, including Indonesia,^[48] Singapore^[49] and Malaysia, with a view to encouraging investment in Cambodia. In early 1994, Ranariddh established the Cambodian Development Council (CDC)^[50] to encourage foreign investment, and served as its chairperson.^[51] The Malaysian Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, supported Ranariddh's plans, and encouraged Malaysian businessmen to invest and assist in developing the tourism, infrastructural development and telecommunications industries.^[50][52]

As the chairman of the CDC, Ranariddh gave his approval to at least 17 business contracts submitted by Malaysian businessmen between August 1994 and January 1995. The projects mostly covered infrastructural development, and included construction of a racing track, power plants and petrol stations.^[52][53] In November 1994, the CDC opened a tender to build a casino near Sihanoukville and proposals submitted by three companies were shortlisted; Ariston Berhad from Malaysia, Unicentral Corporation from Singapore and Hyatt International from the US. Ariston's proposal was valued at USD 1.3 billion, and included bringing a luxury cruise ship with casino to Cambodia, to be used to accommodate tourists until the Sihanoukville resort was built. Before the tender was even concluded, Ariston's ship was brought to Phnom Penh in early December.^[54] The Tourism Minister, Veng Sereyvuth suspected that there was backroom dealing activities between CDC and Ariston,^[53] who were nevertheless awarded the contract, which Ranariddh signed in January 1995.^[52]

In 1992, the UNTAC administration had banned forest logging and timber exports, a major industry and source of foreign earnings. In October 1993, Ranariddh issued an order to lift the ban on a temporary basis so as to allow trees that were already felled to be exported for timber.^[55] The Khmer Rouge still controlled large tracts of forests in the regions of western and northern Cambodia bordering Thailand,^[56] and helped finance its operations by selling timber to Thai forestry companies The Cambodian government was unable to impose its will in Khmer Rouge territory, and was eager to regain the logging revenues.^[57] In January 1994, Ranariddh and Hun Sen signed a bilateral agreement with Thai Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai. The agreement provided for felled trees to be legally exported to Thailand on a temporary basis until 31 March 1994. The agreement also arranged for specially-designated customs zones to be created within Thai territory, which allowed Cambodian custom officials to inspect the logs and collect export duties.^[58]

The logging ban went into force on 31 March 1994, but trees continued to be felled and a new stockpile of timber was created. Ranariddh and Hun Sen gave special authorisation for the lumber to be exported to North Korea.^[59] They would continue the practice of periodically lifting export bans and granting special approvals to clear stocks of fallen timber on an on-and off-basis until Ranariddh's ouster in 1997.^[55] According to Canadian geographer Philippe Le Billon, Ranariddh and Hun Sen were tacitly supported continued Khmer Rouge logging activities as it provided a lucrative backdoor source of cash revenue^[58] to finance their own political activities.^[55] Under Ranariddh's co-administration, Malaysia's Samling Berhad and Indonesia's Macro-Panin were among the largest beneficiaries of government contracts, as these two logging companies, in 1994–1995, secured rights to log 805,000 hectares and 1.4 million hectares of forests, respectively.^[55][60]

Conflicts within the government

In October 1994, Ranariddh and Hun Sen dropped Sam Rainsy as Finance Minister during a cabinet reshuffle.^[61] Rainsy had been appointed by Ranariddh in 1993, but both prime ministers became uncomfortable working with Rainsy, because of his pursuit of allegations of government corruption.^[62] Rainsy's dismissal upset Norodom Sirivudh, who resigned as Foreign Minister the following month.^[63] In March 1995, during an academic forum on corruption in Cambodia, Rainsy publicly questioned Ranariddh's acceptance of a Fokker 28 airplane and a US$108 million commission from Ariston Berhad.^[64] This angered Ranariddh, who expelled him from FUNCINPEC in May 1995.^[61] The following month, Ranariddh introduced a parliamentary motion to remove Rainsy as a Member of Parliament (MP).^[65]

From January 1996 onwards, Ranariddh's relations with Hun Sen began to show signs of tension. Hun Sen submitted a government circular to reinstate 7 January as a national holiday, the anniversary of Phnom Penh's liberation from the Khmer Rouge by Vietnamese forces. Ranariddh added his signature to the circular, which incurred the ire of Sihanouk and several FUNCINPEC leaders. A few days later, apparently to tone down dissatisfaction from party members,^[66] Ranariddh publicly accused the Army of Vietnam of encroaching into the territories of four Cambodian provinces bordering it. As Widyono saw it, Ranariddh intended to test Hun Sen's response to his accusations, of which the latter chose to remain quiet.^[67] During a closed-door FUNCINPEC meeting in the later part of January 1996, party members criticised Hun Sen and the CPP for monopolizing government power, and also chided Ranariddh for being too subservient to Hun Sen.^[44]

In February 1996, Ranariddh expressed concern over repeated delays in the construction of the resort-cum-casino complex at Sihanoukville, for which he had signed an agreement with Ariston in January 1995.^[68] Ariston blamed the lack of a governmental authority in Sihanoukville for the delay. At the end of April 1996, the government formed the Sihanoukville Developmental Authority (SDA) to oversee regulatory affairs and facilitate development.^[69] At a conference in May 1996, Ranariddh charged that CPP-controlled ministries were deliberately delaying the paperwork needed to complete the approval of Ariston's project. According to Tioulong Saumura, the former deputy governor of Cambodia's Central Bank (and Sam Rainsy's wife), the delays were part of Hun Sen's strategy to undermine projects associated with Ranariddh.^[68] In an apparent act of retaliation,^[70] Ranariddh directed FUNCINPEC's co-minister of the interior, You Hockry to close down all casinos in the country, citing the absence of authorising legislation.^[71] Ranariddh also proposed the cancellation of Ariston's contracts due to the delays.^[70] Hun Sen responded by meeting with Mahathir, and assured him that agreements which Ranariddh had previously approved would be honoured.^[72]

At a FUNCINPEC congress in March 1996, Ranariddh expressed unhappiness over his relationship with Hun Sen and the CPP. He likened his position as prime minister, and those of the FUNCINPEC ministers, to "puppets". He also questioned the CPP over their delays in appointing FUNCINPEC local officials as district chiefs. Ranariddh threatened to dissolve the National Assembly before the end of 1996, should FUNCINPEC's concerns remain unresolved.^[44] Several FUNCINPEC MPs, including Loy Sim Chheang and Ahmad Yahya, called on Ranariddh to reconcile with Sam Rainsy and work with the newly formed Khmer Nation Party (KNP) in the forthcoming general election.^[73] On 27 April Ranariddh, while vacationing in Paris, attended a meeting with Sihanouk, Rainsy, Chakrapong and Sirivudh. A few days later, Sihanouk issued a declaration praising Hun Sen and the CPP, while also stating that FUNCINPEC had no intention of leaving the coalition government. According to Widyono, Sihanouk's statement was an attempt to defuse the tension between Ranariddh and Hun Sen.^[74] Hun Sen rejected the king's conciliatory overtures, and responded by publishing several public letters attacking Sihanouk, Ranariddh and FUNCINPEC.^[74] At a CPP party meeting on 29 June 1996, Hun Sen chided Ranariddh for not following through on his March threat to leave the coalition government and called him a "real dog".^[75] At the same time, Hun Sen urged provincial governors from the CPP not attend Ranariddh's rallies.^[75]

Conflict escalation & military clashes

In August 1996, Khmer Rouge leaders Pol Pot and Ieng Sary publicly split, with the former denouncing the latter in a radio broadcast. Ieng Sary responded by disassociating himself from the Khmer Rouge and went on to form his own political party, the Democratic National Union Movement.^[76] Pol Pot's announcement prompted Ranariddh and Hun Sen to briefly set their political differences aside to jointly seek a royal pardon for Ieng Sary,^[77] who had been sentenced to death by the People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) government in 1979.^[76] Subsequently, in October and December 1996, both Ranariddh and Hun Sen competed to win Ieng Sary's favour by separately visiting the leader at his fiefdom in Pailin. Hun Sen gained the upper hand, when he announced at the end of his visit that he had managed to convince Khmer Rouge soldiers under Ieng Sary's charge to join the CPP.^[77] When Ranariddh announced plans for a follow-up to visit Samlout, another town located within Ieng Sary's fiefdom, his soldiers threatened to shoot down Ranariddh's helicopter if he went there, prompting Ranariddh to cancel his visit.^[78]

In September 1996 Ariston Berhad signed three agreements with CPP's minister Sok An, without Ranariddh's knowledge or that of other FUNCINPEC ministers. The agreements provided for the leasing of land to Ariston to develop a golf course, holiday resort and an airport in Sihanoukville. These actions angered Ranariddh, who in a February 1997 letter to Ariston's president Chen Lip Keong, declared the agreements null and void. Subsequently, Ariston claimed that they had tried unsuccessfully to contact FUNCINPEC officials, with a view to getting them to jointly sign the agreements.^[79] Hun Sen was offended by Ranariddh's actions, and in April 1997 wrote to Mahathir assuring him of the validity of the agreements.^[80]

Ranariddh forged a political coalition by bringing FUNCINPEC to work together with the KNP, the Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party and the Khmer Neutral Party. On 27 January 1997, the four political parties formalised their alliance, which became known as the "National United Front" (NUF).^[81] Ranariddh was nominated as the president of the NUF, and stated his intent to lead the alliance against the CPP, in the general elections scheduled to be held in 1998.^[82] The CPP issued a statement condemning NUF's formation, and formed a rival coalition consisting of political parties ideologically aligned to the former Khmer Republic.^[83]

Meanwhile, Ranariddh stepped up his attacks against Hun Sen, accusing him of harbouring plans to restore a Communist regime should the CPP win the next general election. At the same time Ranariddh attempted to persuade moderate leaders of the Khmer Rouge, including Khieu Samphan and Tep Kunnal, to join the NUF.^[76] Khieu Samphan accepted Ranariddh's overtures, and on 21 May 1997, he announced that his party, the Khmer National Solidarity Party (KNSP) would support the NUF.^[83] Ranariddh welcomed Samphan's announcement, and on 4 June 1997, both leaders signed a communiqué pledging mutual support.^[84] Five days later, customs officials at Sihanoukville discovered a three-ton shipment of rocket launchers, assault rifles and handguns, labelled "spare parts" and consigned to Ranariddh. The rocket launchers were seized by Cambodian Air Force officers aligned to the CPP, while Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF) officials aligned to FUNCINPEC were allowed to keep the light weapons.^[85] In mid-June, Khmer Rouge radio, controlled by Khieu Samphan, broadcast a speech praising the KNSP-NUF alliance and calling for an armed struggle against Hun Sen. Fighting subsequently broke out between between Ranariddh's and Hun Sen's bodyguards.^[76]

In response Hun Sen issued an ultimatum, calling for Ranariddh to make a choice between siding with the Khmer Rouge or with the coalition government.^[76] Eleven days later, he followed up by announcing that he would stop working with Ranariddh altogether.^[86] On 3 July 1997, while travelling to Phnom Penh, Ranariddh encountered troops aligned to the CPP. These troops persuaded his bodyguards to surrender their weapons,^[86] which prompted him to flee Cambodia the following day.^[87] On 5 July, fighting broke out between RCAF troops separately aligned to CPP and FUNCINPEC, after CPP-aligned generals unsuccessfully attempted to coax FUNCINPEC-aligned troops into surrendering their weapons.^[88] The FUNCINPEC-aligned units suffered major casualties the following day, and subsequently fled from Phnom Penh to the border town of O Smach in Oddar Meanchey Province.^[89][90]

Continued leadership in FUNCINPEC (1997–2006)

Exile, return and 1998 elections

The defeat of FUNCINPEC-aligned troops in the military clashes on 6 July 1997 amounted to the effective ouster of Ranariddh. On 9 July 1997, the Cambodian Foreign Ministry issued a White paper labelling Ranariddh a "criminal" and a "traitor", as well as accusing him of conspiring with the Khmer Rouge to destabilise the government.^[91] Ranariddh travelled to the Philippines, Singapore and Indonesia, where he met with Fidel Ramos, Goh Chok Tong and Suharto to seek their help in his restoration.^[92] During his absence, at a party meeting on 16 July 1997, Ung Huot was nominated by FUNCINPEC MPs loyal to Hun Sen to replace Ranariddh as First Prime Minister.^[93] Huot was subsequently endorsed as First Prime Minister during a National Assembly sitting on 6 August 1997.^[94] A few days later, Sihanouk expressed his unhappiness over the clashes, and threatened to abdicate the throne and take over the premiership. Sihanouk also claimed that Ranariddh's ouster was unconstitutional, and initially refused to endorse Ung Huot's appointment,^[95] but later relented when Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states supported Ung Huot's appointment.^[96] In September 1997, the UN secretary general, Kofi Annan met separately with Ranariddh and Hun Sen, to mediate the return of FUNCINPEC politicians and prepare for the 1998 Cambodian general elections. The UN proposed that its representatives monitor the elections, to which both Ranariddh and Hun Sen agreed, but Hun Sen insisted that Ranariddh be prepared to face court charges, to which Ranariddh responded with a threat to boycott the election.^[97]

At O Smach, FUNCINPEC-aligned troops fought along with the Khmer Rouge forces against CPP-aligned troops^[98] until February 1998, when a ceasefire brokered by the Japanese government came into effect.^[99] In March 1998, Ranariddh was convicted in absentia by a military court of illegally smuggling ammunitions in May 1997, and of colluding with the Khmer Rouge to cause instability in the country.^[100] He was sentenced to a total of 35 years' imprisonment,^[101] but this was nullified by a pardon from Sihanouk.^[102] Ranariddh returned to Cambodia at the end of March 1998 to lead FUNCINPEC's election campaign,^[103] which focused on pro-monarchical sentiments and anti-Vietnamese rhetoric.^[104] FUNCINPEC faced numerous obstacles, including lack of access to television and radio channels which had come under CPP's exclusive control following the 1997 clashes, and the difficulties of its supporters in getting to party rallies.^[105] In the vote on 26 July 1998, FUNCINPEC polled 31.7 percent and secured 43 out of a total of 122 parliamentary seats. The CPP won the elections by polling 41.4 percent of all votes and securing 64 parliamentary seats. The Sam Rainsy Party (SRP), Rainsy's renamed KNP, was in third place with 14.3 percent of the vote and 15 parliamentary seats.^[106]

Both Ranariddh and Rainsy protested against the election results, claiming that the CPP-led government had intimidated voters and tampered with ballot boxes.^[107] They filed petitions with the National Election Commission (NEC) and Constitutional Court; when these were rejected in August 1998,^[108] Ranariddh and Rainsy organised street protests to demand that Hun Sen relinquish power. The government responded on 7 September 1998, by banning street protests and cracking down on participants.^[109] At this point Sihanouk intervened, and arranged a summit meeting on 24 September 1998 in Siem Reap. He summoned Hun Sen, Ranariddh and Rainsy for discussions aimed at ending the political impasse.^[110] On the day of the summit meeting, a B40 rocket was fired from an RPG-2 rocket launcher at the direction of Hun Sen's motorcade, who was travelling en route to Siem Reap. The rocket missed the motorcade, and Hun Sen escaped unhurt. The police accused FUNCINPEC and SRP leaders of plotting the attack, with Rainsy as its ringleader.^[111] Both Ranariddh and Rainsy denied any involvement, but fled to Bangkok the following day, fearing government crackdowns on their parties.^[112]

President of the National Assembly (1998–2006)

Following Ranariddh's departure, Sihanouk urged him to return with a view to joining the CPP in a coalition government, reckoning that FUNCINPEC faced the prospect of breaking up if Ranariddh refused.^[113] Ranariddh returned to Cambodia on 12 November 1998 to attend a summit meeting hosted by Sihanouk,^[114] at which Ranariddh negotiated with Hun Sen and Chea Sim over the structure of a new government.^[115] An agreement was reached whereby FUNCINPEC would be given the National Assembly presidency together with several low and mid-level cabinet posts, in exchange for its support for the creation of the Cambodian Senate. On 25 November 1998, Ranariddh was nominated as the President of the National Assembly.^[106] According to Mehta, the creation of the Senate was to provide an alternative platform to pass legislation in the event that Ranariddh exerted his influence as the President of the National Assembly to block legislation.^[116]

After his appointment, Ranariddh worked with Hun Sen to re-integrate the FUNCINPEC-aligned troops into the RCAF.^[117] He also participated in efforts to foster better relations with Vietnam, and liaised with the Vietnamese National Assembly president Nông Đức Mạnh to develop friendship and cooperation initiatives.^[118] This led to several mutual visits between Cambodian and Vietnamese political leaders, between 1999 and 2000,^[119] but relations between Cambodia and Vietnam deteriorated from September 2000 onwards amid renewed border clashes.^[118] Ranariddh steered FUNCINPEC towards political rapprochement with the CPP, and actively discouraged FUNCINPEC ministers and MPs from criticising their CPP counterparts. During the party's congress in March 2001, Ranariddh declared the CPP an "eternal partner".^[120]

As early as 1999 a sizeable minority of FUNCINPEC's politicians were unhappy with Ranariddh's leadership, as rumours began to circulate that he had accepted bribes from the CPP.^[121] In February 2002, FUNCINPEC performed poorly in the commune elections, winning 10 out of 1,600 commune seats.^[122] As a result of FUNCINPEC's poor performance in the commune elections, rifts within the party boiled into the open.^[123] In March 2002, the Deputy Commander-in-chief of the RCAF – Khan Savoeun, accused You Hockry, the co-Minister of the Interior, of corruption and nepotism, acts which Savoeun said had helped alienate voters.^[124] When Ranariddh expressed support for Savoeun in May 2002, Hockry resigned. Around the same time, two new political parties, splintered from FUNCINPEC, were formed: the Khmer Soul Party, led by Norodom Chakrapong, and the Hang Dara Democratic Party, led by Hang Dara.^[122] Both new parties attracted sizeable numbers of FUNCINPEC defectors, who were apparently unhappy with Ranariddh's leadership. The defections caused Ranariddh to fear that FUNCINPEC would fare poorly in the 2003 general elections.^[125]

When general elections were held in July 2003, the CPP won, while FUNCINPEC polled 20.8 percent of the popular vote and secured 26 out of a total of 120 parliamentary seats. This marked an 11 percentage point drop in FUNCINPEC's share of the popular vote compared with 1998.^[126] Both Ranariddh and Sam Rainsy, whose SRP had also participated in the elections, expressed unhappiness with the outcome of the election, and once again accused the CPP of winning through fraud and voter intimidation. They also refused to support a CPP-led government, which needed the joint support of more MPs from FUNCINPEC or SRP to attain the two-thirds majority in forming a new government.^[123] Subsequently in August 2003, Ranariddh and Rainsy formed a new political alliance, the "Alliance of Democrats" (AD), and together they lobbied upon the CPP to form a three-party government consisting of the CPP, FUNCINPEC and the SRP.^[127] At the same time, they also called for Hun Sen to step down and the NEC, which they claimed that it was stacked with pro-CPP appointees.^[123] Hun Sen rejected their demands, bringing several months of political stalemate.^[128]

In March 2004, Ranariddh privately proposed to Hun Sen that FUNCINPEC should join CPP in the new government as a junior coalition partner.^[129] Discussions between CPP and FUNCINPEC began on the composition of the coalition government and legislative procedures. An agreement was reached in June 2004, when Ranariddh walked out of his alliance with Rainsy, dropped his demands to reform the NEC^[130] and once again pledged to support Hun Sen as Prime Minister. Hun Sen also pressured Ranariddh into supporting a constitutional amendment known as a "package vote", which required MPs to support legislation and ministerial appointments by an open show of hands. While Ranariddh acquiesced to Hun Sen's demand, the "package vote" amendment was opposed by Sihanouk,^[131] Chea Sim, the SRP as well as several senior leaders within FUNCINPEC. After the "package vote" amendment was passed in July 2004, several FUNCINPEC leaders resigned in protest.^[132] Ranariddh, who remained as President of the National Assembly as part of the agreement,^[133] attempted to lure SRP leaders into defecting to FUNCINPEC with the promise of jobs within the government. At least one senior SRP leader, Ou Bun Long, caved into Ranariddh's enticements.^[134]

Exit from FUNCINPEC

On 2 March 2006, the National Assembly passed a constitutional amendment which required only a simple majority of parliamentarians to support a government, instead of the two-thirds majority that was previously stipulated.^[135] Rainsy had first proposed the amendment in February 2006, who had hoped that a simple majority would make it easier for his party to form a government should they win in future elections.^[136] The following day after the constitutional amendment was passed, Hun Sen relieved Norodom Sirivudh and Nhek Bun Chhay of their posts as FUNCINPEC's co-minister of interior and co-minister of defense respectively.^[135] Ranariddh protested against the dismissals, and resigned as the President of the National Assembly on 14 March. He then left Cambodia, to reside in France. Shortly after his departure, local tabloids published stories that Ranariddh had had an affair with Ouk Phalla, an Apsara dancer.^[137]

In early September 2006, a new law was passed to outlaw adultery,^[138] and Ranariddh responded by accusing the government of attempting to undermine FUNCINPEC.^[139] On 18 September 2006, Hun Sen and Nhek Bun Chhay called for Ranariddh to be replaced as FUNCINPEC's president, after party reports suggested that Phalla had lobbied Ranariddh to appoint her relatives to government posts. On 18 October 2006, Nhek Bun Chhay convened a party congress which dismissed Ranariddh from his position as FUNCINPEC's president.^[140] In turn, he was given the titular position of "Historic President". At the congress, Nhek Bun Chhay justified Ranariddh's ouster on the grounds of his deteriorating relations with Hun Sen as well as his practice of spending prolonged periods of time overseas.^[141]

Recent political activities (2006–present)

Norodom Ranariddh Party, exile and retirement

Following Ranariddh's exit from FUNCINPEC, Nhek Bun Chhay filed a lawsuit in November 2006, accusing Ranariddh of pocketing $3.6 million from the sale of its headquarters to the French embassy in 2005.^[142] In mid-November, Ranariddh returned to Cambodia, announced the formation of the Norodom Ranariddh Party (NRP) and became its president. The following month, the National Assembly expelled Ranariddh as an MP.^[137] Within days his wife, Eng Marie, sued him for adultery. Ranariddh's half-brother Chakrapong was also expelled from the party, and joined the NRP as the party's deputy president.^[137][143] In March 2007, Ranariddh was convicted by the Phnom Penh Municipal Court for embezzlement of the sale proceeds of FUNCINPEC headquarters, and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment.^[144] To avoid imprisonment, Ranariddh sought asylum in Malaysia shortly before the sentencing.^[145]

While living in exile in Malaysia, Ranariddh communicated to NRP party members and supporters through telephone and video conferencing.^[146] In November 2007, he proposed a merger between the NRP, SRP and the Human Rights Party, to better their prospects against the CPP in the 2008 general elections. Rainsy, the leader of the SRP, rejected his proposal.^[147] When the election campaign began in June 2008, Ranariddh, though not able to enter the country, raised issues such as border disputes with Cambodia's neighbours, illegal logging, and promised to lower petrol prices.^[146] When voting took place in July, the NRP won two parliamentary seats. Immediately after the election, the NRP joined the SRP and the HRP in charging the Election Commission with irregularities. The NRP subsequently dropped their accusations, after Hun Sen brokered a secret deal with Ranariddh which allowed the latter to return from exile, in exchange for the NRP's recognition of the election results.^[148][149]

In September 2008, Ranariddh received a royal pardon from Sihamoni (who had succeeded to the throne in October 2004) for his embezzlement conviction, allowing him to return to Cambodia without risking imprisonment.^[150] Following his return, Ranariddh announced his retirement from politics and pledged to support the CPP-led government.^[145] After his retirement, Ranariddh dedicated most of his time to philanthropic work and supporting royal activities. In late 2010, NRP and FUNCINPEC leaders including Nhek Bun Chhay publicly called for Ranariddh to return to politics. Ranariddh initially resisted the calls,^[151] but changed his mind and announced his return in December 2010.^[152] For the next one-and-a-half years, Ranariddh and Nhek Bun Chhay negotiated for a merger between NRP and FUNCINPEC. An agreement was formalised in May 2012, whereby Ranariddh would be made the president of FUNCINPEC, while Nhek Bun Chhay would become its vice-president.^[153] The merger agreement was rescinded a month later, when Nhek Bun Chhay accused Ranariddh of supporting other opposition parties.^[154] Two months later, Ranariddh declared his retirement from politics for a second time, and tendered his resignation as the president of NRP.^[155]

Community of Royalist People's Party

In March 2014, Ranariddh renounced his retirement and launched a new political party, the Community of Royalist People's Party (CRPP). Sam Rainsy, now president of the Cambodian National Rescue Party (CNRP), accused Ranariddh of intending to split the opposition vote to favour the ruling CPP in future elections. Ranariddh responded by accusing the CNRP of harbouring republican sentiments, while also stating that his motivation in launching CRPP was to reunite royalist supporters within the Cambodian electorate.^[156] The CRPP attracted support from some senior FUNCINPEC party members; in December 2014 an ex-secretary of state, a senator and a deputy police chief declared their support for the CRPP.^[157] Hun Sen then proposed to Ranariddh that he return to FUNCINPEC.^[158]

Return to FUNCINPEC

In early January 2015, Ranariddh announced his intention to dissolve the CRPP and return to FUNCINPEC.^[158] At a party congress on 19 January 2015, he was reappointed as FUNCINPEC president; his half-sister and previous FUNCINPEC president, Norodom Arunrasmy became the first vice-president, while Nhek Bun Chhay was appointed as second vice-president.^[159] In March 2015, Ranariddh held another party congress where he appointed four more vice-presidents to the FUNCINPEC executive committee.^[160] He also convinced the congress to adopt a new party logo, which had a design almost identical that of the now-defunct CRPP.^[161] Ranariddh supported the formation of the Cambodian Royalist Youth Movement in July 2015, a youth organisation aimed at garnering electoral support for FUNCINPEC from younger voters,^[162] which he was appointed as its honorary president.^[163]

Palace relations

Royal Family of Cambodia
HM The King HM The Queen Mother HRH Prince Norodom Ranariddh HRH Princess Norodom Phalla Ranariddh HRH Prince Norodom Chakravuth HRH Prince Norodom Sihariddh HRH Princess Norodom Rattana Devi HRH Prince Norodom Sothearidh HRH Prince Norodom Ranavong HRH Princess Norodom Bopha Devi HRH Princess Sisowath Moni Kossoma HRH Princess Sisowath Kalyan Tevi Keo Chinsita Forsinetti HRH Prince Sisowath Chivannariddh HRH Prince Sisowath Veakchiravuddh HRH Prince Norodom Yuvaneath HRH Princess Norodom Kim Yuvaneath HRH Princess Norodom Chhavann-rangsi HRH Prince Norodom Yuveakduri HRH Prince Norodom Veakchearavouth HRH Princess Norodom Veakchearavouth HRH Prince Norodom Veakcharin HRH Princess Norodom Pekina HRH Princess Norodom Yuveakdevi HRH Prince Norodom Chakrapong HRH Princess Norodom Kachanipha Chakrapong HRH Prince Norodom Buddhapong HRH Prince Norodom Amarithivong HRH Prince Norodom Naravong HRH Prince Norodom Narithipong HRH Prince Norodom Ravichak HRH Princess Norodom Nanda Dévi HRH Princess Norodom Vimalea HRH Princess Norodom Bophary HRH Prince Norodom Ithipong HRH Prince Norodom Rindra HRH Prince Norodom Charurak HRH Prince Norodom Pongmonireth HRH Princess Norodom Pongsoriya HRH Princess Norodom Narindrapong HRH Princess Norodom Simonarine HRH Princess Norodom Moninouk HRH Princess Norodom Arunrasmy HE Keo Puth Rasmey HRH Prince Sisowath Nakia HRH Prince Sisowath Nando HRH Princess Sisowath Sirikith Nathalie HRH Princess Keo Ponita HRH Prince Keo Khemuni

Awards and royal appointments

In June 1993 Ranariddh was granted the Cambodian royal title of "Sdech Krom Luong" (Khmer: ស្ដេចក្រុមលួង), which translates as "Senior Prince" in English. Five months later, in November 1993, he was elevated to the rank of "Samdech Krom Preah" (Khmer: សម្ដេចក្រុមព្រះ), or "Leading Senior Prince" in English, in recognition of his efforts to re-instate Sihanouk as the King of Cambodia.^[164][165] Ranariddh has been a recipient of several awards from the palace; in December 1992 he was decorated as the Grand Officer of the Royal Order of Cambodia. In May 2001 he received the Grand Order of National Merit and in October 2001 was awarded the Order of Sovatara, with the class of Mohasereivadh.^[166] He was also awarded the Grand Officer de l'Ordre de la Pleaide by the La Francophonie in March 2000.^[167]

In December 2008, Sihamoni appointed Ranariddh as President of the Supreme Privy Council of Cambodia, equivalent in rank to that of prime minister,^[168] and, during an interview in December 2010 Ranariddh revealed that this royal appointment entitles him to a monthly salary of three million riels (about US$750).^[152][169]

Candidacy to the throne

Debates on the succession to the throne began in November 1993,^[170] shortly after Sihanouk was diagnosed with cancer.^[171] In a 1995 poll of 700 people conducted by the Khmer Journalists' Associations, 24 percent of respondents preferred Ranariddh to take the throne, although a larger proportion indicated no preference over any members of the royal family.^[172] In a March 1996 interview with the Cambodia Daily, Sihanouk encouraged Ranariddh to succeed him as king, but also expressed concern that a leadership vacuum within FUNCINPEC would occur, should Ranariddh accede.^[173] Sihanouk repeated these concerns in an interview with the Phnom Penh Post in February 1997. Sihanouk mentioned Sihamoni as another potential candidate, despite the latter's view that the responsibilities attached to the throne were "frightening".^[174] Sihamoni's candidacy found favour with Hun Sen and Chea Sim, because of his non-involvement in politics.^[175]

In two reports from 1993 and 1996, Ranariddh rejected the notion of becoming the next king.^[170][173] In November 1997, Ranariddh suggested that his outspoken and passionate personality made him an unsuitable candidate for the throne.^[176] However, by March 1999 Ranariddh had become became more receptive to the idea of succeeding his father.^[177] In early 2001, in an interview to Harish Mehta, Ranariddh discussed his conflicting desires between taking the throne and staying in politics.^[178][179] In November 2001, Ranariddh told the Cambodia Daily that he had decided to prioritize his political career over the throne. In the same interview, he added that Sihamoni had in the past supported him to become the next king.^[180] In September 2004, Ranariddh revealed that although he had been offered the throne by both Sihanouk and Monineath, who was Sihamoni's mother, he would prefer to see Sihamoni take the throne. When the throne council convened in October 2004 to select Sihanouk's successor, Ranariddh was part of the council which unanimously chose Norodom Sihamoni to be the next king.^[181]

Personal life

Ranariddh is known for his physical resemblance to his father Sihanouk, inheriting his facial features, high-pitched voice and mannerisms. Contemporaries including Harish Mehta,^[182] Lee Kuan Yew^[183] and Benny Widyono^[22] have have so stated after meeting with him. An opinion poll conducted in July 1997 by the Cambodian Information Centre also supports similar observations of Ranariddh's physical resemblance to Sihanouk.^[184] Journalists such as those from the Phnom Penh Post have observed that Ranariddh had used his resemblance to canvass support for FUNCINPEC during the 1993 and 1998 general elections.^[105] Ranariddh acknowledged these observations during an interview with Mehta in 2001, saying:

"People adore the king and I look like him. It is not my achievement they are remembering, but the deeds of my father. On the contrary, if I fail the people would say 'Oh you are the son, but you are not like your father'. It's rather a burden."^[185]

Ranariddh speaks Khmer, French and English fluently.^[185] He also holds dual Cambodian^[186] and French citizenship, having obtained the latter in 1979.^[13] He enjoys listening to music and watching films, though in a 2001 interview he described himself as lacking the artistic talent which Sihanouk possessed.^[187] In 2002, Ranariddh produced and directed a 90-minute film, titled Raja Bori which was shot at Angkor Wat.^[188]

Family

Ranariddh has 12 half-siblings from his father by different wives; Norodom Buppha Devi is the only full-sibling of Ranariddh. Buppha Devi became a ballet dancer, like her mother Phat Kanhol had been during her younger days.^[189] Kanhol remarried in 1947 to a military officer, Chap Huot, and had five children with him. Phat Kanhol died from cancer in February 1969 at the age of 49, while Chap Huot was killed in an explosion a year later. Four of Ranariddh's half-siblings by his mother and Chap Huot were killed during the Khmer Rouge years, while one of them, Chap Nhalyvoud survived. Chap Nhalyvoud served as the governor of Siem Reap Province between 1998^[3] and 2004.^[190]

Ranariddh met his first wife, Eng Marie in early 1968. Marie was the eldest child of Eng Meas, an Interior Ministry official of Sino-Khmer descent, and Sarah Hay, a Muslim of Cham ethnicity.^[191][192] Marie had nine younger siblings, and among them was Roland Eng, the former ambassador to Thailand and the United States.^[193] The couple married in September 1968 at the royal palace,^[194] and had three children: Chakravuth (born 1970), Sihariddh (born 1972) and Rattana Devi (born 1973). The couple separated, and Marie filed for divorce in March 2006 when Ranariddh's relationship with Ouk Phalla became known.^[137] The divorce was not finalised until June 2010.^[195] Ranariddh has two sons with Ouk Phalla: Sothearidh (born 2003),^[196] and Ranavong (born 2011).^[197] Phalla is a descendant of King Sisowath and was a classical dancer.^[198] She met Ranariddh when the latter was producing and directing the movie, Raja Bori.^[199]

References

Bibliography

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Norodom Ranariddh

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Norodom Ranariddh.

• Chin, Kin Wah (2005). Southeast Asian Affairs 2005. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9812303065. 
• Kiernan, Ben and Hughes, Caroline (2007). Conflict and Change in Cambodia. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415385923. 
• Mehta, Harish C. & Julie B. (2013). Strongman: The Extraordinary Life of Hun Sen. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9814484601. 
• Mehta, Harish C. (2001). Warrior Prince: Norodom Ranariddh, Son of King Sihanouk of Cambodia. Singapore: Graham Brash. ISBN 9812180869. 
• Narong, Men S. (2005). Who's Who in Cambodia: Special Focus on the Royal Family 2005–2006. Phnom Penh: Media Business Networks. ISBN 2951352409. 
• Norodom, Ranariddh (2014). Mission to serve the Father of the Cambodian Nation (សកម្មភាពបំរើ ព្រះវររាជបិតាជាតិខ្មែរ) (in Khmer). Phnom Penh: Norodom Ranariddh Foundation. 
• Peou, Sorpong (2000). Intervention & Change in Cambodia: Towards Democracy?. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9813055391. 
• Summers, Laura (2003). The Far East and Australasia 2003. New York: Psychology Press. pp. 227–243. ISBN 1857431332. 
• Strangio, Sebastian (2014). Hun Sen's Cambodia. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300210140. 
• Widyono, Benny (2008). Dancing in Shadows: Sihanouk, the Khmer Rouge, and the United Nations in Cambodia. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742555534. 

Political offices
Preceded by Hun Sen	Prime Minister of Cambodia 1993–1997	Succeeded by Ung Huot
Preceded by Chea Sim	President of the National Assembly of Cambodia 1998–2006	Succeeded by Heng Samrin
Party political offices
Preceded by Norodom Arunrasmy	President of the Funcinpec Party 2015–present	Incumbent
New office	President of the Community of Royalist People's Party 2014–2015	Position abolished Dissolution of CRPP
New office	President of the Norodom Ranariddh Party 2006–2008	Succeeded by Chhim Siek Leng
Preceded by Nhiek Tioulong	President of the Funcinpec Party 1992–2006	Succeeded by Keo Puth Rasmey

Prime Ministers of Cambodia Colonial Cambodia 1945–1953 Norodom Sihanouk Son Ngoc Thanh Sisowath Monireth Sisowath Youtevong Sisowath Watchayavong Chhean Vam Penn Nouth Yem Sambaur Sisowath Monipong Oum Chheang Sun Huy Kanthoul Kingdom of Cambodia 1953–1970 Penn Nouth Chan Nak Norodom Sihanouk Leng Ngeth Khim Tit Sam Yun Sim Var Ek Yi Oun Pho Proeung Nhiek Tioulong (acting) Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum (acting) Norodom Kantol Lon Nol Son Sann Khmer Republic 1970–1975 Lon Nol Sisowath Sirik Matak Son Ngoc Thanh Hang Thun Hak In Tam Long Boret Kingdom of Cambodia and Democratic Kampuchea 1975–1979 Penn Nouth Khieu Samphan (acting) Nuon Chea (acting) Pol Pot People's Republic of Kampuchea and State of Cambodia 1979–1993 Pen Sovan Chan Sy Hun Sen Norodom Ranariddh Kingdom of Cambodia 1993–present Norodom Ranariddh Ung Huot Hun Sen

President of the National Assembly of Cambodia Son Sann Chea Sim Norodom Ranariddh Heng Samrin

Authority control WorldCat VIAF: 34602912 LCCN: nr00031270 GND: 123702925 SUDOC: 03560963X BNF: cb13324278z (data)